Cannabinoids and appetite: Food craving and food pleasure

References

• Arnone M, Maruani J, Chaperon F, Thiebot MH, Poncelet M, Soubrie P, Le Fur G. Selective inhibition of sucrose and ethanol intake by SR 141716, an antagonist of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1997; 132: 104–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artmann A, Petersen G, Hellgren LI, Boberg J, Skonberg C, Nellemann C, Hansen SH, Hansen HS. Influence of dietary fatty acids on endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels in rat brain, liver and small intestine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2008; 1781(4)200–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avraham Y, Ben Menachem A, Okun A, Zlotarav O, Abel N, Mechoulam R, Berry EM. Effects of the endocannabinoid noladin ether on body weight, food consumption, locomotor activity, and cognitive index in mice. Brain Research Bulletin 2005; 65: 117–123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beal JE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, Morales JO, Bellman P, Yangco B, Lefkowitz L, Plasse TF, Shepard KV. Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. Journal of Pain Symptom Management 1995; 10: 89–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger A, Crozier G, Bisogno T, Cavaliere P, Innis S, Di Marzo V. Anandamide and diet: Inclusion of dietary arachidonate and docosahexaenoate leads to increased brain levels of the corresponding N-acylethanolamines in piglets. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences USA 2001; 98(11)6402–6406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berridge KC. Brain reward systems for food incentives hedonics in normal appetite and eating disorders. Appetite and body weight: Integrative systems and the development of anti-obesity drugs, TC Kirkham, SJ Cooper. Academic Press, Burlington, MA 2007
   Google Scholar
• Blundell JE, Jebb SA, Stubbs RJ, Gross H, Ebert MH, Faden VB, Goldberg SC, Kaye WH, Caine ED, Hawks R, Zinberg N. A double-blind trial of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in primary anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1983; 3: 165–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodnar RJ. Endogenous opioids and feeding behavior: A 30-year historical perspective. Peptides 2004; 25: 697–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen R, Huang R, Shen C, Chen CP, MacNeil DJ, Fong TM. Synergistic effects of cannabinoid inverse agonist AM251 and opioid antagonist nalmefene on food intake in mice. Brain Research and Brain Research Reviews 2004; 999: 227–230
   Google Scholar
• Chopra IC, Chopra RN. The use of the cannabis drugs in India. Bulletin on Narcotics 1957; 9: 4–29
   Google Scholar
• Christensen R, Kristensen PK, Bartels EM, Bliddal H, Astrup A. Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: A meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2007; 370: 1706–1713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo G, Agabio R, Diaz G, Lobina C, Reali R, Gessa GL. Appetite suppression and weight loss after the cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716. Life Science 1998; 63: PL113–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper SJ, Kirkham TC. Opioid mechanisms in the control of food consumption and taste preferences. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, A Herz, H Akil, EJ Simon. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1993; 104, part II
   Google Scholar
• Cota D, Marsicano G, Tschop M, Grubler Y, Flachskamm C, Schubert M, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid system affects energy balance via central orexigenic drive and peripheral lipogenesis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2003; 112: 423–431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marzo V, Sepe N, De Petrocellis L, Berger A, Crozier G, Fride E, Mechoulam R. Trick or treat from food endocannabinoids?. Nature 1998; 396(6712)636–637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marzo V, Matias I. Endocannabinoid control of food intake and energy balance. Nature Neuroscience 2005; 8: 585–589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marzo V. The endocannabinoid system in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 1356–1367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Patrizio NV, Simansky KJ. Activating parabrachial cannabinoid CB1 receptors selectively stimulate feeding of palatable foods in rats. Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28: 9702–9709
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drewnowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA, Nairn K, Gosnell BA. Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: Evidence for opioid involvement. Physiology & Behavior 1992; 51: 371–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fride E. Multiple roles for the endocannabinoid system during the earliest stages of life: Pre- and postnatal development. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2008; 20(Suppl.1)S75–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fride E, Bregman T, Kirkham TC. Endocannabinoids and food intake: Newborn suckling and appetite regulation in adulthood. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood) 2005; 230(4)225–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R. The isolation and structure of delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol and other neutral cannabinoids from hashish. Journal of the American Chemistry Society 1971; 93: 217–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallate J, McGregor I. The motivation for beer in rats: Effects of ritanserin, naloxone and SR 141716. Psychopharmacology 1999; 142: 302–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallate J, Saharov T, Mallet P, McGregor IS. Increased motivation for beer in rats following administration of a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist. European Journal of Pharmacology 1999; 370: 233–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzerro P, Caruso MG, Notarnicola M, Misciagna G, Guerra V, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Association between cannabinoid type-1 receptor polymorphism and body mass index in a southern Italian population. International Journal of Obesity (London) 2007; 31(6)908–912
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gomez R, Navarro M, Ferrer B, Trigo JM, Bilbao A, Del Arco I, Cippitelli A, Nava F, Piomelli D, Rodriguez de Fonseca F. A peripheral mechanism for CB1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent modulation of feeding. Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 22: 9612–9617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross H, Ebert MH, Faden VB, Goldberg SC, Kaye WH, Caine ED, Hawks R, Zinberg N. A double-blind trial of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in primary anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1983; 3: 165–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney M, Rabkin J, Gunderson E, Foltin RW. Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV+ marijuana smokers: Acute effects on caloric intake and mood. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2005; 181: 170–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao S, Avraham Y, Mechoulam R, Berry EM. Low dose anandamide affects food intake, cognitive function, neurotransmitter and corticosterone levels in diet-restricted mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2000; 392: 147–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrold J, Elliott C, King P, Widowson PS, Williams G. Down-regulation of cannabinoid-1 (CB-1) receptors in specific extrahypothalamic regions of rats with dietary obesity: A role for endogenous cannabinoids in driving appetite for palatable food?. Brain Research 2002; 952: 232–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgs S, Williams CM, Kirkham TC. Cannabinoid influences on palatability: Microstructural analysis of sucrose drinking after delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, anandamide, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and SR141716. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2003; 165: 370–377
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hildebrandt AL, Kelly-Sullivan DM, Black SC. Antiobesity effects of chronic cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist treatment in diet-induced obese mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 462: 125–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger JP, Mattevi VS, Callegari-Jacques SM, Hutz MH. Cannabinoid type-1 receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with central obesity in a Southern Brazilian population. Disease Markers 2008; 25(1)67–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamshidi N, Taylor D. Anandamide administration into the ventromedial hypothalamus stimulates appetite in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 134: 1151–1154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett MM, Scantlebury J, Parker LA. Effect of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol on quinine palatability and AM251 on sucrose and quinine palatability using the taste reactivity test. Physiology & Behavior 2007; 90: 425–430
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarrett MM, Limebeer CL, Parker LA. Effect of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on sucrose palatability as measured by the taste reactivity test. Physiology & Behavior 2005; 86: 475–479
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkham TC. Endocannabinoids in the regulation of appetite and body weight. Behavioural Pharmacology 2005; 16: 297–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkham TC. Enhanced anorectic potency of naloxone in rats sham feeding 30% sucrose: Reversal by repeated naloxone administration. Physiology & Behavior 1990; 47: 419–426
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkham TC, Williams CM, Fezza F, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoid levels in rat limbic forebrain and hypothalamus in relation to fasting, feeding and satiation: Stimulation of eating by 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. British Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 136: 550–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkham TC, Williams CM. Endocannabinoids: Neuromodulators of food craving?. Food Cravings and Addiction, M Hetherington. Leatherhead Publishing, SurreyUK 2001a
   Google Scholar
• Kirkham TC, Williams CM. Synergistic effects of opioid and cannabinoid antagonists on food intake. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2001b; 153: 267–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkham TC, Cooper SJ. Naloxone attenuation of sham feeding is modified by manipulation of sucrose concentration. Physiology & Behavior 1988; 44: 491–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler SV, Smith KS, Berridge KC. Endocannabinoid hedonic hotspot for sensory pleasure: Anandamide in nucleus accumbens shell enhances ‘liking’ of a sweet reward. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 2267–2278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marín Bivens CL, Thomas WJ, Stanley BG. Similar feeding patterns are induced by perifornical neuropeptide Y injection and by food deprivation. Brain Research 1998; 782: 271–280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matias I, Cristino L, di Marzo V. Endocannabinoids: Some like it fat (and sweet too). Journal of Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20(Suppl.1)100–109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melis T, Succu S, Sanna F, Boi A, Argiolas A, Melis MR. The cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716A (Rimonabant) reduces the increase of extra-cellular dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens induced by a novel high palatable food. Neuroscience Letters 2007; 419: 231–235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller CC, Murray TF, Freeman KG, Edwards GL. Cannabinoid agonist, CP 55,940, facilitates intake of palatable foods when injected into the hindbrain. Physiology & Behavior 2004; 80: 611–616
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monteleone P, Matias I, Martiadis V, De Petrocellis M, Maj M, Di Marzo V. Blood levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide are increased in anorexia nervosa and in binge-eating disorder, but not in bulimia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(6)1216–1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osei-Hyiamen D, DePetrillo M, Pacher P, Liu J, Radaeva S, Batkai S, Harvey-White J, Mackie K, Offertaler L, Wang L, Kunos G. Endocannabinoid activation at hepatic CB1 receptors stimulates fatty acid synthesis and contributes to diet-induced obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005; 115: 1298–1305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pecina S, Berridge KC. Opioid site in nucleus accumbens shell mediates eating and hedonic ‘liking’ for food: Mmap based on microinjection Fos plumes. Brain Research 2000; 863: 71–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pério A, Barnouin MC, Poncelet M, Soubrié P. Activity of SR141716 on post-reinforcement pauses in operant responding for sucrose reward in rats. Behavioural Pharmacology 2001; 12: 641–645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plasse TF, Gorter RW, Krasnow SH, Lane M, Shepard KV, Wadleigh RG. Recent clinical experience with dronabinol. Pharmacological Biochemistry Behaviour 1991; 40: 695–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poncelet M, Maruani J, Calassi R, Soubrié P. Overeating, alcohol and sucrose consumption decrease in CB1 receptor deleted mice. Neuroscience Letters 2003; 343: 216–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravinet-Trillou C, Arnone M, Delgorge C, Gonalons N, Keane P, Maffrand JP, Soubrié P. Anti-obesity effect of SR141716, a CB1 receptor antagonist, in diet-induced obese mice. American Journal of Physiological Reguluation Integral and Comparative Physiology 2003; 284: R345–353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Navarro M, Gómez R, Escuredo L, Nava F, Fu J, et al. An anorexic lipid mediator regulated by feeding. Nature 2001; 414(6860)209–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo P, Strazzullo P, Cappuccio FP, Tregouet DA, Lauria F, Loguercio M, Barba G, Versiero M, Siani A. Genetic variations at the endocannabinoid type 1 receptor gene (CNR1) are associated with obesity phenotypes in men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007; 92(6)2382–2386
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchis-Segura C, Cline B, Marsicano G, Lutz B, Spanagel R. Reduced sensitivity to reward in CB1 knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2004; 176: 223–232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheen AJ, Van Gaal LG, Despres JP, Pi-Sunyer X, Golay A, Hanotin C. Rimonabant improves cardiometabolic risk profile in obese or overweight subjects: Overview of RIO studies. Reviews in Medical Suisse 2006; 2: 1916–1923
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegfried Z, Kanyas K, Latzer K, Latzer T, Karni O, Bloch M, Lerer B, Berry EM. Association study of cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) alleles and anorexia nervosa: Differences between restricting and bingeing/purging subtypes. American Journal of Medical Genetics B 2004; 125B: 126–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simiand J, Keane M, Keane P, Soubrié P. SR 141716, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, selectively reduces sweet food intake in marmoset. Behavioural Pharmacology 1998; 9: 179–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipe JC, Waalen J, Gerber A, Beutler E. Overweight and obesity associated with a missense polymorphism in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). International Journal of Obesity (London) 2005; 29(7)755–759
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solinas M, Goldberg SR, Piomelli D. The endocannabinoid system in brain reward processes. British Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 154: 369–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solinas M, Justinova Z, Goldberg SR, Tanda G. Anandamide administration alone and after inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) increases dopamine levels in the nuclear accumbens shell in rats. Journal of Neurochemistry 2006; 98: 408–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solinas M, Goldberg SR. Motivational effects of cannabinoids and opioids on food reinforcement depend on simultaneous activation of cannabinoid and opioid systems. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 2035–2045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solinas M, Zangen A, Thiriet N, Goldberg SR. Beta-endorphin elevations in the ventral tegmental area regulate the discriminative effects of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. European Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 19: 3183–3192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soria-Gomez E, Matias I, Rueda-Orozco PE, Cisneros M, Petrosino S, Navarro L, Di Marzo V, Prospéro-García O. Pharmacological enhancement of the endocannabinoid system in the nucleus accumbens shell stimulates food intake and increases c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus. British Journal of Pharmacology 2007; 151: 1109–1116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratford TR. The nucleus accumbens shell as a model of integrative subcortical forebrain systems regulating food intake. Appetite and body weight: Integrative systems and the development of anti-obesity drugs, TC Kirkham, SJ Cooper. Academic Press, Burlington, MA 2007
   Google Scholar
• Tallett AJ, Blundell JE, Rodgers JR. Grooming, scratching and feeding: Role of response competition in acute anorectic response to rimonabant in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2007a; 195: 27–39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tallett AJ, Blundell JE, Rodgers JR. Acute anorectic response to cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM 251 in rats: Indirect behavioural mediation. Behavioural Pharmacology 2007b; 18: 591–600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tart C. Marijuana intoxication: Common experiences. Nature 1970; 226: 701–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucci SA, Rogers EK, Korbonits M, Kirkham TC. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 blocks the orexigenic effects of intrahypothalamic ghrelin. British Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 143(5)520–523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Stelt M, Di Marzo V. The endocannabinoid system in the basal ganglia and in the mesolimbic reward system: Implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. European Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 480: 133–150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Gaal L, Pi-Sunyer X, Despres J-P, McCarthy C, Scheen A. Efficacy and safety of rimonabant for improvement of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients. Pooled 1-year data from the Rimonabant in Obesity (RIO) program. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(Suppl.2)S229–S240
   Google Scholar
• Vickers S, Webster L, Wyatt A, Dourish CT, Kennett GA. Preferential effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR 141716, on food intake and body weight gain of obese (fa/fa) compared to lean Zucker rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2003; 167: 103–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J, Volicer BJ. Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behaviour in patients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997; 12: 913–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner N, Koch J. Effects of the cannabinoid antagonists AM281 and AM630 on deprivation-induced intake in Lewis rats. Brain Research 2003; 967: 290–292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams CM, Kirkham TC. Reversal of delta 9-THC hyperphagia by SR141716 and naloxone but not dexfenfluramine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002a; 71: 333–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams CM, Kirkham TC. Observational analysis of feeding induced by Delta9-THC and anandamide. Physiological Behavaviour 2002b; 76: 241–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams CM, Rogers PJ, Kirkham TC. Hyperphagia in pre-fed rats following oral delta9 THC. Physiological Behaviour 1998; 65: 343–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams CM, Kirkham TC. Anandamide induces overeating: Mediation by central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1999; 143: 315–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeomans MR. The role of palatability in control of human appetite: Implications for understanding and treating obesity. Appetite and body weight: Integrative systems and the development of anti-obesity drugs, TC Kirkham, SJ Cooper. Academic Press, Burlington, MA 2007
   Google Scholar
• Yeomans MR, Gray RW. Selective effects of naltrexone on food pleasantness and intake. Physiological Behaviour 1996; 60: 439–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar