Guidelines of the Brazilian Association of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ABEAD) for diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric comorbidity with alcohol and other substance and dependence

References

• Anderson, I.M., Nutt, D.J., & Deakin, J.F. (2000). Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: A revision of the 1993 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 14, 3–20. doi:10.1177/026988110001400101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, T.D., & Costello, E.J. (2002). Community studies on adolescent substance use, abuse, or dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1224–1239. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.70.6.1224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor, T.F., de la Fuente, J.R., Saunders, J., & Grant, M. (1992). AUDIT: The alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary health care. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Bartels, S.J., Drake, R.E., & Wallach, M.A. (1995). Long-term course of substance use disorders among patients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 46, 248–251. doi:10.1176/ps.46.3.248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A.T., Wright, F.D., Newman, C.F., & Liese, B.S. (1993). Cognitive therapy of substance abuse. New York, NY: Guilford Press. pp. 340.
   Google Scholar
• Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Norman, D., Lapey, K.A., … Doyle, A. (1993). Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1792–1798. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Mick, E., Milberger, S., Spencer, T.J., & Faraone, S.V. (1995). Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1652–1658. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.11.1652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bien, T.H., & Burge, R. (1990). Smoking and drinking: A review of the literature. The International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 1429–1454. doi:10.3109/10826089009056229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradizza, C.M., & Stasiewicz, P.R. (1997). Integrating substance abuse treatment for the seriously mentally ill into inpatient psychiatric treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 14, 103–111. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(96)00160-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brienza, R.S., & Stein, M.D. (2002). Alcohol use disorders in primary care: Do gender-specific differences exist? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17, 387–397. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10617.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulik, C.M., Sullivan, P.F., Carter, F.A., & Joyce, P.R. (1997). Lifetime comorbidity of alcohol dependence in women with bulimia nervosa. Addictive Behaviors, 22, 437–446. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(96)00053-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busto, U., Sellers, E.M., Naranjo, C.A., Cappell, H.D., Sanchez-Craig, M., & Simpkins, J. (1986). Patterns of benzodiazepine abuse and dependence. British Journal of Addiction, 81, 87–94. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1986.tb00299.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chander, G., & McCaul, M.E. (2003). Co-occurring psychiatric disorders in women with addictions. Obstetrics & Gynecology Clinics of North America, 30, 469–481. doi:10.1016/S0889-8545(03)00079-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelius, J.R., Bukstein, O., Salloum, I., & Clark, D. (2003). Alcohol and psychiatric comorbidity. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 16, 361–374. doi:10.1007/0-306-47939-7_24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox, B.J., Norton, G.R., Swinson, R.P., & Endler, N.S. (1990). Substance abuse and panic-related anxiety: A critical review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 385–393. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90157-E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuffel, B.J. (1992). Prevalence estimates of substance abuse in schizophrenia and their correlates. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 589–592. Discussion 593-6. Review. doi:10.1097/00005053-199209000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, R.E., & Wallach, M.A. (1993). Moderate drinking among people with severe mental illness. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 44, 780–781. doi:10.1176/ps.44.8.780
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drake, R.E., Osher, F.C., & Wallach, M.A. (1989). Alcohol use and abuse in schizophrenia. A prospective community study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 408–414. doi:10.1097/00005053-198907000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Guebaly, N. (1990). Substance abuse and mental disorders: The dual diagnoses concept. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Guebaly, N., Hodgins, D.C., Armstrong, S., & Addington, J. (1999). Methodological and clinical challenges in evaluating treatment outcome of substance-related disorders and comorbidity. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 264–270. doi:10.1177/070674379904400307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, P., & Carney, M.W. (1988). Benzodiazepine abuse and management of anxiety in the community. The International Journal of the Addictions, 23, 1083–1090. doi:10.3109/10826088809056187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farren, C.K., & O'Malley, S.S. (1999). Occurrence and management of depression in the context of naltrexone treatment of alcoholism. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1258–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleck, M.P., Lafer, B., Sougey, E.B., Del Porto, J.A., Brasil, M.A., & Juruena, M.F. (2003). Diretrizes da Associação Médica Brasileira para o tratamento da depressão (versão integral). Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25, 114–122. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462009000500003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glassman, A.H., Helzer, J.E., Covey, L.S., Cottler, L.B., Steiner, F., Tipp, J.E., & Johnson, J. (1990). Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression. JAMA, 264, 1546–1549. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450120058029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzitaskos, P., Soldatos, C.R., Kokkevi, A., & Stefanis, C.N. (1999). Substance abuse patterns and their association with psychopathology and type of hostility in male patients with borderline and antisocial personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 40, 278–282. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(99)90128-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckert, U., Andrade, L., Alves, M.J., & Martins, C. (1999). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders among homeless people in a southeast city in Brazil. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 249, 150–155. doi:10.1007/s004060050080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrick, V., Altshuler, L.L., Gitlin, M.J., Delrahim, S., & Hammen, C. (2000). Gender and bipolar illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 393–396. doi:10.4088/JCP.v61n0514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersh, D.F., & Modesto-Lowe, V. (1998). Drug abuse and mood disorders. In B.K. Henry, J. Bruce, & M.D. Rounsaville (Eds.), Dual diagnosis and treatment: Substance abuse and comorbid medical and psychiatric disorders. (pp. 177–201) New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Hitzemann, R. (2000). Animal models of psychiatric disorders and their relevance to alcoholism. Alcohol Research & Health, 24, 149–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holderness, C.C., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M.P. (1994). Co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance abuse review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16, 1–34. Review.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, J.R. (1993). Treatment of smoking cessation in smokers with past alcohol/drug problems. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 10, 182–187. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(93)90043-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurt, R.D., Offord, K.P., Croghan, I.T., Gomez-Dahl, L., Kottke, T.E., Morse, R.M., & Melton, L.J III. (1996). Mortality following inpatient addictions treatment. Role of tobacco use in a community-based cohort. JAMA, 275, 1097–1103. Erratum: JAMA. 1996;276(10):784. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530380039029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchison, K.E., Wooden, A., Swift, R.M., Smolen, A., McGeary, J., Adler, L., & Paris, L. (2003). Olanzapine reduces craving for alcohol: A DRD4 VNTR polymorphism by pharmacotherapy interaction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1882–1888. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerrel, J.M., & Ridgely, M.S. (1995). Comparative effectiveness of three approaches to serving people whit severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 566–576. doi:10.1097/00005053-199509000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M.E., Yep, M.J., Brems, C., Theno, S.A., & Fisher, D.G. (2002). Relationship among gender, depression, and needle sharing in a sample of injection drug users. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16, 338–341. doi:10.1037//0893-164X.16.4.338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. (1990). Dual diagnosis of severe mental illness and substance misuse: a case for specialist services? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 205–208. doi:10.1192/bjp.183.4.304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A.C., Bernardy, N.C., & Hauner, K. (2003). Stressful events, personality, and mood disturbance: Gender differences in alcoholics and problem drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 171–187. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00264-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler, H.R., Burleson, J.A., Del Boca, F.K., Babor, T.F., Korner, P., Brown, J., & Bohn, M.J. (1994). Buspirone treatment of anxious alcoholics. A placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 720–731. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950090052008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler, H.R., Mason, B., & Modesto-Lowe, V. (1998). Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of comorbid mood disorders and alcoholism. In H.R. Kranzler & B. Rounsaville, (Eds.), Dual Diagnosis and Treatment. (pp. 107–36). New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kushner, M.G., Sher, K.J., & Beitman, B.D. (1990). The relation between alcohol problems and the anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 685–695. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.6.685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latimer, W.W., Stone, A.L., Voight, A., Winters, K.C., & August, G.J. (2002). Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity among adolescents with substance use disorders. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 310–315. doi:10.1037//1064-1297.10.3.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, F.R., Evans, S.M., McDowell, D.M., Brooks, D.J., & Nunes, E. (2002). Bupropion treatment for cocaine abuse and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 21, 1–16. doi:10.1300/J069v21n02_01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Links, P.S. (1998). Developing effective services for patients with personality disorders. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 251–259. doi:10.1177/070674379804300303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotufo-Neto, F., & Gentil, V. (1994). Alcoholism and phobic anxiety-a clinical-demographic comparison. Addiction, 89, 447–453. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00925.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlatt, G.A., & Gordon, J.R. (1985). Relapse prevention. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Menezes, P.R. (1995). The outcome of schizophrenia and related psychoses after hospitalization: a prospective study in São Paulo, Brazil (Thesis). London: University of London.
   Google Scholar
• Negrao, A.B., & Cordas, T.A. (1996). Clinical characteristics and course of anorexia nervosa in Latin America, a Brazilian sample. Psychiatry Research, 62, 17–21. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(96)02981-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes, E.V., McGrath, P.J., Wager, S., & Quitkin, F.M. (1990). Lithium treatment for cocaine abusers with bipolar spectrum disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 655–657. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.5.655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osher, F.C., & Kofoed, L.L. (1989). Treatment of patients with psychiatric and psychoactive substance abuse disorders. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 40, 1025–1030. doi:10.1176/ps.40.10.1025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patrick, D.L., & Bergner, M. (1990). Measurement of health status in the 1990s. Annual Review of Public Health, 11, 165–183. doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.11.050190.001121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potvin, S., Stip, E., & Roy, J.Y. (2003). Clozapine, quetiapine and olanzapine among addicted schizophrenic patients: Towards testable hypotheses. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 121–132. doi:10.1097/00004850-200305000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J.O., & Di Clemente, C.C. (1986). Toward a comprehensive model of change. In W.R. Miller & N. Heather (Eds.), Treating addictive behaviors: Processes of change. (pp. 3–27). New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Ratto, L.R.C. (2000). Prevalência da comorbilidade entre transtornos mentais graves e transtornos devidos ao uso de substâncias psicoativas em São Paulo, Brasil [dissertação]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. pp. 74.
   Google Scholar
• Regier, D.A., Boyd, J.H., Burk, J.D., Jr, Rae, D.S., Myers, J.K., Kramer, M., … Locke, B.Z. (1988). One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States. Based on five Epidemiologic Catchment Area sites. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 977–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier, D.A., Farmer, M.E., Rae, D.G., Locke, B.Z., Keith, S.J., Judd, L.L., & Goodwin, F.K. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA). Study. JAMA, 264, 2511–2518. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier, D.A., Myers, J.K., Kramer, M., Robins, L.N., Blazer, D.G., Hough, R.L., … Locke, B.Z. (1984). The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Historical context, major objectives, and study population characteristics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 934–941. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790210016003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich, J.H., & Vasile, R.G. (1993). Effect of personality disorders on the treatment outcome of Axis I conditions: an update. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 475–484. Review. doi:10.1097/00005053-199308000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries, R.K., & Ellingson, T. (1990). A pilot assessment at one month of 17 dual diagnosis patients. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 41, 1230–1233. doi:10.1176/ps.41.11.1230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ries, R.K., Russo, J., Wingerson, D., Snowden, M., Comtois, K.A., Srebnik, D., & Roy-Byrne, P. (2000). Shorter hospital stays and more rapid improvement among patients with schizophrenia and substance disorders. Psychiatric Services, 51, 210–215. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.51.2.210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs, P.D., Leon, S.L., Mikulich, S.K., & Pottle, L.C. (1998). An open trial of bupropion for ADHD in adolescents with substance use disorders and conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1271–1278. doi:10.1097/00004583-199812000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, H.E., Glaser, F.B., & Germanson, T. (1988). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1023–1031. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800350057008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossinfosse, C., Wauthy, J., & Bertrand, J. (2000). [SSRI antidepressants and alcoholism]. Revue Medicale De Liege, 55, 1003–1010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rounsaville, B.J., Kranzler, H.R., Ball, S., Tenne, H., Poling, J., & Trifflemann, E. (1998). Personality disorders in substance abusers: Relation to substance use. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 87–95. doi:10.1097/00005053-199802000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryglewicz, H., & Pepper, B. (1992). The dual disorder client: Mental disorder and substance use. In: S. Cooper & T.H. Lentner (Eds.), Innovations in community mental health. (pp. 270–90). Sarasota, FL: Professional Research Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salloum, I.M., Moss, H.B., & Daley, D.C. (1991). Substance abuse and schizophrenia: Impediments to optimal care. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 17, 321–336. doi:10.3109/00952999109027556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubiner, H., Tzelepis, A., Isaacson, J.H., Warbasse, L.H., 3rd, Zacharek, M., & Musial, J. (1995). The dual diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: Case reports and literature review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 146–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuckit, M.A. (1995). Drug and alcohol abuse. (4th ed.). New York, NY: Plenum Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Schuckit, M.A., & Monteiro, M.G. (1988). Alcoholism, anxiety and depression. British Journal of Addiction, 83, 1373–1380. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb02551.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sonne, S.C., & Brady, K.T. (1999). Substance abuse and bipolar comorbidity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 609–627. ix. Review. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70098-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand, J.G., & Benjamin, L.S. (1997). Resistance to change in individuals with personality disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 10, 132–135. doi:10.1097/00001504-199703000-00014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuyt, E.B. (1997). Recovery rates after treatment for alcohol/drug dependence. Tobacco users vs. non-tobacco users. The American Journal on Addictions, 6, 159–167. doi:10.3109/10550499709137027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swofford, C.D., Kasckow, J.W., Scheller-Gilkey, G., & Inderbitzin, L.B. (1996). Substance use: A powerful predictor of relapse in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 20, 145–151. doi:10.1016/0920-9964(95)00068-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, M. (2001). Naltrexone and acamprosate. Using new drugs for alcohol dependence. Australian Family Physician, 30, 447–450.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wang, G.J., Ding, Y.S., & Gatley, S.J. (2002). Role of dopamine in the therapeutic and reinforcing effects of methylphenidate in humans: results from imaging studies. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 12, 557–566. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(02)00104-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, T.R., Lewellen, A., & Barret, M. (2001). Issues and problems with dual diagnosis. In: Dual diagnosis: An integrated approach to treatment. (pp. 11–24). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Yager J, Andersen A, Devlin M, Egger H, Herzog D, Mitchell J, Powers P, Yates A, Zerbe K, eds. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders. (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ziedonis, D., & Brady, K. (1997). Dual diagnosis in primary care. Detecting and treating both the addiction and mental illness. Medical Clinics of North America, 81, 1017–1036. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70561-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar