2,563
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Bigger, faster, stronger: how racist and sexist ideologies persist in college sports

ORCID Icon
Pages 1053-1071 | Received 19 Jun 2018, Accepted 15 May 2019, Published online: 03 Jul 2019

References

  • Aasland, Erik, Kristin Walseth, and Gunn Engelsrud. 2017. “The Changing Value of Vigorous Activity and the Paradox of Utilising Exercise as Punishment in Physical Education.” Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 22 (5): 490–501. doi:10.1080/17408989.2016.1268590.
  • Althusser, Louis. 1971. Lenin and Philosophy. New York, NY: Monthly Review.
  • Apple, Michael. 2017. Cultural and Economic Reproduction in Education: Essays on Class, Ideology and the State. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Biernacki, Patrick, and Dan Waldorf. 1981. “Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling.” Sociological Methods and Research 10 (2): 141–163. doi:10.1177/004912418101000205.
  • Bimper, Albert Y. 2015. “Lifting the Veil: Exploring Colorblind Racism in Black Student-Athlete Experiences.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 39 (3): 225–243. doi:10.1080/13573322.2015.1022524 doi: 10.1177/0193723513520013
  • Canella, Gaile S., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. 2012. “Deploying Qualitative Methods for Critical Social Purposes.” In Critical Qualitative Research Reader, edited by S. R. Steinberg and G. S. Canella, 104–114. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
  • Carrington, Ben. 2013. “The Critical Sociology of Race and Sport: The First Fifty Years.” Annual Review of Sociology 39 (1): 379–398. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145528.
  • Cho, Seehwa. 2013. Critical Pedagogy and Social Change: Critical Analysis of the Language of Possibility. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Coakley, Jay. 2011. “Ideology Doesn’t Just Happen: Sports and Neoliberalism.” Revista da Associación Latinoamericana de Estudios Socioculturales del Deporto 1 (1): 67–84. http://www.umdknes.com/knes287resources/Readings/02/R01.pdf.
  • Coakley, Jay. 2015. Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Cole, Cheryl L. 1993. “Resisting the Canon: Feminist Cultural Studies, Sport, and Technologies of the Body.” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 17 (2): 77–97. doi:10.1177/019372359301700202.
  • Connell, Raewyn W. 2005. Masculinites. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Cooky, Cheryl, Michael A. Messner, and Michela Musto. 2015. “‘It’s Dude Time!’ A Quarter Century of Excluding Women’s Sports in Televised News and Highlight Shows.” Communication & Sport 3 (3): 261–287. doi:10.1177/2167479515588761.
  • Creswell, John W. 2013. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Eitzen, Stanley D. 2016. Fair and Foul: Beyond the Myths and Paradoxes of Sport. 5th ed. Landham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Fredrick, Evan, James Sanderson, and Nicholas Schlereth. 2017. “Kick These Kids off the Team and Take Away Their Scholarship: Facebook and Perceptions of Athlete Activism at the University of Missouri.” Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics 10 (1): 17–34. http://csri-jiia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/RA_2017_02.pdf.
  • Gouthro, Patricia. 2014. “Stories of Learning Across the Lifespan: Life-History and Biographical Research in Adult Education.” Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 21 (1): 87–103. doi:10.7227/JACE.20.1.6.
  • Guttmann, Allen. 2004. From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Hall, Stuart. 1985. “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 2 (2): 91–114. doi:10.1080/15295038509360070.
  • Hanold, Maylon T. 2010. “Beyond the Marathon: (De)Construction of Female Ultrarunning Bodies.” Sociology of Sport Journal 27 (2): 160–177. doi:10.1123/ssj.27.2.160.
  • Haslerig, Siduri J., Rican Vue, and Sara E. Grummert. 2018. “Invincible Bodies: American Sport Media’s Racialization of Black and White College Football Players.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport. doi: 1012690218809317.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2017. “Segregated Bodies: Gender Reproduction Within College Sport.” In Women in Sport: Breaking Barriers, Facing Obstacles. Vol. 2, edited by A. Milner and J. Braddock II, 169–185. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2018a. “The Hidden Curriculum of College Athlete Recruitment.” Harvard Educational Review 88 (3): 355–377. doi: 10.17763/1943-5045-88.3.355
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2018b. “Amateurism Revisited: How US College Athletic Recruitment Favors Middle-Class Athletes.” Sport, Education, and Society. doi:10.1080/13573322.2018.1547962.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2018c. “Individualizing Conflict: How Ideology Masks College Athletes’ Educational Compromises.” Studies in Higher Education. doi:10.1080/03075079.2018.1554639.
  • Hextrum, Kirsten. 2019. “Reproducing Sports Stars: How Students Become Elite Athletes.” Teachers College Record 121 (4): 1–38. ISSN-0161-4681.
  • Lapchick, Richard. 2018. The 2017 College Sport Racial and Gender Report Card: College Sport. Orlando: The University of Central Florida, College of Business Administration.
  • Lather, Patti. 2017. (Post) Critical Methodologies: The Science Possible After the Critiques: The Selected Works of Patti Lather. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Lawrence, Suzanne M., Carlton K. Harrison, and Scott Bukstein. 2016. “What is This ‘White’ in the White Male Student-Athlete?: White Students’ Perceptions of Academic and Athletic Success on Campus.” Sociology of Sport Journal 33 (4): 334–346. doi:10.1123/ssj.2015-0139.
  • Leonardo, Zeus. 2009. Race, Whiteness, and Education. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Lopez-Gonzalez, Hibai. 2014. “Quantifying the Immeasurable: A Reflection on Sport, Time and Media.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 41 (3): 347–362. doi:10.1080/00948705.2013.832265.
  • Love, Adam, Bianca Gonzalez-Sobrino, and Matthew W. Hughey. 2017. “Excessive Celebration? The Racialization of Recruiting Commitments on College Football Internet Message Boards.” Sociology of Sport Journal 34 (3): 235–247. doi:10.1123/ssj.2016-0033.
  • Martin, Charles. 2010. Benching Jim Crow: The Rise and Fall of the Color Line in Southern College Sports 1890-1980. Urbana: University of Illinois.
  • Messner, Michael A. 2002. Taking the Field: Women, Men and Sports. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Miller, Patrick B. 1998. “The Anatomy of Scientific Racism: Racialist Responses to Black Athletic Achievement.” Journal of Sport History 25 (1): 119–151. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43606920.
  • Milner, Adrienne, and Jomills Braddock II. 2016. Sex Segregation in Sports: Why Separate is Not Equal. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
  • Musto, Michela, Cheryl Cooky, and Michael A. Messner. 2017. “‘From Fizzle to Sizzle!’ Televised Sports News and the Production of Gender-Bland Sexism.” Gender and Society 31 (5): 573–576. doi:10.1177/0891243217726056.
  • NCAA. 2018. NCAA DI Graduation Report, 2017. Indianapolis, ID: National Collegiate Athletic Administration.
  • Rail, Geneviève, and Jean Harvey. 1995. “Body at Work: Michel Foucault and the Sociology of Sport.” Sociology of Sport Journal 12 (2): 164–179. doi:10.1123/ssj.12.2.164.
  • Ravitch, Sharon M., and Nicole M. Carl. 2016. Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Schilling, C. 1991. “Educating the Body: Physical Capital and the Production of Social Inequalities.” Sociology 25 (4): 653–672. doi:10.1177/0038038591025004006.
  • Skiba, Russel. 2012. “‘As Nature Has Formed Them’: The History and Current Status of Racial Difference Research.” Teachers College Record 114 (5): 1–49. ISSN:0161-4681.
  • Smith, Joan. 2012. “Reflections on Using Life-History to Investigate Women Teachers’ Aspirations and Career Decisions.” Qualitative Research 12 (4): 486–503. doi:10.1177/1468794111433090.
  • Suggs, Welch. 2005. A Place on the Team: The Triumph and Tragedy of Title IX. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
  • Travers, Ann. 2013. “Thinking the Unthinkable: Imagining an ‘Un-American,’ Girl-Friendly, Women- and Trans-Inclusive Alternative for Baseball.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 37 (1): 78–96. doi:10.1177/0193723512455926.
  • Van Sterkenburg, Jacco, Annelies Knoppers, and Sonja De Leeuw. 2010. “Race, Ethnicity, and Content Analysis of the Sports Media: A Critical Reflection.” Media, Culture and Society 32 (5): 819–839. doi:10.1177/0163443710373955.
  • Weedon, Chris. 1987. Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Wenner, Lawrence A. 2009. “Brewing Consumption: Sports Dirt, Mythic Masculinity, and the Ethos of Beer Commercials.” In Sport, Beer, and Gender: Promotional Culture and Contemporary Social Life, edited by L. A. Wenner and S. J. Jackson, 121–142. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
  • Wenner, Lawrence A. 2013. “The Mediasport Interpellation: Gender, Fanship, and Consumer Culture.” Sociology of Sport Journal 30 (1): 83–103. doi:10.1123/ssj.30.1.83.
  • Wessells, Ann. 2011. “The Paradox of Urban Space.” In The Ultimate Team Sport: Urban Waterways and Youth Rowing in Seattle, edited by S. Sutton and S. Kemp, 53–71. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.