Do schools normalise sexual harassment? An analysis of a legal case regarding sexual harassment in a Swedish high school

References

• AAUW (American Association of University Women). 2011. Crossing the Line: Sexual Harassment at School. Washington, DC: Catherine Hill and Holly Kearl.
   Google Scholar
• Acker, J. 1990. “Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations.” Gender & Society 4 (2): 139–158. doi:10.1177/089124390004002002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anagnostopoulos, D., N. T. Buchanan, C. Pereira, and L. F. Lichty. 2009. “School Staff Responses to Gender-based Bullying as Moral Interpretation.” Educational Policy 23 (4): 519–553. doi:10.1177/0895904807312469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacchi, C. 1998. “Changing the Sexual Harassment Agenda.” In Gender and Institutions: Welfare, Work and Citizenship, edited by M. Gatens and A. MacKinnon, 75–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. 1990. Gender Trouble. Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaraman, L., A. E. Jones, N. Stein, and D. L. Espelage. 2013. “Is It Bullying or Sexual Harassment? Knowledge, Attitudes, and Professional Development Experiences of Middle School Staff.” Journal of School Health 83 (6): 438–444. doi:10.1111/josh.12048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. 1987. Gender and Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. 2002. Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press; Malden: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy, N. E. 2013. “Rethinking Adolescent Peer Sexual Harassment: Contributions of Feminist Theory.” Journal of School Violence 12 (4): 340–356. doi:10.1080/15388220.2013.813391.
   Google Scholar
• DeKeseredy, W. S., and M. D. Schwartz. 2005. “Masculinities and Interpersonal Violence.” In Handbook on Studies on Men and Masculinities, edited by M. S. Kimmel, J. Hearn, and R. Connell, 353–366. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• deLara, E. W. 2008. “Developing a Philosophy About Bullying and Sexual Harassment: Cognitive Coping Strategies Among Secondary School Students.” Journal of School Violence 7 (4): 72–96. doi:10.1080/15388220801973862.
   Google Scholar
• deLara, E. W. 2012. “Why Adolescents Don’t Disclose Incidents of Bullying and Harassment.” Journal of School Violence 11 (4): 288–305. doi:10.1080/15388220.2012.705931.
   Google Scholar
• DeSousa, E. R., and J. Ribeiro. 2005. “Bullying and Sexual Harassment Among Brazilian High School Students.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20 (9): 1018–1038. doi:10.1177/0886260505277731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, J., S. Wareham, and M. Walsh. 2004. “Psychological Consequences for High School Students of Having Been Sexually Harassed.” Sex Roles 50 (11–12): 811–821. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000029099.38912.28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyre, L. 2000. “The Discursive Framing of Sexual Harassment in a University Community.” Gender and Education 12 (3): 293–307. doi.org/10.1080/713668301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineran, S., and L. Bennett. 1999. “Gender and Power Issues of Peer Sexual Harassment Among Teenagers.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14 (6): 626–641. doi:10.1177/088626099014006004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friends. 2015. Friends Online Report 2015. http://friends.se/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Natrapporten-final-webb-eng.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gillander Gådin, K. 2011. “Peer Sexual Harassment – Normalisation of Gender Practices in a Neoliberal Time.” In Normalization and the Production of ‘Outsiderhood’. Feminist Readings of a Neoliberal Welfare State, edited by S. Fahlgren and D. Mulinari, 58–67. Bentham eBooks.
   Google Scholar
• Gillander Gådin, K. 2012. “Sexual Harassment of Girls in Elementary School – A Concealed Phenomenon Within a Heterosexual Romantic Discourse.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 27 (9): 1762–1779. doi:10.1177/0886260511430387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillander Gådin, K., G. Weiner, and C. Ahlgren. 2013. “School Health Promotion to Increase Empowerment, Gender Equality and Pupil Participation: A Focus Group Study of a Swedish Elementary School Initiative.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 57 (1): 54–70. doi:10.1080/00313831.2011.621972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber, J. E., and S. Fineran. 2007. “The Impact of Bullying and Sexual Harassment on Middle and High School Girls.” Violence Against Women 13 (6): 627–643. doi:10.1177/1077801207301557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearn, J., and W. Parkin. 2001. Gender, Sexuality and Violence in Organizations. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hlavka, H. R. 2014. “Normalizing Sexual Violence: Young Women Account for Harassment and Abuse.” Gender and Society 28 (3): 337–358. doi:10.1177/0891243214526468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keddie, A. 2009. “‘Some of Those Girls Can Be Real Drama Queens’: Issues of Gender, Sexual Harassment and Schooling.” Sex Education 9 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/14681810802639863.
   Google Scholar
• Kimmel, M. S. 2008. The Gendered Society. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Landstedt, E., K. Asplund, and K. Gillander Gådin. 2009. “Understanding Adolescent Mental Health – The Influence of Social Processes, Doing Gender and Gendered Power Relations.” Sociology of Health and Illness 31 (7): 962–978. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01170.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landstedt, E., and K. Gillander Gådin. 2011. “Experiences of Violence Among Adolescents: Gender Patterns in Types, Perpetrators and Associated Psychological Distress.” International Journal of Public Health 56 (4): 419–427. doi:10.1007/s00038-011-0258-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin, J. 1994. “Walking Through Walls: The Sexual Harassment of High School Girls.” Gender and Education 6 (3): 263–280. doi:10.1080/0954025940060303.
   Google Scholar
• Lazar, M. M. 2007. “Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis. Articulating a Feminist Discourse Praxis.” Critical Discourse Studies 4 (2): 141–164. doi:10.1080/17405900701464816.
   Google Scholar
• Leach, F., M. Dunne, and F. Salvi. 2014. School-related Gender-based Violence. A Global Review of Current Issues and Approaches in Policy, Programming and Implementation Responses to School-related Gender-based Violence (SRGBV) for the Education Sector. Background research paper prepared for UNESCO. http://docplayer.net/9031153-School-related-gender-based-violence.html.
   Google Scholar
• Leander, K., M. Berlin, A. Eriksson, K. Gillander Gådin, G. Hensing, G. Krantz, K. Swahnberg, and M. Danielsson. 2012. “Violence. Health in Sweden: The National Public Health Report 2012. Chapter 12.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 40 (Supplement 9): 229–254. doi:10.1177/1403494812459609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichty, L. F., and R. Campbell. 2012. “Targets and Witnesses: Middle School Students’ Sexual Harassment Experiences.” Journal of Early Adolescence 32 (3): 414–430. doi:10.1177/0272431610396090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac an Ghaill, M. 1994. The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling. Buckingham: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, C. A. 1979. Sexual Harassment of Working Women. A Case of Sex Discrimination. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, E. J. 2008a. “Gender Harassment in Secondary Schools: Understanding Teachers’ (Non) Interventions.” Gender and Education 20 (6): 555–570. doi:10.1080/09540250802213115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, E. J. 2008b. “A Feminist Reframing of Bullying and Harassment: Transforming Schools Through Critical Pedagogy.” McGill Journal of Education 43 (1): 33–48. doi:10.7202/019572ar.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, C., and M. Candappa. 2007. “Bullying and the Politics of ‘Telling’.” Oxford Review of Education 33 (1): 71–86. doi:10.1080/03054980601094594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi, R., and D. Liston. 2011. “Race, Class, and Emerging Sexuality: Teacher Perceptions and Sexual Harassment in Schools.” Gender and Education 23 (7): 799–810. doi:10.1080/09540253.2010.536143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, K. H. 2005. “Reinforcing Hegemonic Masculinities Through Sexual Harassment: Issue of Identity, Power and Popularity in Secondary Schools.” Gender and Education 17 (1): 19–37. doi:10.1080/0954025042000301285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sela-Shayovitz, R. 2009. “Dealing with School Violence: The Effect of School Violence Prevention Training on Teachers’ Perceived Self-efficacy in Dealing with Violent Events.” Teacher and Teaching Education 25 (8): 1061–1066. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2009.04.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SFS 2006:67. Act Regarding Prohibiting Discrimination and Other Degrading Treatment of Children and Pupils [in Swedish]. Stockholm: The Swedish Government Offices.
   Google Scholar
• SFS 2008:567. The Discrimination Act. Stockholm: The Swedish Government Offices.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, N. D. 1995. “Sexual Harassment in K-12 Schools: The Public Performance of Gendered Violence.” Harvard Educational Review 65 (2): 145–162. doi:10.17763/haer.65.2.7080h5t354300557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, N. D. 2003. “Bullying or Sexual Harassment? The Missing Discourse of Rights in an Era of Zero Tolerance.” University of Arizona Law Review 45 (3): 783–799.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, N. D., D. L. Tolman, M. V. Porche, and R. Spencer. 2002. “Gender Safety: A New Concept for Safer and More Equitable Schools.” Journal of School Violence 1 (2): 35–49. doi:10.1300/J202v01n02_03.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, M., and S. Couch. 2004. “Peer Sexual Harassment Among High School Students: Teachers’ Attitudes, Perceptions, and Responses.” The High School Journal 88 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1353/hsj.2004.0019.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, B. G., E. A. Mumford, and N. D. Stein. 2015. “Effectiveness of ‘Shifting Boundaries’ Teen Dating Violence Prevention Program for Subgroups of Middle School Students.” Journal of Adolescent Health 56 (2): 20–26. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman, G. 2003. “Sexual Harassment of Adolescents Perpetrated by Teachers and by Peers: An Exploration of Power Dynamics, Culture, and Gender in Secondary Schools.” Sex Roles, 48 (5–6): 231–244. doi:0360-0025/03/0300-0231/0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolman, D. L., B. R. Davis, and C. P. Bowman. 2015. “‘That’s Just How It Is’: A Gendered Analysis of Masculinity and Femininity Ideologies in Adolescent Girls’ and Boys’ Heterosexual Relationships.” Journal of Adolescent Research 31 (1): 3–31. doi:10.1177/0743558415587325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNDP (The United Nations Development Program). 2013. Human Development Report 2013. The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. Accessed 9 October, 2013. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2013_EN_complete.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Vaismoradi, M., H. Turunen, and T. Bondas. 2013. “Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis: Implications for Conducting a Qualitative Descriptive Study.” Nursing and Health Sciences 15 (3): 398–405. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkowska, E. 2005. “Sexual Harassment in Schools. Prevalence, Structure and Perceptions.” Ph.D. diss., Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Witkowska, E., and E. Menckel. 2005. “Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in Swedish High Schools: Experiences and School-environment Problems.” European Journal of Public Health 15 (1): 78–85. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, I. M. 1990. Thowing Like a Girl. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zetterström Dahlqvist, H., E. Landstedt, and K. Gillander Gådin. 2012. “Depressive Symptoms and the Associations with Individual, Psychosocial and Structural Determinants Among Swedish Adolescents.” Health 4 (10): 881–889. doi:10.4236/health.2012.410134.
   Google Scholar