Gender violence in schools in the developing world

References

• AAUW . 2001 . Hostile hallways: bullying, teasing and sexual harassment in school , Washington , DC : American Association of University Women .
   Google Scholar
• Abraha , S. , Beyene , A. , Dubale , T. , Fuller , B. , Holloway , S. and King , E. 1991 . What factors shape girls’ school performance? Evidence from Ethiopia . International Journal of Educational Development , 11 (2) : 107 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Abraham , J. 1995 . Divide and school: class and gender dynamics in comprehensive education , London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• ACORD . 1998 . The development of the total child. A pilot programme for Aminius, Omaheke Region , ACORD : Southern Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Acosta Vargas , G. 1997 . “ Women’s human rights and Latin American criminal law ” . In Women against violence: breaking the silence. Reflecting on experience in Latin America and the Caribbean , Edited by: Brasiliero , A. M. New York : UNIFEM .
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad , R. H. and Salleh , N. M. 1997 . “ Bullying and violence in the Malaysian school ” . In Violence at school: global issues and interventions , Edited by: Oshako , T. Paris : UNESCO/IBE .
   Google Scholar
• Akiba , M. , LeTendre , G. K. , Baker , D. P. and Goesling , B. 2002 . School victimization: national and school system effects on school violence in 37 nations . American Educational Research Journal , 39 (4) : 829 – 853 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson‐Levitt , K. M. , Bloch , M. and Soumare , A. M. 1998 . “ Inside classrooms in Guinea: girls’ experiences ” . In Women and education in Sub‐Saharan Africa , Edited by: Bloch , M. , Beoku‐Betts , J. A. and Tabachnick , B. R. London : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Arnot , M. 2002 . Reproducing gender: essays on educational theory and feminist politics , London : Routledge Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Bakari , S. Gender order and chaos: life in a Nigerian Teachers College . Paper presented at the Seventh Oxford International Conference on Educational Development . September 9–11 .
   Google Scholar
• Benbenishty , R. , Zeira , A. , Astor , R. A. and Koury‐Kassabri , M. 2002 . Maltreatment of primary school students by educational staff in Israel . Child Abuse & Neglect , 26 (12) : 1290 – 1309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendera , S. E. , Maro , E. and Mboya , M. 1998 . “ A gender perspective on violence: its form and consequences for the education of primary school students in Tanzania ” . In Gender and education in Tanzanian schools , Edited by: Bendera , S. and Mboya , M. Dar Es Salaam : Dar Es Salaam University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bennell , P. , Hyde , K. and Swainson , N. 2002 . The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the education sector in Sub‐Saharan Africa , Brighton : Centre for International Education, University of Sussex .
   Google Scholar
• Brasileiro , A. M. , ed. 1997 . Women against violence: breaking the silence. Reflecting on experience in Latin America and the Caribbean , New York : UNIFEM .
   Google Scholar
• Brenner , M. 1998 . “ Gender and classroom interactions in Liberia ” . In Women and education in sub‐Saharan Africa , Edited by: Bloch , M. , Beoku‐Betts , J. A. and Tabachnick , B. R. London : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Bunwaree , S. 1999 . “ Gender inequality: the Mauritian experience ” . In Gender, education and development: beyond access to empowerment , Edited by: Heward , C. and Bunwaree , S. London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J. 1990 . Gender trouble, feminism and the subversion of identity , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , E. M. 1978 . Women and education , London : Tavistock Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Casely Hayford , L. 2001 . The needs of female teachers in rural deprived areas of Ghana , Accra : Ministry of Education/Ghana Education Service .
   Google Scholar
• Chianu , E. 2000 . Two deaths, one blind eye, one imprisonment: child abuse in the guise of corporal punishment in Nigerian schools . Child Neglect & Abuse , 24 (7) : 1005 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilisa , B. 2002 . National policies on pregnancy in education systems in sub‐Saharan Africa . Gender and Education , 14 (1) : 21 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarricoates , K. 1978 . Dinosaurs in the classroom: a re‐examination of some aspects of the ‘hidden curriculum’ in primary schools . Women’s Studies International Quarterly , 1 : 353 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , R. 1997 . “ Combatting violence against women in the Caribbean ” . In Women against violence: breaking the silence. Reflecting on experience in Latin America and the Caribbean , Edited by: Brasileiro , A. M. New York : UNIFEM .
   Google Scholar
• Commonwealth Secretariat . 2002 . Promoting an integrated approach to combat gender‐based violence , London : Commonwealth Secretariat .
   Google Scholar
• Connell , R. W. 1987 . Gender and power: society, the person and sexual politics , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Connell , R. W. 2002 . Gender , Oxford : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , L. 1984 . Pupil power: gender and deviance in school , Lewes : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Debardieux , E. , Blaya , C. and Vidal , D. 2003 . “ Tackling violence in schools: a report from France ” . In Violence in schools: the response in Europe , Edited by: Smith , P. K. London : RoutledgeFalmer .
   Google Scholar
• De Bruyn , M. and France , N. 2001 . Sex or gender: who cares? , Chapel Hill : IPAS .
   Google Scholar
• Deem , R. 1978 . Women and schooling , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• De Lyon , H. and Widdowson Migniuolo , F. , eds. 1989 . Women teachers: issues and experiences , Milton Keynes : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dreyer , A. 2001 . What do we teach the teachers? Addressing gender‐based violence in the primary school curriculum , Western Cape : University of Western Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , N. 1999 . Sexual bullying: gender conflict and student culture in secondary schools , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Dunne , G. A. 2003 . “ A passion for ‘sameness’? Sexuality and gender accountability ” . In Sexuality and society , Edited by: Weeks , J. , Holland , J. and Waites , M. Oxford : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dunne , M. , Humphreys , S. and Leach , F. 2003 . Gender and violence in schools. Background paper for the Education For All (EFA) global monitoring report 2003/4 , Paris : UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Dunne , M. and Leach , F. Institutional sexism: contexts and texts in Botswana and Ghana . Paper presented at the Seventh Oxford International Conference on Educational Development . September 9–11 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunne , M. , Leach , F. , Chilisa , B. , Maundeni , T. , Tabulawa , R. , Kutor , N. , Dzama , F. and Assamoah , A. 2005 . Schools as gendered institutions: the impact on retention and achievement , London : DfID .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , D. and Johnson , R. 1998 . Schooling sexualities , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Figueroa , M. 2000 . Making sense of male experience: the case of academic underachievement in the English speaking Caribbean . IDS Bulletin , 31 (2) : 68 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , C. 1999 . “ Girls and women in education and training in Papua New Guinea ” . In Gender, education and development: beyond access to empowerment , Edited by: Heward , C. and Bunwaree , S. London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Gautam , I. 1999 . The difficulties girls face in families in Ramghat and Ghusra villages or Surket District, Mid‐Western Nepal, Kathmandu , London : Save the Children Fund .
   Google Scholar
• Gerald , J. HMs get powers to act in ensuring discipline in schools . The New Strait Times . October 9 . Malaysia : Education UK Services . Market News 4 November 2003
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , R. and Gilbert , P. 1998 . Masculinity goes to school , St Leonards : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Gomez , G. 9 October 2003 . “ Teachers can cane students ” . In The Star 9 October , op.cit.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , R. 1995 . Causes of girls’ academic underachievement: the influence of teachers’ attitudes and expectations on the academic performance of secondary school girls , Harare : HRCC, University of Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , R. 2002 . A preliminary investigation of the causes and consequences of schoolgirl pregnancy and dropout in Zimbabwe , Harare : DFID .
   Google Scholar
• Guimarães , E. 1996 . Effects of violence in slum areas controlled by drug traffickers and gangs on schools . Prospects , 26 (2) : 279 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Hallam , S. 1994 . Crimes without punishment: sexual harassment and violence against female students in schools and universities in Africa. Discussion paper no 4 , London : Africa Rights .
   Google Scholar
• Hayward , R. F. 2001 . Some organizations working with men and boys to end violence against women and girls , New York : UNICEF .
   Google Scholar
• Herbert , C. M. H. 1992 . Sexual harassment in schools: a guide for teachers , London : Fulton .
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch . 1999 . Spare the child: corporal punishment in Kenyan schools , New York : Human Rights Watch .
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch . 2001 . Scared at school: sexual violence against girls in South African schools , New York : Human Rights Watch .
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch . 2002a . Suffering in silence: the links between human rights abuses and HIV transmission to girls in Zambia , New York : Human Rights Watch .
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch . 2002b . Human rights watch world report , New York : Human Rights Watch .
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch & The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission . 2003 . More than a name: state‐sponsored homophobia and its consequences in Southern Africa , New York : Human Rights Watch .
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys , S. ‘Shy girls’, ‘playful boys’ and ‘the stick’: an exploration of the relationship between corporal punishment and classroom gender relations . Paper presented at the Seventh Oxford International Conference on Educational Development . September 9–11 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , M. 2002 . The materiality of everyday sex: thinking beyond ‘prostitution’ . African Studies , 61 (1) : 99 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. 2003 . “ Heterosexuality, heteronormativity and gender hierarchy: some reflections on recent debates ” . In Sexuality and society , Edited by: Weeks , J. , Holland , J. and Waites , M. Oxford : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes , R. , Levin , J. , Mbananga , N. and Bradshaw , D. 2002 . Rape of girls in South Africa . The Lancet , 359 : 319 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadzamira , E. C. , Swainson , N. , Mauluwa‐Banda , D. and Kamlongera , A. 2001 . The impact of HIV/AIDS on formal schooling in Malawi , Brighton : University of Sussex .
