Determinants of intergenerational sexual relationships and HIV risk among South African women outpatients in Gauteng

References

• Akullian, A., Bershteyn, A., Klein, D., Vandormael, A., Bärnighausen, T., & Tanser, F. (2017). Sexual partnership age pairings and risk of HIV acquisition in rural South Africa. AIDS (London, England), 31(12), 1755–1764. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anda, R. F., Dong, M., Brown, D. W., Felitti, V. J., Giles, W. H., Perry, G. S., Valerie, E. J., Dube, S. R. (2009). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to a history of premature death of family members. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauclair, R., Dushoff, J., & Delva, W. (2018). Partner age differences and associated sexual risk behaviours among adolescent girls and young women in a cash transfer programme for schooling in Malawi. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–12. `. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5327-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, S. (2004). Early marriage and HIV risks in sub-saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 35(3), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2004.00019.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., Orkin, M., Boyes, M., Gardner, F., & Meinck, F. (2011). Transactional sex amongst AIDS-orphaned and AIDS-affected adolescents predicted by abuse and extreme poverty. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 58(3), 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31822f0d82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellar, R. C., Dlamini, S., & Karim, Q. A. (2015). Adolescent girls and young women: Key populations for HIV epidemic control. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18, 19408. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.2.19408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Oliveira, T., Kharsany, A. B., Gräf, T., Cawood, C., Khanyile, D., Grobler, A., Puren, A., Madurai, S., Baxter C., Karim, Q. A., & Karim, S. S. A. (2017). Transmission networks and risk of HIV infection in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A community-wide phylogenetic study, South Africa: A community-wide phylogenetic study. The Lancet HIV, 4(1), e41-e50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30186-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wet, N., Akinyemi, J., & Odimegwu, C. (2019). How much do they know? An analysis of the accuracy of HIV knowledge among youth Affected by HIV in South Africa. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC), 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958218822306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunkle, K. L., Jewkes, R., Nduna, M., Jama, N., Levin, J., Sikweyiya, Y., & Koss, M. P. (2007). Transactional sex with casual and main partners among young South African men in the rural eastern Cape: Prevalence, predictors, and associations with gender-based violence. Social Science & Medicine, 65(6), 1235–1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkle, K. L., Stephenson, R., Karita, E., Chomba, E., Kayitenkore, K., Vwalika, C., Greenberg L., Allen, S. (2008). New heterosexually transmitted HIV infections in married or cohabiting couples in urban Zambia and Rwanda: An analysis of survey and clinical data. The Lancet, 371(9631), 2183–2191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60953-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durevall, D., & Lindskog, A. (2015). Intimate partner violence and HIV in ten sub-Saharan African countries: What do the Demographic and Health Surveys tell us? The Lancet Global Health, 3(1), e34–e43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70343-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S. L., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (2007). Going beyond “ABC” to include “GEM”: Critical reflections on progress in the HIV/AIDS epidemic. American Journal of Public Health, 97(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.074591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, M., Risher, K., Zungu, N., Shisana, O., Moyo, S., Celentano, D. D., Maughan-Brown, B., & Rehle, T. M. (2016). Age-disparate sex and HIV risk for young women from 2002 to 2012 in South Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 19(1), 21310. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.1.21310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. H. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. The Lancet, 368(9543), 1260–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geary, R. S., Copas, A. J., Sonnenberg, P., Tanton, C., King, E., Jones, K. G., Trifonova, V., Johnson, A. M., & Mercer, C. H. (2019). Sexual mixing in opposite-sex partnerships in Britain and its implications for STI risk: Findings from the third national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles (Natsal-3). International Journal of Epidemiology, 48(1), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, A., Dunkle, K., Washington, L., Willan, S., Shai, N., & Jewkes, R. (2018). Childhood traumas as a risk factor for HIV-risk behaviours amongst young women and men living in urban informal settlements in South Africa: A cross-sectional study. PloS one, 13(4), e0195369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, A., Dunkle, K., Willan, S., Jama-Shai, N., Washington, L., Jewkes, R. (2019). Are women’s experiences of emotional and economic intimate partner violence associated with HIV-risk behavior? A cross-sectional analysis of young women in informal settlements in South Africa. AIDS Care, 31(6), 667–674. relationship between poverty and HIV?. Public Health Reports, 125(4_suppl), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1533230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson, S., Nyamukapa, C. A., Garnett, G. P., Wambe, M., Lewis, J. J., Mason, P. R., Chandiwana S. K. Anderson, R. M. (2005). HIV infection and reproductive health in teenage women orphaned and made vulnerable by AIDS in Zimbabwe. AIDS Care, 17(7), 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120500258029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harling, G., Newell, M. L., Tanser, F., & Bärnighausen, T. (2015). Partner age-disparity and HIV incidence risk for older women in rural South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 19(7), 1317–1326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0952-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harling, G., Newell, M. L., Tanser, F., Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S. V., & Barnighausen, T. (2014). Do age-disparate relationships drive HIV incidence in young women? Evidence from a population cohort in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 66(4), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, A., Cleland, J., & Frohlich, J. (2008). Young people's sexual partnerships in KwaZulu-natal, South Africa: Patterns, contextual influences, and HIV risk. Studies in Family Planning, 39(4), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00176.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurt, C. B., Matthews, D. D., Calabria, M. S., Green, K. A., Adimora, A. A., Golin, C. E., & Hightow-Weidman, L. B. (2010). Sex with older partners is associated with primary HIV infection among men who have sex with men in North Carolina. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 54(2), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c99114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R. K., Dunkle, K., Nduna, M., Jama, P. N., & Puren, A. (2010). Associations between childhood adversity and depression, substance abuse and HIV and HSV2 incident infections in rural South African youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(11), 833–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., Dunkle, K., Nduna, M., & Shai, N. J. (2012). Transactional sex and HIV incidence in a cohort of young women in the stepping stones trial. Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research, 3(5), 5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000158
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., & Morrell, R. (2010). Gender and sexuality: Emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 13(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-13-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Kaufman, M., Cain, D., Cherry, C., Jooste, S., & Mathiti, V. (2005). Gender attitudes, sexual violence, and HIV/AIDS risks among men and women in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of sex Research, 42(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490509552285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Kaufman, M., Cain, D., & Jooste, S. (2007). Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review of empirical findings. Prevention Science, 8(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-006-0061-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, R. J., Gray, R. H., Sewankambo, N. K., Serwadda, D., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Lutalo, T., & Wawer, M. J. (2003). Age differences in sexual partners and risk of HIV-1 infection in rural Uganda. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 32(4), 446–451. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126334-200304010-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharsany, A. B., Buthelezi, T. J., Frohlich, J. A., Yende-Zuma, N., Samsunder, N., Mahlase, G., Williamson, C., Travers, S. A., Marais, J. C., Dellar, R., Karim, SSA, & Karim, Q. A. (2014). HIV infection in high school students in rural South Africa: Role of transmissions among students. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 30(10), 956–965. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss, M. P., Abbey, A., Campbell, R., Cook, S., Norris, J., Testa, M., & White, J. (2007). Revising the SES: A collaborative process to improve assessment of sexual aggression and victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00385.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerc-Madlala, S. (2008). Age-disparate and intergenerational sex in Southern Africa: The dynamics of hypervulnerability. Aids (london, England), 22(Suppl 4), S17–S25. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000341774.86500.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, N. (2005). Confronting the ‘sugar daddy’ stereotype: Age and economic asymmetries and risky sexual behavior in urban Kenya. International Family Planning Perspectives, 31(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1363/3100605
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magadi, M. A. (2011). Understanding the gender disparity in HIV infection across countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33(4), 522–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01304.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mah, T. L., & Halperin, D. T. (2010). Concurrent sexual partnerships and the HIV epidemics in Africa: Evidence to move forward. AIDS and Behavior, 14(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9433-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan-Brown, B., Evans, M., & George, G. (2016). Sexual behaviour of men and women within age-disparate partnerships in South Africa: Implications for young women's HIV risk. PloS One, 11(8), e0159162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan-Brown, B., Kenyon, C., & Lurie, M. N. (2014). Partner age differences and concurrency in South Africa: Implications for HIV-infection risk among young women. AIDS and Behavior, 18(12), 2469–2476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0828-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey, L. A., Boonzaier, F., Steinbrenner, S. Y., & Hunter, T. (2016). Determinants of intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of prevention and intervention programs. Partner Abuse, 7(3), 277–315. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.7.3.277
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojola, S. A. (2014). Love, money and HIV: Becoming a modern African woman in the age of AIDS. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison-Beedy, D., Xia, Y., & Passmore, D. (2013). Sexual risk factors for partner age discordance in adolescent girls and their male partners. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(23-24), 3289–3299. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettifor, A., O'Brien, K., MacPhail, C., Miller, W. C., & Rees, H. (2009). Early coital debut and associated HIV risk factors among young women and men in South Africa. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 35, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1363/3508209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrEPwatch report: South Africa 2019; https://www.prepwatch.org/country/south-africa/
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, T. C., & Overbaugh, J. (2005). HIV/AIDS in women: An expanding epidemic. Science, 308(5728), 1582–1583. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchwood, T. D., Hughes, J. P., Jennings, L., MacPhail, C., Williamson, B., Selin, A., Kahn, K., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., & Pettifor, A. (2016). Characteristics of age-discordant partnerships associated with HIV risk among young South African women. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 72(4), 423–429. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, R., Gregson, S., Eaton, J. W., Mugurungi, O., Rhead, R., Takaruza, A., Maswera, R., & Nyamukapa, C. (2017). Age-disparate relationships and HIV incidence in adolescent girls and young women: Evidence from Zimbabwe. Aids (london, England), 31(10), 1461–1470. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamu, S., Shamu, P., Zarowsky, C., Temmerman, M., Shefer, T., & Abrahams, N. (2019). Does a history of sexual and physical childhood abuse contribute to HIV infection risk in adulthood? A study among post-natal women in Harare, Zimbabwe. PLoS one, 14(https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198866), e0198866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street, R. A., Reddy, T., & Ramjee, G. (2016). The generational effect on age disparate partnerships and the risk for human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections acquisition. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 27(9), 746–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462415592325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturdevant, M. S., Belzer, M., Weissman, G., Friedman, L. B., Sarr, M., & Muenz, L. R. (2001). Adolescent medicine HIV/AIDS research network. The relationship of unsafe sexual behavior and the characteristics of sexual partners of HIV infected and HIV uninfected adolescent females. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29(3), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00286-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurman, T. R., Brown, L., Richter, L., Maharaj, P., & Magnani, R. (2006). Sexual risk behavior among South African adolescents: Is orphan status a factor? AIDS and Behavior, 10(6), 627–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-006-9104-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2018). Transactional sex and HIV risk: From analysis to action. Geneva, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and STRIVE https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/transactional-sex-and-hiv-risk_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS report. (2017). Geneva, Switzerland https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica
   Google Scholar
• Wand, H., & Ramjee, G. (2012). The relationship between age of coital debut and HIV seroprevalence among women in Durban, South Africa: A cohort study. BMJ Open, 2. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen_2011_000285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, S. C. (2010). Back to basics: Gender, social norms and the AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. In D. E. Sahn (Ed.), Socioeconomic dimensions of HIV/AIDS in Africa (pp. 134–162). Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wehler, C. A., Scott, R. I., & Anderson, J. J. (1992). The community childhood hunger identification project: A model of domestic hunger—demonstration project in Seattle, Washington. Journal of Nutrition Education, 24(1), 29S–35S. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80135-X
   Google Scholar
• Weiser S, D., Leiter, K., Bangsberg D, R., Butler L, M., Percy-de Korte, F., Hlanze, Z., Phaladze, N., Iacopino, V., Heisler, M., & Gillespie, S. (2007). Food insufficiency is associated with high-risk sexual behavior among women in Botswana and Swaziland. PLoS Medicine, 4(10), e260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2011). Adverse childhood experiences international questionnaire (ACE-IQ) www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/adverse_childhood_experiences/en/
   Google Scholar
• Wyrod, R., Fritz, K., Woelk, G., Jain, S., Kellogg, T., Chirowodza, A., Makumbe Knox, McFarland Willi (2011). Beyond sugar daddies: Intergenerational sex and AIDS in urban Zimbabwe. AIDS and Behavior, 15(6), 1275–1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9800-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar