References
- Aguirre, Jr., A. 2000. Women and minority faculty in the academic workplace: Recruitment, retention, and academic culture. ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, Washington, DC
- Andersen , M. L. and Collins , P. H. 1992 . Race, class, and gender: An anthology , Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
- Bellas , M. L. and Toutkoushian , R. K. 1999 . Faculty time allocations and research productivity: Gender, race and family effects . Review of Higher Education , 22 : 367 – 90 .
- Benokraitis, N. V. 1998. Working in the Ivory Basement: Subtle Sex Discrimination in Higher Education. In L. Collins, K. Quina, and J.C. Chrisler, eds., Career Strategies for Women in Academe: Arming Athena. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 3–36
- Brah , A. 2001 . “ Feminist theory and women of color ” . In International encyclopedia of the social and behavioural sciences. Vol. 8 , Edited by: Smelser , Neil J. and Bakes , Paul B. 5491 – 5 . London : Elsevier .
- Bronstein , P. 1993 . “ Challenges, rewards, and costs for feminist and ethnic minority scholars ” . In Building a diverse faculty. New directions for teaching and research no. 53 , Edited by: Fainen , J. and Boice , R. 61 – 70 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
- Calasanti , T. and Smith , J. 1998 . A critical evaluation of the experiences of women and minority faculty: Some implications for occupational research . Current Research on Occupations and Professions , 10 : 239 – 58 .
- Crenshaw , K. W. 1991 . Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color . Stanford Law Review , 43 : 1241 – 99 .
- Emerson , R. , Fretz , R. and Shaw , L. 1995 . Writing ethnographic fieldnotes , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Essed , P. 2000 . Dilemmas in leadership: Women of colour in the academy . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 23 : 888 – 904 .
- Etzkowitz , H. , Kemelgor , C. , Neuschatz , M. , Uzzi , B. and Alonzo , J. 1994 . The paradox of critical mass for women in science . Science , 266 ( 5182 ) : 51 – 4 .
- Ford, K.A. 2011. Race, gender, and bodily (mis)recognitions: Women of color faculty experiences in the classroom. Journal of Higher Education, 82 no. 4: 444–478
- Gunter , R. and Stambach , A. 2003 . As balancing act and as game: How women and men science faculty experience the promotion process . Gender Issues , 21 ( 1 ) : 25 – 42 .
- Haag , P. 2005 . Is collegiality code for hating ethnic, racial, and female faculty at tenure time? . Education Digest , 71 ( 1 ) : 57 – 62 .
- Hill Collins , P. 1998 . Race, class and gender: Common bonds, different voices . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 21 ( 1 ) : 175 – 7 .
- hooks , b. 1990 . Yearning: Race, gender, and cultural politics , Boston : South End Press .
- Johnsrud , L. and Sadao , K. C. 1998 . The common experience of ‘otherness’: Ethnic and racial minority faculty . The Review of Higher Education , 21 : 315 – 42 .
- Joseph , T. and Hirshfield , L. E. 2011 . ‘Why don't you get somebody new to do it?’: Race and cultural taxation in the academy . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 34 ( 1 ) : 121 – 41 .
- Kobayashi , A. 2002 . “ Now you see them, now you don't: Women of colour in Canadian academia ” . In Ivory towers, feminist issues: Selected papers from the WIN Symposia, 2000–2001 , Edited by: Heald , S. 44 – 54 . Ottawa : Humanities and Social Sciences Federation of Canada .
- Mirza , H. S. 2009 . Plotting a history: Black and postcolonial feminisms in ‘new times’ . Race, Ethnicity, and Education , 12 ( 1 ) : 1 – 10 .
- Misra , J. , Lundquist , J. H. , Holmes , E. and Agiomavritis , S. 2011 . The ivory ceiling of service work . Academe Online , http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2011/JF/feat/misr.htm (accessed January 25, 2011)
- Monture , P. 2010 . “ Race, gender and the university: Strategies for survival in the academy ” . In States of race: Critical race feminism for the 21st century , Edited by: Razack , Sherene , Smith , Malinda and Thobani , Sunera . 23 – 35 . Toronto : Between the Lines .
- National Center for Education Statistics. 2004. Gender by principal teaching field. US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2004 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:04). Computation by NCES Data Analyst 1.0 http://nces.ed.gov/datalab/quickstats/mytable.aspx
- National Center for Education Statistics . 2006a . Table 228. Employees in degree-granting institutions, by employment status, sex, control and type of institution, and primary occupation: Fall 2005 . Digest of Education Statistics , http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d06/tables/dt06_228.asp?referrer=report
- National Center for Education Statistics . 2006b . Table 237. Full-time and part-time instructional faculty and staff in degree-granting institutions, by field and faculty characteristics: Fall 1992, fall 1998, and fall 2003 . Digest of Education Statistics , http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d06/tables/dt06_237.asp?referrer=list
- National Science Foundation. 2006. Doctorate records file-US Cit/Perm res by field and gender, 10 year trend. Data source: NSF Survey of Earned Doctorates/Doctorate Records File. http://webcaspar.nsf.gov/OlapBuilder?CMDID=sas_OLAPTableView1_InfoMapOLAPTableViewExample_rnb_rse_PFRandAPNAME=sas_actionProvider_InfoMapOLAPTableViewExample
- Olsen , D. , Maple , S. A. and Stage , F. K. 1995 . Women and minority faculty job satisfaction: Professional role interests, professional satisfactions, and institutional fit . The Journal of Higher Education , 66 : 267 – 94 .
- Padilla , A. M. 1994 . Ethnic minority scholars, research, and mentoring: Current and future issues . Educational Researcher , 23 ( 4 ) : 24 – 7 .
- Porter , S. R. 2007 . A closer look at faculty service: What affects participation on committees? . Journal of Higher Education , 78 : 523 – 40 .
- Ruffins , P. 1997 . The fall of the house of tenure . Black Issues in Higher Education , 14 ( 7 ) : 19 – 26 .
- Samble , J. 2008 . Female faculty: Challenges and choices in the United States and beyond . New Directions for Higher Education , 143 (Fall) : 55 – 62 .
- Schick , C. 2002 . “ Keeping the ivory tower white: Discourses of racial domination ” . In Race, space, and the law: Unmapping a white settler society , Edited by: Razack , S. H. 99 – 119 . Toronto : Between the Lines .
- Segura , D. A. 2003 . Navigating between two worlds: The labyrinth of chicana intellectual production in the academy . Journal of Black Studies , 34 ( 1 ) : 28 – 51 .
- Seifert , T. A. and Umbach , P. D. 2008 . The effects of faculty demographic characteristics and disciplinary context on dimensions of job satisfaction . Research in Higher Education , 49 : 357 – 81 .
- Smith , E. and Witt , S. L. 1993 . A comparative study of occupational stress among African American and white university faculty: A research note . Research in Higher Education , 34 : 229 – 41 .
- Smith, J.W., and T. Calasanti. 2005. The Influences of Gender, Race and Ethnicity on Workplace Experiences of Institutional and Social Isolation: An Exploratory Study of University Faculty. Sociological Spectrum 25, no. 3: 307–334
- Smith , M. S. 2010 . “ Gender, whiteness, and ‘other Others’ in the academy ” . In States of race: Critical race feminism for the 21st century , Edited by: Razack , S. , Smith , M. and Thobani , S. 37 – 58 . Toronto : Between the Lines .
- Sonnert , G. and Holton , G. 1995 . Who succeeds in science? The gender dimension , New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
- Stanley , C. A. 2006 . Coloring the academic landscape: Faculty of color breaking the silence in predominantly white colleges and universities . American Educational Research Journal , 43 : 701 – 36 .
- Trower , C. and Chait , R. 2002 . Faculty diversity: Too little for too long . Harvard Magazine , 98 : 33 – 7 .
- Turk , T. T. 1981 . Women faculty in higher education: Academic administration and governance in a state university system, 1966–1977 . Pacific Sociological Review , 24 : 212 – 36 .
- Turner , C. S.V. 2002 . Women of color in academe: Living with multiple marginality . The Journal of Higher Education , 73 : 74 – 94 .
- Turner , C. S. 2003 . Incorporation and marginalization in the academy: From border toward center for faculty of color? . Journal of Black Studies , 34 ( 1 ) : 112 – 25 .
- Vakalahi , H. F.O. and Starks , S. H. 2010 . The complexities of becoming visible: Reflecting on the stories of women of color as social work educators . Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work , 25 ( 2 ) : 110 – 22 .
- Ward , L. 2008 . Female faculty in male-dominated fields: Law, medicine, and engineering . New Directions for Higher Education , 143 (Fall) : 63 – 72 .
- West , M. S. 1995 . Frozen in time . Academe , 81 : 26 – 9 .
- Winkler , J. A. 2000 . Faculty reappointment, tenure, and promotion: Barriers for women . Professional Geographer , 52 : 737 – 50 .
- Xie , Y. and Shaumann , K. A. 2003 . Women in science: Career processes and outcomes , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
- Yoder , J. and Aniakudo , P. 1997 . ‘Outsider within’ the firehouse – Subordination and difference in the social interactions of African American women firefighters . Gender and Society , 11 : 324 – 41 .