   Google Scholar
• Kehily , M. 2003 . Sexuality, gender and schooling: shifting agendas in social learning , London : Routledge Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Kenway , J. and Fitzclarence , L. 1997 . Masculinity, violence and schooling: challenging poisonous pedagogies . Gender & Education , 9 (1) : 117 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Kessler , S. , Ashenden , D. J. , Connell , R. and Dowsett , G. W. 1985 . Gender relations in secondary schooling . Sociology of Education , 58 : 34 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , D. , Kim , K. , Park , Y. , Zhang , L. , Lu , M. and Li , D. 2000 . Children’s experience of violence in China and Korea: a transcultural study . Child Abuse & Neglect , 24 (9) : 1163 – 1173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoza , V. 2002 . Schools: safe havens or sites of violence? . Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity , 53 : 75 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuleana (Children’s Rights Centre) . 1999 . Does corporal punishment bring about discipline? , Dar‐es‐Salaam : Kuleana .
   Google Scholar
• Kutnick , P. , Jules , V. and Layne , A. 1997 . Gender and school achievement in the Caribbean , London : DfID .
   Google Scholar
• Leach , F. , Fiscian , V. , Kadzamira , E. , Lemani , E. and Machakanja , P. 2003 . An investigative study into the abuse of girls in African schools , London : DfID .
   Google Scholar
• Leach , F. and Machakanja , P. 2000 . A preliminary investigation into the abuse of girls in Zimbabwean junior secondary schools , London : DFID .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , C. B. , Mensch , B. S. and Clark , W. H. 1998 . The effects of primary school quality on the educational participation and attainment of Kenyan girls and boys , New York : Population Council .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , C. B. , El Tawila , S. , Clark , W. H. and Mensch , B. S. 2001 . Determinants of educational attainment among adolescents in Egypt: does school quality make a difference? , New York : Population Council .
   Google Scholar
• Luke , N. and Kurz , K. M. 2002 . Cross‐generational and transactional sexual relations in Sub‐Saharan Africa , Washington , DC : International Center for Research on Women .
   Google Scholar
• Mac an Ghaill , M. 1994 . The making of men: masculinities, sexualities and schooling , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mahony , P. 1989 . “ Sexual violence in mixed schools ” . In Learning our lines: sexuality and social control in education , Edited by: Jones , C. and Mahony , P. London : Women’s Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maimbolwa‐Sinyangwe , I. M. and Chilangwa , B. Y. 1995 . Learning from inside the classroom: a research report , Zambia : UNICEF .
   Google Scholar
• Mensch , B. S. , Clark , W. H. , Lloyd , C. B. and Erulkar , A. S. 1999 . Premarital sex and school dropout in Kenya: can schools make a difference? , New York : Population Council .
   Google Scholar
• Mirembe , R. and Davies , L. 2001 . Is schooling a risk? Gender, power relations, and school culture in Uganda . Gender & Education , 13 (4) : 401 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirsky , J. 2003 . Beyond victims and villains: addressing sexual violence in the education sector , London : Panos .
   Google Scholar
• Miske , S. and Van Belle‐Prouty , D. 1997 . Schools are for girls too: creating an environment of validation , Washington , DC : USAID .
   Google Scholar
• Mlamleli , O. , Napo , V. , Mabelane , P. , Free , V. , Goodman , M. , Larkin , J. , Mitchell , C. , Mkhize , H. , Robinson , K. and Smith , A. 2001 . Opening our eyes: addressing gender‐based violence in South African schools , Pretoria : Canada‐South Africa Management Programme .
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , R . 1998 . Gender and education: the place of masculinity in South African schools . South African Journal of Education , 18 (4) : 218 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Nath , B. 2000 . Gender, HIV and human rights: a training manual , New York : UNIFEM .
   Google Scholar
• Niehaus , I. 2000 . Towards a dubious liberation: masculinity, sexuality and power in South African Lowveld Schools, 1953–1999 . Journal of Southern African Studies , 26 (3) : 387 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum , M. 1999 . Sex and social justice , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Omale , J. 1999 . “ Tested to their limit: sexual harassment in schools and educational institutions in Kenya ” . In No paradise yet: the world’s women face the new century , Edited by: Mirsky , J. and Radlett , M. London : Panos .
   Google Scholar
• Poudyal , R. 2000 . Alternative masculinities in South Asia: an exploration through films for schools . IDS Bulletin , 31 (2) : 75 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , S. and Dunne , M. Dilemmas of desire: performances of femininity within the context of HIV/AIDS . Paper presented at the Seventh Oxford International Conference on Educational Development . September 9–11 .
   Google Scholar
• Renold , E. 2002 . Presumed innocence. (Hetero)sexual, heterosexist and homophobic harassment among primary school girls and boys . Childhood , 9 (4) : 415 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadtu.org.za . 2003 . “ Sadtu condemns torture of learners—response ” . Available online at: www.sadtu.org.za/press/2001/14‐7‐2003.ohtm (accessed 19 February 2004)
   Google Scholar
• Salas , L. M. 1997 . “ Violence and aggression in the schools of Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru ” . In Violence at school: global issues and interventions , Edited by: Oshako , T. Paris : UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Sardar , Z. 1998 . Postmodernism and the other. The new imperialism of western culture , London : Pluto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Save the Children Fund . “ Unsafe learning spaces: girls taking back their spaces ” . SCF , , Nepal Unpublished mimeo (n.d.)
   Google Scholar
• Sewell , T. 1997 . Black masculinities and schooling , Stoke on Trent : Trentham Books .
   Google Scholar
• Sey , H. 1997 . Peeking through the windows: classroom observations and participatory learning for action activities , Arlington , VA : Institute of International Research .
   Google Scholar
• Shilling , C. 1991 . Educating the body: physical capital and the production of social inequalities . Sociology , 25 : 653 – 672 .
   Google Scholar
• Shumba , A. 2001 . Who guards the guards in schools? A study of reported cases of child abuse by teachers in Zimbabwean secondary schools . Sex Education , 1 (1) : 77 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , P. K. , ed. 2003 . Violence in schools: the response in Europe , London : Routledge Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Swain , J. 2004 . The resources and strategies that 10‐ to 11‐year‐old boys use to construct masculinities in the school setting . British Educational Research Journal , 30 (1) : 167 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swainson , N. , Bendera , S. , Gordon , R. and Kadzamira , E. 1998 . Promoting girls’ education in Africa: the design and implementation of policy interventions , London : DfID .
   Google Scholar
• Tafa , E. 2002 . Corporal punishment: the brutal face of Botswana’s authoritarian schools . Educational Review , 54 (1) : 17 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terefe , D. and Mengistu , D. 1997 . “ Violence in Ethiopian schools: a study of some schools in Addis Ababa ” . In Violence at school: global issues and interventions , Edited by: Ohsako , T. Paris : UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Thorne , B. 1993 . Gender play: girls and boys in school , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tikly , L. 2004 . Education and the new imperialism . Comparative Education , 40 (2) : 173 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN Commission on the Status of Women . 2003 . The situation of women and girls in Afghanistan: report of the secretary‐general Available online at: www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf (accessed 28 May 2003)
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF . 2001 . Corporal punishment in schools in South Asia , Kathmandu : UNICEF .
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF . 2002 . Gender, sexuality and HIV/AIDS in education: summary report , Nairobi : UNICEF ESARO .
   Google Scholar
• USAID . 1999a . Where policy hits the ground: policy implementation processes in Malawi and Namibia , Washington , DC : USAID .
   Google Scholar
• USAID . 1999b . Promoting primary education for girls in Pakistan , Washington , DC : USAID .
   Google Scholar
• Walkerdine , V. 1990 . Schoolgirl fictions , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Ware , V. 1992 . Beyond the pale: white women, racism and history , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , D. 1999 . The Institute of Education and Health: a model of integrated reproductive health services for adolescents in Peru , London : Save the Children .
   Google Scholar
• Welbourn , A. 1995 . Stepping stones: a training package on HIV/AIDS, communications and relationship skills , London : ActionAid .
   Google Scholar
• Welsh , P. 2001 . Men aren’t from Mars: unlearning machismo in Nicaragua , London : Catholic Institute for International Relations .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , K. and Jewkes , R. 1998 . Love is a dangerous thing: micro‐dynamics of violence in sexual relationships of young people in Umtata , Pretoria : Medical Research Council Technical Report .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2000 . Ecuador gender review: issues and recommendation , Washington , DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2002 . World report on violence and health , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Youssef , R. M. , Attia , M. S. and Kamel , M. I. 1998 . Children experiencing violence II: prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools . Child Abuse and Neglect , 22 (10) : 975 – 985 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeira , A. , Astor , R. A. and Benbenishty , R. 2002 . Sexual harassment in Jewish and Arab public schools in Israel . Child Abuse and Neglect , 26 (2) : 149 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar