Conceptualizations of illness among relatives of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed). Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bateson, G., Jackson, D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1956). Towards a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1, 251–264. doi:10.1002/bs.3830010402
   Google Scholar
• Brown, G., Birley, J., & Wing, J. (1972). Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: A replication. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 241–258. doi:10.1192/bjp.121.3.241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrisman, N. (1977). The health seeking process: An approach to the natural history of illness. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1, 351–378. doi:10.1007/BF00116243
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, A. (1992a). Prognosis for schizophrenia in the third world: A reevaluation of cross-cultural research. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 53–75. doi:10.1007/bf00054439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. (1992b). Response to the invited commentaries. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 101–106. doi:10.1007/BF00054444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corin, E. (1990). Facts and meaning in psychiatry. An anthropological approach to the lifeworld of schizophrenics. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 14, 153–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corin, E. (1998). The thickness of being: Intentional worlds, strategies of identity, and experience among schizophrenics. Psychiatry – Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 61, 133–146. doi:10.1080/00332747.1998.11024824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell, P.F. (1982). Beyond homeostasis: Toward a concept of coherence. Family Process, 21, 21–41. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1982.00021.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjarlais, R., Eisenberg, L., Good, B., & Kleinman, A. (1995). World Mental Health, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fabrega, H. (1989). On the significance of an anthropological approach to schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 52, 45–65. doi:10.1080/00332747.1989.11024429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield, S. (1992). Spirits and spiritist therapy in Southern Brazil: A case study of an innovative, syncretic healing group. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 23–51. doi:10.1007/BF00054438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarnaccia, P., Parra, P., Deschamps, A., Milstein, G., & Argiles, N. (1992). Si Dios quiere: Hispanic families’ experiences of caring for a seriously mentally ill family member. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 187–215. doi:10.1007/BF00117018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper, K. (1992). Cervantes’ puzzle – a commentary on Alex Cohen’s “Prognosis for schizophrenia in the third world: A reevaluation of cross-cultural research”. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 89–100. doi:10.1007/BF00054443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, J. (1988). Ethnopsychiatric interpretations of schizophrenic illness: The problem of nervios within mexican-american families. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 12, 301–329. doi:10.1007/BF00051972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, J., & Karno, M. (1992). The meaning of expressed emotion: Theoretical issues raised by cross-cultural research. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 9–21. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.1.9
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A. (1980). Patients and healers in the context of culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A. (1983). Editor’s note. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 7, 97–99. doi:10.1007/BF00250001
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A. (1992). Local worlds of suffering: An interpersonal focus for ethnographies of illness experience. Qualitative Health Research, 2, 127–134. doi:10.1177/104973239200200202
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A., Eisenberg, L., & Good, B. (1978). Culture, illness, and care: Clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Annals of Internal Medicine, 88, 251–258. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-88-2-251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A., & Hahn, R. (1981). The sociocultural model of illness and healing: Review and policy implications. New York: Rockfeller Foundation Working Papers.
   Google Scholar
• Leff, J., Wig, N.N., Ghosh, A., Bedi, H., Menon, D.K., Kuipers, L., … Sartorius, N. (1987). III. Influence of relatives’ expressed emotion on the course of schizophrenia in Chandigarh. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 166–173. doi:10.1192/bjp.151.2.166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leff, J., Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., & Erneberg, G. (1992). The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia: Five-year follow-up findings. Psychological Medicine, 22, 131–145. doi:10.1017/S0033291700032797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidz, T., Fleck, S., Alanen, Y.O., & Cornelison, A. (1963). Schizophrenic patients and their siblings. Psychiatry, 26, 1–18. doi:10.1080/00332747.1963.11023334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mari, J. (1995). Intervenções familiares e recaídas na esquizofrenia: meta-análise dos resultados de pesquisas. Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo: Tese de Livre Docência.
   Google Scholar
• Mari, J., & Streiner, D. (1994). An overview of family interventions and relapse on schizophrenia: Meta-analysis of research findings. Psychological Medicine, 24, 565–578. doi:10.1017/S0033291700027720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, D. (1992). Families and mental illness: New directions in professional practice. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane, W., & Lukens, E. (1994). Systems theory revisited: Research on family expressed emotion and communication deviance. In: H. Lefley, & M. Wasow (Eds.), Helping families cope with mental illness (pp. 79–103). Newark, NJ: Harwood Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, H.B. (1978). Cultural influences on incidence, course and treatment response. In: L.C. Wynne; L.R. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse, (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment (pp. 586–594). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, H.B., & Raman, A.C. (1971). The chronicity of schizophrenia in indigenous tropical peoples. Results of a twelve-year follow-up survey in Mauritius. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 489–497. doi:10.1192/bjp.118.546.489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngokwey, N. (1995). Naming and grouping illnesses in Feira (Brazil). Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 19, 385–408. doi:10.1007/BF01381918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organização Mundial da Saúde. (1993). Classificação de Transtornos Mentais e de Comportamento da CID-10: descrições clínicas e diretrizes diagnósticas. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas/OMS.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, A.L. (1984). This will clear your mind: The use of metaphors for medication in psychiatric settings. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 8, 49–70. doi:10.1093/library/s6-VI.2.198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, J.C. (1983). Tabu do corpo. Rio de Janeiro: Achiamé.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, T., & Richards, L. (1994). Using computers in qualitative research. In: Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 445–462). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., & Shapiro, R. (1977). Two-year follow-up of the patients included in the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 7, 529–541. doi:10.1017/S0033291700004517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., & Shapiro, R. (1978). Cross-cultural differences in the short term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4, 102–113. doi:10.1093/schbul/4.1.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Cooper, J.E., & Day, R. (1986). Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. Psychological Medicine, 16, 909–928. doi:10.1017/S0033291700011910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheper-Hughes, N. (1987). ‘Mental’ in ‘southie’: Individual, family and community responses to psychosis in South Boston. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 11, 53–78. doi:10.1007/BF00055009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, M., & Wynne, L. (1985). Schizophrenics, families and communication disorders. In: R. Cancro & S.R. Dean, (Eds.), The Stanley R. Dean award lectures. Vol. 1. Research in the schizophrenic disorders (pp. 231–247). New York: Spectrum Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, R. (1992). Commentary on Cohen, prognosis for schizophrenia in the third world. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 85–88. doi:10.1007/BF00054442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxler, N.E. (1979). Is outcome for schizophrenia better in non-industrial societies? The case of Sri Lanka. Journal of Mental and Nervous Diseases, 167, 144–158. doi:10.1097/00005053-197903000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxler-Morrison, N. (1992). Commentary on Cohen, prognosis for schizophrenia in the third world. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 16, 77–80. doi:10.1007/BF00054440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (1989). New York: Portland House.
   Google Scholar
• Wynne, L., & Singer, M.T. (1963). Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics: A research strategy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 9, 191–198. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720150001001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, A. (1982). The anthropologies of illness and sickness. Annual Review of Anthropology, 11, 257–285. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.11.100182.001353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar