Self-medication of pain and discomfort with alcohol and other substances by people with HIV infection and substance use disorder: preliminary findings from a secondary analysis

References

• Adams, C., Zacharia, S., Masters, L., Coffey, C., & Catalan, P. (2016). Mental health problems in people living with HIV: Changes in the last two decades: the London experience 1990–2014. AIDS Care, 28(sup1), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1146211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aǧargün, M. Y., Tekeoǧlu, I., Güneş, A., Adak, B., Kara, H., & Ercan, M. (1999). Sleep quality and pain threshold in patients with fibromyalgia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 40(3), 226–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(99)90008-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alford, D. P., German, J. S., Samet, J. H., Cheng, D. M., Lloyd-Travaglini, C. A., & Saitz, R. (2016). Primary care patients with drug use report chronic pain and self-medicate with alcohol and other drugs. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(5), 486–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3586-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aouizerat, B. E., Miaskowski, C. A., Gay, C., Portillo, C. J., Coggins, T., Davis, H., Pullinger, C. R., & Lee, K. A. (2010). Risk factors and symptoms associated with pain in HIV-infected adults. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 21(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2009.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, S., Bruce, R. D., Barry, D. T., & Altice, F. L. (2007). Pharmacological pain control for human immunodeficiency virus–infected adults with a history of drug dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32(4), 399–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, P. L., Schutte, K. K., & Moos, R. H. (2005). Pain and use of alcohol to manage pain: Prevalence and 3-year outcomes among older problem and non-problem drinkers. Addiction, 100(6), 777–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01074.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell-Sills, L., Norman, S. B., Craske, M. G., Sullivan, G., Lang, A. J., Chavira, D. A., Bystritsky, A., Sherbourne, C., Roy-Byrne, P., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Validation of a brief measure of anxiety-related severity and impairment: The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS). Journal of Affective Disorders, 112(1–3), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A. G., McDermott, A. M., Dukes, E., Sadosky, A., Petrie, C. D., & Martin, S. (2009). Measurement properties of the medical outcomes study sleep scale in patients with fibromyalgia. Sleep Medicine, 10(7), 766–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2008.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawthon, P. M., Harrison, S. L., Barrett-Connor, E., Fink, H. A., Cauley, J. A., Lewis, C. E., Orwoll, E. S., & Cummings, S. R. (2006). Alcohol intake and its relationship with bone mineral density, falls, and fracture risk in older men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(11), 1649–1657. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00912.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerezo, A., Rivera, D. B., Sanchez, D., Torres, L., Carlos Chavez, F. L., & Drabble, L. A. (2023). Examining COVID-19 pandemic-related economic and household stress and its association with mental health, alcohol, and substance use in a national sample of Latinx sexual minority and heterosexual adults. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherpitel, C. J., Ye, Y., Bond, J., Borges, G., Monteiro, M., Chou, P., & Hao, W. (2015). Alcohol attributable fraction for injury morbidity from the dose-response relationship of acute alcohol consumption: Emergency department data from 18 countries. Addiction, 110(11), 1724–1732. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauw, D. J., Häuser, W., Cohen, S. P., & Fitzcharles, M.-A. (2020). Considering the potential for an increase in chronic pain after the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain, 161(8), 1694–1697. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleeland, C. (1991). Research in cancer pain. What we know and what we need to know. Cancer, 67(3 Suppl), 823–827. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19910201)67:3+<823::AID-CNCR2820671412>3.0.CO;2-S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dansak, D. A. (1997). Medical use of recreational drugs by AIDS patients. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 16(3), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v16n03_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drożdżal, S., Rosik, J., Lechowicz, K., Machaj, F., Szostak, B., Majewski, P., Rotter, I., & Kotfis, K. (2020). COVID-19: Pain management in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection—molecular mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives. Brain Sciences, 10(7), 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10070465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzierzewski, J. M., Buman, M. P., Giacobbi, P. R., Roberts, B. L., Aiken-Morgan, A. T., Marsiske, M., & McCrae, C. S. (2014). Exercise and sleep in community-dwelling older adults: evidence for a reciprocal relationship. Journal of Sleep Research, 23(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvan, F. H., Bing, E. G., Fleishman, J. A., London, A. S., Caetano, R., Burnam, M. A., Longshore, D., Morton, S. C., Orlando, M., & Shapiro, M. (2002). The prevalence of alcohol consumption and heavy drinking among people with HIV in the United States: Results from the HIV cost and services utilization study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2002.63.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geneen, L. J., Moore, R. A., Clarke, C., Martin, D., Colvin, L. A., & Smith, B. H. (2017). Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: An overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(2), https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011279.pub3
   Google Scholar
• Giovanniello, A. G. (2016). Chronic pain and HIV: A practical approach. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, M. K., Akcasu, N., Baal, P., Outlaw, A. Y., Cohn, J. A., & Lundahl, L. H. (2023). Cannabis and complementary/alternative self-treatment approaches for symptom management among African American persons living with HIV. AIDS Care, 35(1), 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2021.1998311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartzler, B., Dombrowski, J. C., Crane, H. M., Eron, J. J., Geng, E. H., Christopher Mathews, W., Mayer, K. H., Moore, R. D., Mugavero, M. J., Napravnik, S., Rodriguez, B., & Donovan, D. M. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of substance use disorders among HIV care enrollees in the United States. AIDS and Behavior, 21(4), 1138–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1584-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, M. F. M., Duthie, A. M., Duffy, B. L., Mckeag, A. M., & Rice, C. P. (1978). Analgesic effect of ethyl alcohol. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 50(2), 139–141. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/50.2.139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., & Romano, J. M. (1991). Self-efficacy and outcome expectancies: Relationship to chronic pain coping strategies and adjustment. Pain, 44(3), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(91)90095-F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julian, T., Glascow, N., Syeed, R., & Zis, P. (2019). Alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, 266(12), 2907–2919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-9123-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justice, A. C., P. Modur, S., Tate, J. P., Althoff, K. N., Jacobson, L. P., Gebo, K. A., Kitahata, M. M., Horberg, M. A., Brooks, J. T., Buchacz, K., Rourke, S. B., Rachlis, A., Napravnik, S., Eron, J., Willig, J. H., Moore, R., Kirk, G. D., Bosch, R., Rodriguez, B., … Gange, S. J. (2013). Predictive accuracy of the veterans aging cohort study index for mortality with HIV infection. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 62(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31827df36c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacha-Ochana, A., Jones, C. M., Green, J. L., Dunphy, C., Govoni, T. D., Robbins, R. S., & Guy, G. P. (2022). Characteristics of adults aged ≥18 years evaluated for substance Use and treatment planning — United States, 2019. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(23), 749–756. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7123a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazis, L. E., Miller, D. R., Clark, J. A., Skinner, K. M., Lee, A., Ren, X. S., Spiro, A., Rogers, W. H., & Ware, J. E. (2004). Improving the response choices on the veterans SF-36 health survey role functioning scales. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 27(3), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004479-200407000-00010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4(5), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229709030550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klepp, T. D., Heeren, T. C., Winter, M. R., Lloyd-Travaglini, C. A., Magane, K. M., Romero-Rodríguez, E., Kim, T. W., Walley, A. Y., Mason, T., & Saitz, R. (2023). Cannabis use frequency and pain interference among people with HIV. AIDS Care, 35(8), 1235–1242. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2023.2208321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2003). The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care, 41(11), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuerbis, A., Reid, M. C., Lake, J. E., Glasner-Edwards, S., Jenkins, J., Liao, D., Candelario, J., & Moore, A. A. (2019). Daily factors driving daily substance use and chronic pain among older adults with HIV: An exploratory study using ecological momentary assessment. Alcohol, 77, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larue, F., Fontaine, A., & Colleau, S. M. (1997). Underestimation and undertreatment of pain in HIV disease: Multicentre study. BMJ, 314(7073), 23–23. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7073.23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, K. K., Harris, K., Hadi, S., & Chow, E. (2007). What should be the optimal Cut points for mild, moderate, and severe pain? Journal of Palliative Medicine, 10(6), 1338–1346. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2007.0087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum, P. J., Little, S., Botsko, M., Hersh, D., Thawley, R. E., Egan, J. E., Mitty, J., Boverman, J., & Fiellin, D. A. (2011). Opioid-Prescribing practices and provider confidence recognizing opioid analgesic abuse in HIV primary care settings. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 56(Supplement 1), S91–S97. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31820a9a82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lunde, L.-H., Nordhus, I. H., & Pallesen, S. (2009). The effectiveness of cognitive and behavioural treatment of chronic pain in the elderly: A quantitative review. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 16(3), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-009-9162-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malee, K. M., Mellins, C. A., Huo, Y., Tassiopoulos, K., Smith, R., Sirois, P. A., Allison, S. M., Kacanek, D., Kapetanovic, S., Williams, P. L., Grant, M. L., Marullo, D., & Aidala, A. A. (2014). Prevalence, incidence, and persistence of psychiatric and substance Use disorders among mothers living with HIV. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 65(5), 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manhapra, A., & Becker, W. C. (2018). Pain and addiction: An integrative therapeutic approach. Medical Clinics of North America, 102(4), 745–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2018.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manthey, J., Jacobsen, B., Hayer, T., Kalke, J., López-Pelayo, H., Pons-Cabrera, M. T., Verthein, U., & Rosenkranz, M. (2023). The impact of legal cannabis availability on cannabis use and health outcomes: A systematic review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 116, 104039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, J. L., Chao, C. R., Leyden, W. A., Xu, L., Quesenberry, C. P., Klein, D. B., Towner, W. J., Horberg, M. A., & Silverberg, M. J. (2016). Narrowing the Gap in life expectancy between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals with access to care. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 73(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, K. S., Kerns, R. D., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart, W. (2000). HIV/AIDS-related pain as a chronic pain condition: Implications of a biopsychosocial model for comprehensive assessment and effective management. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 1(3), 260–273. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4637.2000.00033.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, S., Campa, A., Zarini, G., Liu, Q., Seminario, L., Jasmin, J., Hernandez, J., Teeman, C., Baum, M., & Tamargo, J. (2019). Food insecurity and substance use in HIV-infected adults in the Miami adult studies on HIV (MASH) cohort (P04-066-19). Current Developments in Nutrition, 3, nzz051.P04-066-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz051.P04-066-19
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E., Cranford, J. A., Boyd, C. J., & Teter, C. J. (2007). Motives, diversion and routes of administration associated with nonmedical use of prescription opioids. Addictive Behaviors, 32(3), 562–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Woody, G. E., & O’Brien, C. P. (1980). An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients. The Addiction Severity Index. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198001000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercadante, S., Arcuri, E., & Santoni, A. (2019). Opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia. CNS Drugs, 33(10), 943–955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-019-00660-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin, J. S., Long, D., Becker, W. C., Cachay, E. R., Christopoulos, K. A., Claborn, K., Crane, H. M., Edelman, E. J., Harding, R., Kertesz, S. G., Liebschutz, J. M., Mathews, W. C., Mugavero, M. J., Napravnik, S., O’Cleirigh, C., Saag, M. S., Starrels, J. L., & Gross, R. (2018). Brief report: The association of chronic pain and long-term opioid therapy with HIV treatment outcomes. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 79(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin, J. S., Walcott, M., Kerns, R., Bair, M. J., Burgio, K. L., & Turan, J. M. (2015). Pain self-management in HIV-infected individuals with chronic pain: A qualitative study. Pain Medicine, 16(4), 706–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin, J. S., Westfall, A. O., Chamot, E., Overton, E. T., Willig, J. H., Ritchie, C., Saag, M. S., & Mugavero, M. J. (2013). Pain is independently associated with impaired physical function in HIV-infected patients. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 14(12), 1985–1993. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin, J. S., Westfall, A. O., Raper, J. L., Zinski, A., Norton, W. E., Willig, J. H., Gross, R., Ritchie, C. S., Saag, M. S., & Mugavero, M. J. (2012). Pain, mood, and substance abuse in HIV: Implications for clinic visit utilization, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and virologic failure. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 61(2), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182662215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miaskowski, C., Penko, J. M., Guzman, D., Mattson, J. E., Bangsberg, D. R., & Kushel, M. B. (2011). Occurrence and characteristics of chronic pain in a community-based cohort of indigent adults living with HIV infection. The Journal of Pain, 12(9), 1004–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti, P. M. (2002). Treating alcohol dependence: A coping skills training guide. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. T., Vu, T. M. T., Le Vu, M. N., Vu, G. T., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M. (2023). Mapping studies of alcohol use among people living with HIV/AIDS during 1990-2019 (GAPRESEARCH). AIDS and Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-023-04112-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas, P. K., Kemppainen, J. K., Canaval, G. E., Corless, I. B., Sefcik, E. F., Nokes, K. M., Bain, C. A., Kirksey, K. M., Eller, L. S., Dole, P. J., Hamilton, M. J., Coleman, C. L., Holzemer, W. L., Reynolds, N. R., Portillo, C. J., Bunch, E. H., Wantland, D. J., Voss, J., Phillips, R., … Gallagher, D. M. (2007). Symptom management and self-care for peripheral neuropathy in HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care, 19(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120600971083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, S. B., Hami Cissell, S., Means-Christensen, A. J., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Development and validation of an overall anxiety severity And impairment scale (OASIS). Depression and Anxiety, 23(4), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Önen, N. F., Barrette, E.-P., Shacham, E., Taniguchi, T., Donovan, M., & Overton, E. T. (2012). A review of opioid prescribing practices and associations with repeat opioid prescriptions in a contemporary outpatient HIV clinic. Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute of Pain, 12(6), 440–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00520.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlando, M., Burnam, M. A., Beckman, R., Morton, S. C., London, A. S., Bing, E. G., & Fleishman, J. A. (2002). Re-estimating the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a nationally representative sample of persons receiving care for HIV: Results from the HIV cost and services utilization study. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 11(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R., Stein, D. J., & Jelsma, J. (2014). Pain in people living with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17(1), 18719. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pytell, J. D., Shen, N. M., Keruly, J. C., Lesko, C. R., Lau, B., Fojo, A. T., Baum, M. K., Gorbach, P. M., Javanbakht, M., Kipke, M., Kirk, G. D., Mustanski, B., Shoptaw, S., Siminski, S., Moore, R. D., & Chander, G. (2022). The relationship of alcohol and other drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic among people with or at risk of HIV; A cross-sectional survey of people enrolled in Collaborating Consortium of Cohorts Producing NIDA Opportunities (C3PNO) cohorts. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 241, 109382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, A., Rogers, J., Mason, R., Siriwardena, A. N., Hogue, T., Whitley, G. A., & Law, G. R. (2021). Alcohol and other substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 229(Pt A), 109150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romero-Sandoval, E. A., Fincham, J. E., Kolano, A. L., Sharpe, B. N., & Alvarado-Vázquez, P. A. (2018). Cannabis for chronic pain: Challenges and considerations. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 38(6), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2115
   Google Scholar
• Saitz, R., Mesic, A., Ventura, A. S., Winter, M. R., Heeren, T. C., Sullivan, M. M., Walley, A. Y., Patts, G. J., Meli, S. M., Holick, M. F., Kim, T. W., Bryant, K. J., & Samet, J. H. (2018). Alcohol consumption and bone mineral density in people with HIV and substance use disorder: A prospective cohort study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 42(8), 1518–1529. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samet, J. H., Phillips, S. J., Horton, N. J., Traphagen, E. T., & Freedberg, K. A. (2004). Detecting alcohol problems in HIV-infected patients: Use of the CAGE questionnaire. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 20(2), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1089/088922204773004860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieber, L. Z., Dunphy, C., Schieber, R. A., Lopes-Cardozo, B., Moonesinghe, R., & Guy, G. P. (2023). Hospitalization associated with comorbid psychiatric and substance Use disorders among adults with COVID-19 treated in US emergency departments from April 2020 to August 2021. JAMA Psychiatry, 80(4), 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.5047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl 20), 22–33; quiz 34-57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992). Timeline follow-back. In R. Z. Litten, & J. P. Allen (Eds.), Measuring alcohol consumption (pp. 41–72). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3.
   Google Scholar
• Tate, J. P., Justice, A. C., Hughes, M. D., Bonnet, F., Reiss, P., Mocroft, A., Nattermann, J., Lampe, F. C., Bucher, H. C., Sterling, T. R., Crane, H. M., Kitahata, M. M., May, M., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2013). An internationally generalizable risk index for mortality after one year of antiretroviral therapy. Aids (london, England), 27(4), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835b8c7f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakarar, K., Walley, A. Y., Heeren, T. C., Winter, M. R., Ventura, A. S., Sullivan, M., Drainoni, M., & Saitz, R. (2020). Medication for addiction treatment and acute care utilization in HIV-positive adults with substance use disorders. AIDS Care, 32(9), 1177–1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1683805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao, J. C. I., Stein, J. A., & Dobalian, A. (2007). Pain, problem drug use history, and aberrant analgesic use behaviors in persons living with HIV. Pain, 133(1), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui, J. I., Cheng, D. M., Coleman, S. M., Lira, M. C., Blokhina, E., Bridden, C., Krupitsky, E., & Samet, J. H. (2014). Pain is associated with risky drinking over time among HIV-infected persons in St. Petersburg, Russia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 144, 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uebelacker, L. A., Weisberg, R. B., Herman, D. S., Bailey, G. L., Pinkston-Camp, M. M., & Stein, M. D. (2015). Chronic pain in HIV-infected patients: Relationship to depression, substance Use, and mental health and pain treatment. Pain Medicine, 16(10), 1870–1881. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand, A. H., Fouladbakhsh, J., & Templin, T. (2005). Patients’ choices for the self-treatment of pain. Applied Nursing Research, 18(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2004.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura, A. S., Winter, M. R., Heeren, T. C., Sullivan, M. M., Walley, A. Y., Holick, M. F., Patts, G. J., Meli, S. M., Samet, J. H., & Saitz, R. (2017). Lifetime and recent alcohol use and bone mineral density in adults with HIV infection and substance dependence. Medicine, 96(17), e6759. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayaraghavan, M., Penko, J., Guzman, D., Miaskowski, C., & Kushel, M. B. (2011). Primary care providers’ judgments of opioid analgesic misuse in a community-based cohort of HIV-infected indigent adults. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(4), 412–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1555-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, S. T., & Rotgers, F. (2011). Treating substance abuse: Theory and technique. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, R. D., Griffin, M. L., & Mirin, S. M. (1992). Drug abuse as self-medication for depression: An empirical study. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 18(2), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952999208992825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolridge, E., Barton, S., Samuel, J., Osorio, J., Dougherty, A., & Holdcroft, A. (2005). Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medical symptoms. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 29(4), 358–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar