The development and modelling of devices and paradigms for transcranial magnetic stimulation

References

• Agudelo-Toro, A., & Neef, A. (2013). Computationally efficient simulation of electrical activity at cell membranes interacting with self-generated and externally imposed electric fields. Journal of Neural Engineering, 10, 026019. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/2/026019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Mutawaly, N., & de Bruin, H. (2001). Designing and constructing a magnetic stimulator: theoretical and practical considerations. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 23, 881–884. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2001.1019083
   Google Scholar
• Al-Mutawaly, N., & Findlay, R.D. (1998). A novel coil design for magnetic nerve stimulation. Proceedings of IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2, 669–672. doi: 10.1109/CCECE.1998.685585
   Google Scholar
• Alavi, S.M.M., Goetz, S.M., & Peterchev, A.V. (2016). Fast curve fitting using optimal sampling. Under review.
   Google Scholar
• Aleman, A. (2013). Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment in psychiatry. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 11, 53–59. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2013.11.2.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antal, A., Kincses, T.Z., Nitsche, M.A., Bartfai, O., Demmer, I., Sommer, M., & Paulus, W. (2002). Pulse configuration-dependent effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on visual perception. NeuroReport, 13, 2229–2223. doi: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000044216.09266.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai, N., Okabe, S., Furubayashi, T., Mochizuki, H., Iwata, N.K., Hanajima, R., … Ugawa, Y. (2007). Differences in after-effect between monophasic and biphasic high-frequency rTMS of the human motor cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118, 2227–2233. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai, N., Okabe, S., Furubayashi, T., Terao, Y., Yuasa, K., & Ugawa, Y. (2005). Comparison between short train, monophasic and biphasic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the human motor cortex. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 605–613. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.09.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babyak, M.A. (2004). What you see may not be what you get: A brief, nontechnical introduction to overfitting in regression-type models. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 411–421. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200405000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badcock, R.A., Long, N.J., Mulholland, M., Hellmann, S., Wright, A., & Hamilton, K.A. (2009). Progress in the Manufacture of Long Length YBCO Roebel Cables. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 19, 3244–3247. doi: 10.1109/TASC.2009.2019065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, M., Bostock, H., Grafe, P., & Martius, P. (1987). Function and distribution of three types of rectifying channel in rat spinal root myelinated axons. The Journal of Physiology, 383, 45–67. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balslev, D., Braet, W., McAllister, C., & Miall, R.C. (2007). Inter-individual variability in optimal current direction for transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162, 309–313. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.01.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, A.T. (1991). An introduction to the basic principles of magnetic nerve stimulation. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 8, 26–37. doi: 10.1097/00004691-199101000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, A.T. The Magstim Company Ltd. (2001). Stimulators and stimulating coils for magnetically stimulating neuro-muscular tissue. US 6,663,556. US Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, A.T., Jalinous, R., & Freeston, I.L. (1985). Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. The Lancet, 1, 1106–1107. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92413-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basso, V., Berlotti, G., Infortuna, A., & Pasquale, M. (1995). Preisach model study of the connection between magnetic and microstructural properties of soft magnetic materials. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 31, 4000–4005. doi: 10.1109/20.489843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaulieu, C. (1993). Numerical data on neocortical neurons in adult rat, with special reference to the GABA population. Brain Research, 609, 284–292. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90884-P
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, R., Hiptmar, R., & Wohlmoth, B. (2000). Hierarchical error estimator for eddy current computation. In: P. Neittaanmäki, & T. Tiihonen, (Eds.), ENUMATH 99?Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on numerical mathematics and advanced applications, Jyväskylä, Finland, July 26?30, 2000 (pp. 110–120). Singapore: World Scientific.
   Google Scholar
• Bender, K.J., & Trussell, L.O. (2012). The physiology of the axon initial segment. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 249–265. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennie, S.D., Petrofsky, J.S., Nisperos, J., Tsurudome, M., & Laymon, M. (2002). Toward the optimal waveform for electrical stimulation of human muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 13–19. doi: 10.1007/s00421-002-0711-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertotti, G. (1988). General properties of power losses in soft ferromagnetic materials. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 24, 621–630. doi: 10.1109/20.43994
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertotti, G. (1992). Dynamic generalization of the scalar Preisach model of hysteresis. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 28, 2599–2601. doi: 10.1109/20.179569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertotti, G., Basso, V., & Pasquale, M. (1994). Application of the Preisach model to the calculation of magnetization curves and power losses in ferromagnetic materials. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 30, 1052–1057. doi: 10.1109/20.312492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bestmann, S., Baudewig, J., Siebner, H.R., Rothwell, J.C., & Frahm, J. (2005). BOLD MRI responses to repetitive TMS over human dorsal premotor cortex. NeuroImage, 28, 22–29. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyzavi, A., & Nguyen, N.-T. (2008). Modeling and optimization of planar microcoils. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 18, 095018. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/18/9/095018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijsterbosch, J.D., Barker, A.T., Lee, K.-H., & Woodruff, P.W.R. (2012). Where does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) stimulate? Modelling of induced field maps for some common cortical and cerebellar targets. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 50, 671–681. doi: 10.1007/s11517-012-0922-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biro, O., & Preis, K. (1990). Finite element analysis of 3-D eddy currents. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 26, 418–423. doi: 10.1109/20.106343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biro, O., Preis, K., Buchgraber, G., & Ticar, I. (2004). Voltage-driven coils in finite-element formulations using a current vector and a magnetic scalar potential. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 40, 1286–1289. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2004.825428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatter, G., Feigel’man, M.V., Geshkenbein, V.B., Larkin, A.I., & Vinokur, V.M. (1994). Vortices in high-temperature superconductors. Reviews of Modern Physics, 66, 1125–1388. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.66.1125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boglietti, A., Cavagnino, A., Lazzari, M., & Pastorelli, M. (2003). Predicting iron losses in soft magnetic materials with arbitrary voltage supply: An engineering approach. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 39, 981–989. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2003.808599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohning, D.E., Shastri, A., McConnell, K.A., Nahas, Z., Lorberbaum, J.P., Roberts, D.R., … George, M.S. (1999). A combined TMS/fMRI study of intensity-dependent TMS over motor cortex. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 385–394. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00368-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boroojerdi, B., Battaglia, F., Muellbacher, W., & Cohen, L.G. (2001). Mechanisms influencing stimulus-response properties of the human corticospinal system. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 931–937. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00523-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossetti, C.A., Birdno, M.J., & Grill, W.M. (2008). Analysis of the quasi-static approximation for calculating potentials generated by neural stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 5, 44–53. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/5/1/005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostock, H. (1983). The strength-duration relationship for excitation of myelinated nerve: Computed dependence on membrane parameters. The Journal of Physiology, 341, 59–74. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer, B., & Qiao, J. (1995). Characteristics and variability of lower limb motoneuron responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control, 97, 49–54. doi: 10.1016/0924-980X(94)00265-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunel, N., & van Rossum, M.C.W. (2007). Lapicque's 1907 paper: from frogs to integrate-and-fire. Biological Cybernetics, 97, 337–339. doi: 10.1007/s00422-007-0190-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buetikofer, R., & Lawrence, P.D. (1978). Electrocutaneous nerve stimulation-I: Model and experiment. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 25, 526–531. doi: 10.1109/TBME.1978.326286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buetikofer, R., & Lawrence, P.D. (1979). Electrocutaneous nerve stimulation-II: Stimulus Waveform selection. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 26, 69–75. doi: 10.1109/TBME.1979.326529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugoslavsky, Y., Cohen, L.F., Perkins, G.K., Polichetti, M., Tate, T.J., Gwilliam, R., & Caplin, A.D. (2001). Enhancement of the high-magnetic-field critical current density of superconducting MgB2 by proton irradiation. Nature, 411, 561–563. doi: 10.1038/35079024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustamante, V., López de Santamaría, E., Marina, N., Gorostiza, A., Fernández, Z., & Gáldiz, J. (2013). Neuromuscular magnetic stimulation of the quadriceps muscle after COPD exacerbations. European Respiratory Journal, 42(Suppl 57), P3572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustamante, V.M., Gorostiza, A.M., López de Santa María Miró, E., & Iturri, J.B.G. (2007). Magnetic stimulation of the quadriceps: Analysis of 2 stimulators used for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Archivos De Bronconeumología (English Edition), 43, 411–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadwell, J. (1991). Optimizing magnetic stimulator design. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Supplement, 43, 238–248.
   Google Scholar
• Caramia, M.D., Cicinelli, P., Paradiso, C., Mariorenzi, R., Zarola, F., Bernardi, G., & Rossini, P.M. (1991). ‘Excitability’ changes of muscular responses to magnetic brain stimulation in patients with central motor disorders. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 81, 243–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll, T.J., Riek, S., & Carson, R.G. (2001). Reliability of the input–output properties of the cortico-spinal pathway obtained from transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 112, 193–202. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0270(01)00468-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerri, G., De Leo, R., Moglie, F., & Schiavoni, A. (1995). An accurate 3-D model for magnetic stimulation of the brain cortex. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 19, 7–16. doi: 10.3109/03091909509030264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M., & Mogul, D.J. (2009). A structurally detailed finite element human head model for simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 179, 111–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claus, D., Murray, N.M.F., Spitzer, A., & Flügel, D. (1990). The influence of stimulus type on the magnetic excitation of nerve structures. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 75, 342–349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clemens, M., Wilke, M., & Weiland, T. (2001). Advanced FI2TD algorithms for transient eddy current problems. COMPEL – the International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 20, 365–379. doi: 10.1108/03321640110383267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L.G., Roth, B.J., Nilsson, J., Dang, N., Panizza, M., Bandinelli, S., … Hallett, M. (1990). Effects of coil design on delivery of focal magnetic stimulation. Technical considerations. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 75, 350–357. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(90)90113-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Comeau, R. (2014). Neuronavigation for transcranial magnetic stimulation. In A. Rotenberg, C.J., Horvath, & A. Pascual-Leone (Eds.), Transcranial magnetic stimulation (pp. 31–56). New York, NY: Springer New York. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0879-0_3
   Google Scholar
• Cona, F., Zavaglia, M., Massimini, M., Rosanova, M., & Ursino, M. (2011). A neural mass model of interconnected regions simulates rhythm propagation observed via TMS-EEG. NeuroImage, 57, 1045–1058. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corthout, E., Barker, A., & Cowey, A. (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Which part of the current waveform causes the stimulation? Experimental Brain Research, 141, 128–132. doi: 10.1007/s002210100860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counter, S.A. (1994). Auditory brainstem and cortical responses following extensive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 124, 163–170. doi: 10.1016/0022-510X(94)90322-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counter, S.A., & Borg, E. (1992). Analysis of the coil generated impulse noise in extracranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 85, 280–288. doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90117-T
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Counter, S.A., Borg, E., & Lofqvist, L. (1991). Acoustic trauma in extracranial magnetic brain stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 78, 173–184. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90031-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crowther, L.J., Marketos, P., Williams, P.I., Melikhov, Y., Jiles, D.C., & Starzewski, J.H. (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Improved coil design for deep brain investigation. Journal of Applied Physics, 109, 07B314. doi: 10.1063/1.3563076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d'Aloja, G., Lino, P., Maione, B., & Rizzo, A. (2005). Nonlinear modeling of brain motor waves via transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Proc. Conf. on Decision and Control, 44, 4833–4938. doi: 10.1109/CDC.2005.1582926
   Google Scholar
• D’Ostilio, K., Goetz, S.M., Ciocca, M., Chieffo, R., Chen, J.-C.A., Peterchev, A.V., & Rothwell, J.C. (2014). Effect of coil orientation on strength-duration time constant with controllable pulse parameter transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125 (Suppl. 1), S123. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(14)50400-2
   Google Scholar
• D’Ostilio, K., Goetz, S.M., Hannah, R., Ciocca, M., Chieffo, R., Chen, J.C., … Rothwell, J.C. (2016). Effect of coil orientation on strength–duration time constant and I-wave activation with controllable pulse parameter transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 127, 675–683. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Aloja, G., Lino, P., Maione, B., & Rizzo, A. (2007). Modeling of motor neuronal structures via transcranial magnetic stimulation. In J. Filipe, J.-L. Ferrier, J.A. Cetto, & M. Carvalho (Eds.), Informatics in control, automation and robotics II (pp. 191–197). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5626-0_23
   Google Scholar
• Darling, W.G., Wolf, S.L., & Butler, A.J. (2006). Variability of motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation depends on muscle activation. Experimental Brain Research, 174, 376–385. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0468-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, K., & Epstein, C.M. (2000). Magnetic stimulation coil and circuit design. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 47, 1493–1499. doi: 10.1109/10.880101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, K., Epstein, C.M., George, M.S., & Bohning, D.E. (2003). Modeling the effects of electrical conductivity of the head on the induced electric field in the brain during magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114, 2204–2209. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00240-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, K., & Riehl, M. (2005). Designing transcranial magnetic stimulation systems. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 41, 1142–1148. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2004.843326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, K.R., & Riehl, M.E. (2006). Suppressing the surface field during transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 53, 190–194. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2005.862545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer, R., Vrooman, H.A., Ikram, M.A., Vernooij, M.W., Breteler, M.M.B., van der Lugt, A., & Niessen, W.J. (2010). Accuracy and reproducibility study of automatic MRI brain tissue segmentation methods. NeuroImage, 51, 1047–1056. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Geeter, N., Crevecoeur, G., & Dupre, L. (2011). An efficient 3-D Eddy-current solver using an independent impedance method for transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 58, 310–320. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2010.2087758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Geeter, N., Crevecoeur, G., Dupré, L., Van Hecke, W., & Leemans, A. (2012). A DTI-based model for TMS using the independent impedance method with frequency-dependent tissue parameters. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 57, 2169. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/8/2169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Geeter, N., Crevecoeur, G., Leemans, A., & Dupré, L. (2015). Effective electric fields along realistic DTI-based neural trajectories for modelling the stimulation mechanisms of TMS. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 60, 453. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/2/453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lucia, M., Parker, G.J.M., Embleton, K., Newton, J.M., & Walsh, V. (2007). Diffusion tensor MRI-based estimation of the influence of brain tissue anisotropy on the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation. NeuroImage, 36, 1159–1170. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, D., & Lawrence, P.D. (1985). Optimization of neural stimuli based upon a variable threshold potential. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, BME-32, 8–14. doi: 10.1109/TBME.1985.325644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Z.-D., Lisanby, S.H., & Peterchev, A.V. (2011). Electric field strength and focality in electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy: A finite element simulation study. Journal of Neural Engineering, 8, 016007. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/8/1/016007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Z.-D., Lisanby, S.H., & Peterchev, A.V. (2013). Electric field depth–focality tradeoff in transcranial magnetic stimulation: Simulation comparison of 50 coil designs. Brain Stimulation, 6, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Z.-D., Lisanby, S.H., & Peterchev, A.V. (2014). Coil design considerations for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125, 1202–1212. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Z.-D., Lisanby, S.H., & Peterchev, A.V. (2015). Effect of anatomical variability on electric field characteristics of electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy: A parametric modeling study. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 23, 22–31. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2339014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Z.-D., Peterchev, A.V., & Lisanby, S.H. (2008). Coil design considerations for deep-brain transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS). Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 30, 5675–5679. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650502
   Google Scholar
• Devanne, H., Lavoie, A.B., & Capaday, C. (1997). Input-output properties and gain changes in the human corticospinal pathway. Experimental Brain Research, 114, 329–338. doi: 10.1007/PL00005641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Lazzaro, V., Oliviero, A., Pilato, F., Saturno, E., Dileone, M., Mazzone, P., … Rothwell, J.C. (2004). The physiological basis of transcranial motor cortex stimulation in conscious humans. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 255–266. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2003.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Lazzaro, V., Profice, P., Ranieri, F., Capone, F., Dileone, M., Oliviero, A., & Pilato, F. (2012). I-wave origin and modulation. Brain Stimulation, 5, 512–525. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Lazzaro, V., Ziemann, U., & Lemon, R.N. (2008). State of the art: Physiology of transcranial motor cortex stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 1, 345–362. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, C., & Japkowicz, N. (2010). Warning: Statistical benchmarking is addictive. Kicking the habit in machine learning. Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 22, 67–80. doi: 10.1080/09528130903010295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durand, D., Ferguson, A.S., & Dalbasti, T. (1989). Induced electric fields by magnetic stimulation in non-homogeneous conducting media. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 11, 1252–1253. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.1989.96179
   Google Scholar
• Eggert, L.D., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Kircher, T., & Konrad, C. (2012). Accuracy and reliability of automated gray matter segmentation pathways on real and simulated structural magnetic resonance images of the human brain. PLoS One, 7, e45081. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldaief, M.C., Press, D.Z., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2013). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology: A review of established and prospective applications. Neurology Clinical Practice, 3, 519–526. doi: 10.1212/01.CPJ.0000436213.11132.8e
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellaway, P.H., Davey, N.J., Maskill, D.W., Rawlinson, S.R., Lewis, H.S., & Anissimova, N.P. (1998). Variability in the amplitude of skeletal muscle responses to magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control, 109, 104–113. doi: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00007-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emrich, D., Fischer, A., Altenhöfer, C., Weyh, T., Helling, F., Goetz, S., … Matiasek, K. (2012). Muscle force development after low-frequency magnetic burst stimulation in dogs. Muscle & Nerve, 46, 951–953. doi: 10.1002/mus.23523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, C.M., & Davey, K.R. (1994). Emory University. Apparatus and method for transcranial magnetic brain stimulation, including the treatment of depression and the localization and characterization of speech arrest. US 6,425,852. United States Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, C.M., & Davey, K.R. (2002). Iron-core coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 19, 376–381. doi: 10.1097/00004691-200208000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esselle, K.P., & Stuchly, M.A. (1992). Neural stimulation with magnetic fields: Analysis of induced electric fields. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 39, 693–700. doi: 10.1109/10.142644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser, S.K., Hill, S.L., & Tononi, G. (2005). Modeling the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical circuits. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94, 622–639. doi: 10.1152/jn.01230.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, Z.P., & Mortimer, J.T. (1991). Selective activation of small motor axons by quasitrapezoidal current pulses. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 38, 168–174. doi: 10.1109/10.76383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanjul-Vélez, F., Salas-García, I., Ortega-Quijano, N., & Arce-Diego, J.L. (2015). FDTD-based Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation model applied to specific neurodegenerative disorders. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 118, 34–43. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FitzHugh, R. (1961). Impulses and physiological states in theoretical models of nerve membrane. Biophysical Journal, 1, 445–466. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(61)86902-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, S.A., Desmazières, A., Fricker, D., Lubetzki, C., & Sol-Foulon, N. (2016). Mechanisms of sodium channel clustering and its influence on axonal impulse conduction. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 73, 723–735. doi: 10.1007/s00018-015-2081-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, A., Wolfus, S., Yeshurun, Y., & Bar-Haim, Z. (2004). Bar Ilan University, Ricor Cryogenic & Vacuum Systems. Method for manufacturing superconducting coils. US 11/239,380, US Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Fung, P.K., Haber, A.L., & Robinson, P.A. (2013). Neural field theory of plasticity in the cerebral cortex. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 318, 44–57. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.09.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel, C., Peyman, A., & Grant, E.H. (2009). Electrical conductivity of tissue at frequencies below 1 MHz. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54, 4863. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/16/002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel, S., Lau, R.W., & Gabriel, C. (1996). The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 41, 2251. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, S., Wang, J.-P., Tang, H.-Y., Xiao, X., & Wu, W. (2012). A design of array transcranial magnetic stimulation coil system. International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 6, 160–163.
   Google Scholar
• Gentet, L.J., Stuart, G.J., & Clements, J.D. (2000). Direct measurement of specific membrane capacitance in neurons. Biophysical Journal, 79, 314–320. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76293-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiron, K.M., & Riehl, M.E. (2005). Neuronetics, Inc. Ferrofluidic cooling and acoustical noise reduction in magnetic stimulators. US 7,396,326. US Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Ghiron, K.M., Riehl, M.E., & Shipway, I.M. (2014). Neuronetics, Inc Magnetic stimulation coils and ferromagnetic components for reduced surface stimulation and improved treatment depth. US 2015/196,772. US Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, T.L. (2004). A phenomenological theory of damping in ferromagnetic materials. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 40, 3443–3449. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2004.836740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Afinowi, I.A., Herzog, H.-G., & Weyh, T. (2013a). Coil design for neuromuscular magnetic stimulation based on a detailed 3D thigh model. IEEE Transaction on Magnetics, 50, 1–10. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2014.2300441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Herzog, H.G., Gattinger, N., & Gleich, B. (2011a). Comparison of coil designs for peripheral magnetic muscle stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 8, 056007. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/8/5/056007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Li, Z., Liang, X., Zhang, C., Lukic, S., & Peterchev, A.V. (2016a). Sensorless scheduling of the modular multilevel series-parallel converter: enabling a flexible, efficient, modular battery. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference APEC, 2349–2354. doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468193
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Lisanby, S.H., Murphy, D.L.K., Price, R.J., O’Grady, G., & Peterchev, A.V. (2015a). Impulse noise of transcranial magnetic stimulation: measurement, safety, and auditory neuromodulation. Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation, 8, 161–163. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Luber, B., Lisanby, S.H., Murphy, D.L., Kozyrkov, C.I., Grill, W.M., … Peterchev, A.V. (2016b). Enhancement of neuromodulation with novel pulse shapes generated by controllable pulse parameter transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 9, 39–47. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Luber, B., Lisanby, S.H., & Peterchev, A.V. (2014a). A novel model incorporating two variability sources for describing motor evoked potentials. Brain Stimulation, 7, 541–552. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Murphy, D.L.K., & Peterchev, A.V. (2014b). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Device With Reduced Acoustic Noise. IEEE Magnetics Letters, 5, 1–4. doi: 10.1109/LMAG.2014.2351776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., & Peterchev, A.V. (2012). A model of variability in brain stimulation evoked responses. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 34, 6434–6437. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6347467
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Peterchev, A.V., & Weyh, T. (2015b). Modular multilevel converter with series and parallel module connectivity: Topology and control. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 30, 203–215. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2310225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Pfaeffl, M., Huber, J., Singer, M., Marquardt, R., & Weyh, T. (2012a). Circuit topology and control principle for a first magnetic stimulator with fully controllable waveform. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 34, 4700–4703. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6347016
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Truong, C.N., Gerhofer, M.G., Peterchev, A.V., Herzog, H.-G., & Weyh, T. (2013b). Analysis and optimization of pulse dynamics for magnetic stimulation. PLoS One, 8, e55771. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Truong, N.C., Gerhofer, M.G., Peterchev, A.V., Herzog, H., & Weyh, T., (2012b). Optimization of magnetic neurostimulation waveforms for minimum power loss. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 34, 4652–4655. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6347004
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Weyh, T., & Herzog, H.G. (2009). Analysis of a novel magnetic stimulation system: Magnetic harmonic multi-cycle stimulation (MHMS). Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ICBPE.2009.5384111
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, S.M., Whiting, P., & Peterchev, A.V. (2011b). Threshold estimation with transcranial magnetic stimulation: Algorithm comparison. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122, 197. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(11)60712-8
   Google Scholar
• Golestanirad, L., Mattes, M., Mosig, J.R., & Pollo, C. (2010). Effect of model accuracy on the result of computed current densities in the simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 46, 4046–4051. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2010.2082556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, L., Cajko, F., Hernandez-Garcia, L., Grbic, A., & Michielssen, E. (2013). Numerical analysis and design of single-source multicoil TMS for deep and focused brain stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 60, 2771–2782. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2013.2264632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, L.J., Yücel, A.C., Hernandez-Garcia, L., Taylor, S.F., & Michielssen, E., (2015). Uncertainty quantification in transcranial magnetic stimulation via high-dimensional model representation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 62, 361–372. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2014.2353993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, B.D., & Butson, C.R. (2015). Subject-specific multiscale modeling to investigate effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 18, 694–704. doi: 10.1111/ner.12296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, P.H., & Mortimer, J.T. (1983). the effect of stimulus parameters on the recruitment characteristics of direct nerve stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 30, 407–414. doi: 10.1109/TBME.1983.325041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grill, W.M., & Mortimer, J.T. (1995). Stimulus waveforms for selective neural stimulation. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 14, 375–385. doi: 10.1109/51.395310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gugino, L.D., Rafael Romero, J., Aglio, L., Titone, D., Ramirez, M., Pascual-Leone, A., … Shenton, M.E (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation coregistered with MRI: A comparison of a guided versus blind stimulation technique and its effect on evoked compound muscle action potentials. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 1781–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidi, M., Scarpino, O., Angeleri, F., Antili, R., & Leo, R.D. (1989). Brain cortex stimulation by using magnetic pulses: analysis of the induced current distribution by means of a computer simulated model. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 11, 1169–1171. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.1989.96143
   Google Scholar
• Gutfleisch, O., Willard, M.A., Brück, E., Chen, C.H., Sankar, S.G., & Liu, J.P., (2011). Magnetic materials and devices for the 21st Century: Stronger, lighter, and more energy efficient. Advanced Materials, 23, 821–842. doi: 10.1002/adma.201002180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haiji, H., Okada, K., Hiratani, T., Abe, M., & Ninomiya, M., (1996). Magnetic properties and workability of 6.5% Si steel sheet. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 160, 109–114. doi: 10.1016/0304-8853(96)00128-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, B.H., Chun, I.K., Lee, S.C., & Lee, S.Y. (2004). Multichannel magnetic stimulation system design considering mutual couplings among the stimulation coils. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 51, 812–817. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2004.824123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah, R., Ciocca, M., Sommer, M., Hammond, P., & Rothwell, J.C. (2014). Continuous theta burst stimulation with monophasic pulses: Effect of current direction. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125, S332–S333. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(14)51096-6
   Google Scholar
• Havel, W.J., Nyenhuis, J.A., Bourland, J.D., Foster, K.S., Geddes, L.A., Graber, G.P., … Schaefer, D.J. (1997). Comparison of rectangular and damped sinusoidal dB/dt waveforms in magnetic stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 33, 4269–4271. doi: 10.1109/20.619732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, D.M., & Kraker, J. (2010). Deterministic fallacies and model validation. Journal of Chemometrics, 24, 188–193. doi: 10.1002/cem.1311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Z.Z., & Liu, J. (2016). Anisotropic subvoxel-smooth conduction model for bioelectromagnetism analysis. Journal of Applied Physics, 119, 024701. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4939774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, L., & van Hulsteyn, D.B., (1992). Brain stimulation using electromagnetic sources: Theoretical aspects. Biophysical Journal, 63, 129–138. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81587-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindmarsh, J.L., & Rose, R.M. (1984). A model of neuronal bursting using three coupled first order differential equations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 221, 87–102. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1984.0024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S.L., Xu, G., Fu, W.N., Yang, Q., Hou, H., & Yan, W. (2009). Optimization of array magnetic coil design for functional magnetic stimulation based on improved genetic algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 45, 4849–4852. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2009.2025892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgkin, A.L., & Huxley, A.F. (1952). A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. The Journal of Physiology, 117, 500–544. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollaus, K., & Biro, O. (2000). A FEM formulation to treat 3D eddy currents in laminations. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 36, 1289–1292. doi: 10.1109/20.877676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, C.Q., Hansen, C.H., & Zander, A.C. (2005). A review of current ultrasound exposure limits. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety, 1, 253–257.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, B., Medina, L.E., & Grill, W.M. (2015). Effects of frequency-dependent membrane capacitance on neural excitability. Journal of Neural Engineering, 12, 056015. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/056015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y.-Z., Rothwell, J.C., Chen, R.-S., Lu, C.-S., & Chuang, W.-L. (2011). The theoretical model of theta burst form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122, 1011–1018. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussennether, V., Oomen, M., Leghissa, M., & Neumüller, H.W. (2004). DC and AC properties of Bi-2223 cabled conductors designed for high-current applications. Physica C: Superconductivity, 401, 135–139. doi: 10.1016/j.physc.2003.09.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilmoniemi, R., Koponen, L., Nieminen, J., & Järneflt, G. (2014). Nexstim Oy. MTMS coil device with overlapping coil windings. US 2014/357,935. US Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Ilmoniemi, R., Ruohonen, J., Kamppuri, J., & Virtanen, J. (1997). Nexstim. Stimulator head and method for attenuating the sound emitted by a stimulator coil. US 6,503,187. US Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Ilmoniemi, R.J., Koponen, L.M., Nieminen, J.O., & Järnefelt, G. (2013). Nexstim Oy. mTMS coil device with overlapping coil windings. US 14/294,573, US Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Im, C.-H., & Lee, C. (2006). Computer-aided performance evaluation of a multichannel transcranial magnetic stimulation system. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 42, 3803–3808. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2006.883913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izhikevich, E.M. (2003). Simple model of spiking neurons. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 14, 1569–1572. doi: 10.1109/TNN.2003.820440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izhikevich, E.M. (2004). Which model to use for cortical spiking neurons? IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 15, 1063–1070. doi: 10.1109/TNN.2004.832719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, J.D. (1999). Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Jalinous, R. (1991). Technical and Practical Aspects of Magnetic Nerve Stimulation. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 8, 10–25. doi: 10.1097/00004691-199101000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, A.M., Oostendorp, T.F., & Stegeman, D.F. (2015). The coil orientation dependency of the electric field induced by TMS for M1 and other brain areas. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 12, 47. doi: 10.1186/s12984-015-0036-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, A.M., Rampersad, S.M., Lucka, F., Lanfer, B., Lew, S., Aydin, Ü., … Oostendorp, T.F. (2013). The influence of sulcus width on simulated electric fields induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58, 4881. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/14/4881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jezernik, S., Sinkjaer, T., & Morari, M. (2010). Charge and energy minimization in electrical/magnetic stimulation of nervous tissue. Journal of Neural Engineering, 7, 046004. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/7/4/046004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiles, D. (2016). Introduction to magnetism and magnetic materials (3rd ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jiles, D.C., & Atherton, D.L. (1986). Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 61, 48–60. doi: 10.1016/0304-8853(86)90066-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julkunen, P., Ruohonen, J., Sääskilahti, S., Säisänen, L., & Karhu, J. (2011). Threshold curves for transcranial magnetic stimulation to improve reliability of motor pathway status assessment. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122, 975–983. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaelin-Lang, A., & Cohen, L.G. (2000). Enhancing the quality of studies using transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation with a new computer-controlled system. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 102, 81–89. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0270(00)00284-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaelin-Lang, A., Luft, A.R., Sawaki, L., Burstein, A.H., Sohn, Y.H., & Cohen, L.G. (2002). Modulation of human corticomotor excitability by somatosensory input. The Journal of Physiology, 540, 623–633. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamitani, Y., Bhalodia, V.M., Kubota, Y., & Shimojo, S. (2001). A model of magnetic stimulation of neocortical neurons. Neurocomputing, 38–40, 697–703. doi: 10.1016/S0925-2312(01)00447-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kammer, T., Beck, S., Thielscher, A., Laubis-Herrmann, U., & Topka, H. (2001). Motor thresholds in humans: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study comparing different pulse waveforms, current directions and stimulator types. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 250–258. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00513-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kammer, T., Vorwerg, M., & Herrnberger, B. (2007). Anisotropy in the visual cortex investigated by neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. NeuroImage, 36, 313–321. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D.-H., Loukaides, N., Sykulski, J.K., & Georghious, G.E. (2004). Numerical investigation of the electric field distribution induced in the brain by transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEE Proceedings – Science, Measurement and Technology, 151, 479–483. doi: 10.1049/ip-smt:20040861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klauschen, F., Goldman, A., Barra, V., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Lundervold, A. (2009). Evaluation of automated brain MR image segmentation and volumetry methods. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 1310–1327. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knäulein, R., & Weyh, T. (1996). Minimization of energy stored in the magnetic field of air coils for medical application. Int. Workshop on Electric and Magnetic Fields Liege, 3, 477–482.
   Google Scholar
• Kole, M.H.P., Ilschner, S.U., Kampa, B.M., Williams, S.R., Ruben, P.C., & Stuart, G.J. (2008). Action potential generation requires a high sodium channel density in the axon initial segment. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 178–186. doi: 10.1038/nn2040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kole, M.H.P., & Stuart, G.J., (2012). Signal processing in the axon initial segment. Neuron, 73, 235–247. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koponen, L.M., Nieminen, J.O., & Ilmoniemi, R.J. (2015). Minimum-energy coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation: Application to focal stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 8, 124–134. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krings, A., & Soulard, J. (2010). Overview and comparison of iron loss models for electrical machines. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 10, 162–169.
   Google Scholar
• Krings, T., Buchbinder, B.R., Butler, W.E., Chiappa, K.H., Jiang, H.J., Rosen, B.R., & Cosgrove, G.R. (1997). Stereotactic transcranial magnetic stimulation: Correlation with direct electrical cortical stimulation. Neurosurgery, 41, 1319–1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan, A.V., Lin, C.S.Y., Park, S.B., & Kiernan, M.C. (2009). Axonal ion channels from bench to bedside: A translational neuroscience perspective. Progress in Neurobiology, 89, 288–313. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso, I., & Hirata, A. (2012). Fast multigrid-based computation of the induced electric field for transcranial magnetic stimulation. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 57, 7753. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/23/7753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso, I., Hirata, A., & Ugawa, Y. (2014). Effects of coil orientation on the electric field induced by TMS over the hand motor area. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 59, 203. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/1/203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, H.C., & Jan, L.Y. (2006). The distribution and targeting of neuronal voltage-gated ion channels. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 548–562. doi: 10.1038/nrn1938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau, L.D., & Lifshitz, E. (1935). On the theory of the dispersion of magnetic permeability in ferromagnetic bodies. Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion, 8, 101–114.
   Google Scholar
• Langley, P. (1988). Machine learning as an experimental science. Machine Learning, 3, 5–8. doi: 10.1007/BF00115008
   Google Scholar
• Lapicque, L. (1907). Recherches quantatives sur l'excitation électrique des nerfs traitée comme une polarisation. Journal De Physiologie Et De Pathologie Générale, 9, 620–635.
   Google Scholar
• Larbalestier, D., Gurevich, A., Feldmann, D.M., & Polyanskii, A. (2001). High-Tc superconducting materials for electric power applications. Nature, 414, 368–377. doi: 10.1038/35104654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudani, A., Fulginei, F.R., & Salvini, A. (2015). TMS array coils optimization by means of CFSO. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 51, 1–4. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2014.2364176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W.H., Deng, Z.-D., Kim, T.-S., Laine, A.F., Lisanby, S.H., & Peterchev, A.V. (2012). Regional electric field induced by electroconvulsive therapy in a realistic finite element head model: Influence of white matter anisotropic conductivity. NeuroImage, 59, 2110–2123. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W.H., Lisanby, S.H., Laine, A.F., & Peterchev, A.V. (2014). Stimulation strength and focality of electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy in a realistic head model. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 36, 410–413. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6943615
   Google Scholar
• Lee, W.H., Lisanby, S.H., Laine, A.F., & Peterchev, A.V. (2016). Comparison of electric field strength and spatial distribution of electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy in a realistic human head model. European Psychiatry, 36, 55–64. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leterrier, C., Brachet, A., Dargent, B., & Vacher, H. (2011). Determinants of voltage-gated sodium channel clustering in neurons. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 22, 171–177. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leterrier, C., Brachet, A., Fache, M.-P., & Dargent, B. (2010). Voltage-gated sodium channel organization in neurons: Protein interactions and trafficking pathways. Neuroscience Letters, 486, 92–100. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littmann, M.F. (1967). Structures and Magnetic Properties of Grain‐Oriented 3.2% Silicon—Iron. Journal of Applied Physics, 38, 1104–1108. doi: 10.1063/1.1709503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloberas, J., Sumper, A., Sanmarti, M., & Granados, X. (2014). A review of high temperature superconductors for offshore wind power synchronous generators. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 404–414. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, N.J., Badcock, R., Beck, P., Mulholl, M., Ross, N., Staines, M., … Buckley, R.G. (2008). Narrow strand YBCO Roebel cable for lowered AC loss. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 97, 012280. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/97/1/012280
   Google Scholar
• Loo, C., Sachdev, P., Elsayed, H., McDarmont, B., Mitchell, P., Wilkinson, M., … Gandevia, S. (2001). Effects of a 2- to 4-week course of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on neuropsychologic functioning, electroencephalogram, and auditory threshold in depressed patients. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 615–623. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00996-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzen, H.W., & Weyh, T. (1992). Practical application of the summation method for 3-D static magnetic field calculation of a setup of conductive and ferromagnetic material. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 28, 1481–1484. doi: 10.1109/20.123976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccabee, P.J., Amassian, V.E., Cracco, R.Q., & Cadwell, J.A. (1988). An analysis of peripheral motor nerve stimulation in humans using the magnetic coil. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 70, 524–533. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(88)90150-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maccabee, P.J., Nagarajan, S.S., Amassian, V.E., Durand, D.M., Szabo, A.Z., Ahad, A.B., … Eberle, L.P. (1998). Influence of pulse sequence, polarity and amplitude on magnetic stimulation of human and porcine peripheral nerve. The Journal of Physiology, 513, 571–585. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.571bb.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda, H., & Yanagisawa, Y. (2014). Recent developments in high-temperature superconducting magnet technology (Review). IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 24, 1–12. doi: 10.1109/TASC.2013.2287707
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magistris, M.R., Rösler, K.M., Truffert, A., Landis, T., & Hess, C.W. (1999). A clinical study of motor evoked potentials using a triple stimulation technique. Brain, 122, 265–279. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.2.265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magistris, M.R., Rösler, K.M., Truffert, A., & Myers, J.P. (1998). Transcranial stimulation excites virtually all motor neurons supplying the target muscle. A demonstration and a method improving the study of motor evoked potentials. Brain, 121, 437–450. doi: 10.1093/brain/121.3.437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcolm, M.P., Triggs, W.J., Light, K.E., Shechtman, O., Khandekar, G., & Gonzalez Rothi, L.J. (2006). Reliability of motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in four muscle representations. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117, 1037–1046. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J.C. (1891). A treatise on electricity and magnetism (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre, C.C., Richardson, A.G., & Grill, W.M. (2002). Modeling the Excitability of Mammalian Nerve Fibers: Influence of afterpotentials on the recovery cycle. Journal of Neurophysiology, 87, 995–1006. doi: 10.1152/jn.00353.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeal, D.R. (1976). Analysis of a model for excitation of myelinated nerve. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 23, 329–337. doi: 10.1109/TBME.1976.324593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRobbie, D. (1985). Design and instrumentation of a magnetic nerve stimulator. Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, 18, 74. doi: 10.1088/0022-3735/18/1/019
   Google Scholar
• Mills, K.R., Boniface, S.J., & Schubert, M., (1992). Magnetic brain stimulation with a double coil: the importance of coil orientation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 85, 17–21. doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90096-T
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miranda, P.C., Hallett, M., & Basser, P.J. (2003). The electric field induced in the brain by magnetic stimulation: a 3-D finite-element analysis of the effect of tissue heterogeneity and anisotropy. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 50, 1074–1085. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2003.816079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, P.C., Lomarev, M., & Hallett, M. (2006). Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117, 1623–1629. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, W.K., Baker, M.R., & Baker, S.N. (2007). Muscle responses to transcranial stimulation in man depend on background oscillatory activity. The Journal of Physiology, 583, 567–579. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.134031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, M.A., McIntyre, C.C., & Grill, W.M. (2004). Prediction of myelinated nerve fiber stimulation thresholds: limitations of linear models. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on, 51, 229–236. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2003.820382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moisa, M., Pohmann, R., Ewald, L., & Thielscher, A. (2009). New coil positioning method for interleaved transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)/functional MRI (fMRI) and its validation in a motor cortex study. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 29, 189–197. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosavi, S.H., Ellaway, P.H., Catley, M., Stokes, M.J., & Haque, N. (1999). Corticospinal function in severe brain injury assessed using magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in man. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 164, 179–186. doi: 10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00065-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möser, M., & Kropp, W. (2010). Körperschall [Structure-Borne Sound]. Berlin/New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Mould, S. (1998). Magstim Company Limited. Coil assemblies for magnetic stimulators. US 6,179,770. US Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller, J.K., Grigsby, E.M., Prevosto, V., Petraglia III, F.W., Rao, H., Deng, Z.-D., … Grill, W.M. (2014). Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and single-neuron recording in alert non-human primates. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 1130–1136. doi: 10.1038/nn.3751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadeem, M., Thorlin, T., Gandhi, O.P., & Persson, M. (2003). Computation of electric and magnetic stimulation in human head using the 3-D impedance method. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 50, 900–907. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2003.813548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagumo, J., Arimoto, S., & Yoshizawa, S. (1962). An active pulse transmission line simulating nerve axon. Proceedings of the IRE, 50, 2061–2070. doi: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288235
   Google Scholar
• Navarro de Lara, L.I., Windischberger, C., Kuehne, A., Woletz, M., Sieg, J., Bestmann, S., … Laistler, E. (2015). A novel coil array for combined TMS/fMRI experiments at 3 T. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 74, 1492–1501. doi: 10.1002/mrm.25535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro de Lara, L.I., Windischberger, C., Laistler, E., Sieg, J., Moser, E., & Kühne, A. (2013). Medical University of Vienna. Method and system for combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. US 2015/99,963. US Patent and Trademark Office.
   Google Scholar
• Ni, Z., Charab, S., Gunraj, C., Nelson, A.J., Udupa, K., Yeh, I.-J., & Chen, R. (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in different current directions activates separate cortical circuits. Journal of Neurophysiology, 105, 749–756. doi: 10.1152/jn.00640.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niehaus, L., Meyer, B.U., & Weyh, T. (2000). Influence of pulse configuration and direction of coil current on excitatory effects of magnetic motor cortex and nerve stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 111, 75–80. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00198-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, J.F. (1996). Logarithmic distribution of amplitudes of compound muscle action potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 13, 423–434. doi: 10.1097/00004691-199609000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, J.F., Klemar, B., & Kiilerich, H. (1995). A New High-Frequency Magnetic Stimulator with an Oil-Cooled Coil. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 12, 460–467. doi: 10.1097/00004691-199509010-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikouline, V., Ruohonen, J., & Ilmoniemi, R.J. (1999). The role of the coil click in TMS assessed with simultaneous EEG. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110, 1325–1328. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00070-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak, G.L., & Bullier, J. (1998a). Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter I. Evidence from chronaxie measurements. Experimental Brain Research, 118, 477–488. doi: 10.1007/s002210050304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak, G.L., & Bullier, J. (1998b). Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter II. Evidence from selective inactivation of cell bodies and axon initial segments. Experimental Brain Research, 118, 489–500. doi: 10.1007/s002210050305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nummenmaa, A., McNab, J.A., Savadjiev, P., Okada, Y., Hämäläinen, M.S., Wang, R., … Raij, T. (2014). Targeting of white matter tracts with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 7, 80–84. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nummenmaa, A., Stenroos, M., Ilmoniemi, R.J., Okada, Y.C., Hämäläinen, M.S., & Raij, T. (2013). Comparison of spherical and realistically shaped boundary element head models for transcranial magnetic stimulation navigation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 124, 1995–2007. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opitz, A., Legon, W., Rowlands, A., Bickel, W.K., Paulus, W., & Tyler, W.J. (2013). Physiological observations validate finite element models for estimating subject-specific electric field distributions induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. NeuroImage, 81, 253–264. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opitz, A., Windhoff, M., Heidemann, R.M., Turner, R., & Thielscher, A. (2011). How the brain tissue shapes the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. NeuroImage, 58, 849–859. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott, G., Wrba, J., & Lucke, R. (2003). Recent developments of Mn–Zn ferrites for high permeability applications. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 254–255, 535–537. doi: 10.1016/S0304-8853(02)00961-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paffi, A., Camera, F., Carducci, F., Rubino, G., Tampieri, P., Liberti, M., & Apollonio, F. (2015). A computational model for real-time calculation of electric field due to transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinics. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 976854. doi: 10.1155/2015/976854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palstra, T.T.M., Batlogg, B., van Dover, R.B., Schneemeyer, L.F., & Waszczak, J.V. (1989). Critical currents and thermally activated flux motion in high‐temperature superconductors. Applied Physics Letters, 54, 763–765. doi: 10.1063/1.101474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual-Leone, A., Houser, C.M., Reese, K., Shotland, L.I., Grafman, J., Sato, S., … Cohen, L.G. (1993). Safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal volunteers. Clinical Neurophysiology, 89, 120–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peasgood, W., Dissado, L.A., Lam, C.K., Armstrong, A., & Wood, W. (2003). A novel electrical model of nerve and muscle using Pspice. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 36, 311. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/36/4/301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechmann, A., Delvendahl, I., Bergmann, T.O., Ritter, C., Hartwigsen, G., Gleich, B., … Siebner, H.R. (2012). The number of full-sine cycles per pulse influences the efficacy of multicycle transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 5, 148–154. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterchev, A.V., D’Ostilio, K., Rothwell, J.C., & Murphy, D.L. (2014). Controllable pulse parameter transcranial magnetic stimulator with enhanced circuit topology and pulse shaping. Journal of Neural Engineering, 11, 056023. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/11/5/056023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterchev, A.V., Deng, Z.-D., & Goetz, S.M. (2015a). Advances in transcranial magnetic stimulation technology. In I. M. Reti (Ed.), Brain Stimulation: Methodologies and Interventions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Peterchev, A.V., Goetz, S.M., Westin, G.G., Luber, B., & Lisanby, S.H. (2013). Pulse width dependence of motor threshold and input–output curve characterized with controllable pulse parameter transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 124, 1364–1372. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterchev, A.V., Jalinous, R., & Lisanby, S.H. (2008). A transcranial magnetic stimulator inducing near-rectangular pulses with Controllable Pulse Width (cTMS). IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 55, 257–266. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2007.900540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterchev, A.V., Murphy, D.L., & Lisanby, S.H. (2011). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulator with controllable pulse parameters. Journal of Neural Engineering, 8, 036016. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/8/3/036016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterchev, A.V., Murphy, D.L.K., & Goetz, S.M. (2015b). Quiet transcranial magnetic stimulation: Status and future directions. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 37, 226–229. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318341
   Google Scholar
• Pitcher, J.B., Ogston, K.M., & Miles, T.S. (2003). Age and sex differences in human motor cortex input-output characteristics. The Journal of Physiology, 546, 605–613. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.029454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polson, M.J.R., Barker, A.T., & Freeston, I.L. (1982). Stimulation of nerve trunks with time-varying magnetic fields. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 20, 243–244. doi: 10.1007/BF02441362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper, K.R. (2005). The logic of scientific discovery. Oxford: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Preisach, F. (1935). Über die magnetische Nachwirkung. Zeitschrift Für Physik, 94, 277–302. doi: 10.1007/BF01349418
   Google Scholar
• Rasband, M.N., & Peles, E. (2016). The Nodes of Ranvier: Molecular Assembly and Maintenance. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 8, a020495. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravazzani, P., Ruohonen, J., Grandori, F., & Tognola, G. (1996). Magnetic stimulation of the nervous system: Induced electric field in unbounded, semi-infinite, spherical, and cylindrical media. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 24, 606–616. doi: 10.1007/BF02684229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, J.P. (1989). Peripheral nerve stimulation by induced electric currents: Exposure to time-varying magnetic fields. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 27, 101–110. doi: 10.1007/BF02446217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, J.P. (1992). Principles of nerve and heart excitation by time-varying magnetic fields. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 649, 96–117. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb49600.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riehl, M.E. (2004). Neuronetics, Inc. System and method to reduce discomfort using nerve stimulation. US 7,857,746. US Patent Office.
   Google Scholar
• Riehl, M.E., & Ghiron, K.M. (2005). Neuronetics, Inc. Magnetic core for medical procedures. US 8,657,731. US Patent Office.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, P.A. (2011). Neural field theory of synaptic plasticity. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 285, 156–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.06.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler, K.M. (2001). Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation: A tool to investigate central motor pathways. Physiology, 16, 297–302.
   Google Scholar
• Rösler, K.M., Roth, D.M., & Magistris, M.R. (2008). Trial-to-trial size variability of motor-evoked potentials. A study using the triple stimulation technique. Experimental Brain Research, 187, 51–59. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1278-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotem, A., Neef, A., Neef, N.E., Agudelo-Toro, A., Rakhmilevitch, D., Paulus, W., & Moses, E. (2014). Solving the orientation specific constraints in transcranial magnetic stimulation by rotating fields. PLoS ONE, 9, e86794. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, B.J., & Basser, P.J. (1990). A model of the stimulation of a nerve fiber by electromagnetic induction. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 37, 588–597. doi: 10.1109/10.55662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, B.J., Maccabee, P.J., Eberle, L.P., Amassian, V.E., Hallett, M., Cadwell, J., , … Tatarian, G.T. (1994). In vitro evaluation of a 4-leaf coil design for magnetic stimulation of peripheral nerve. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 93, 68–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth, Y., Levkovitz, Y., Pell, G.S., Ankry, M., & Zangen, A. (2014). Safety and characterization of a novel multi-channel TMS stimulator. Brain Stimulation, 7, 194–205. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy Choudhury, K., Boyle, L., Burke, M., Lombard, W., Ryan, S., & McNamara, B. (2011). Intra subject variation and correlation of motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 180, 873–880. doi: 10.1007/s11845-011-0722-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudiak, D., & Marg, E. (1994). Finding the depth of magnetic brain stimulation: a re-evaluation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, 93, 358–371. doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(94)90124-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruohonen, J., & Ilmoniemi, R. (1998). Focusing and targeting of magnetic brain stimulation using multiple coils. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 36, 297–301. doi: 10.1007/BF02522474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruohonen, J., & Karhu, J. (2010). Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, 40, 7–17. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2010.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruohonen, J., Ravazzani, P., & Grandori, F. (1998). Functional magnetic stimulation: Theory and coil optimization. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg, 47, 213–219. doi: 10.1016/S0302-4598(98)00191-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruohonen, J., Ravazzani, P., Grandori, F., & Ilmoniemi, R.J. (1999). Theory of multichannel magnetic stimulation: Toward functional neuromuscular rehabilitation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 46, 646–651. doi: 10.1109/10.764941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruohonen, J., Ravazzani, P., Nilsson, J., Panizza, M., Grandori, F., & Tognola, G. (1996). A volume-conduction analysis of magnetic stimulation of peripheral nerves. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 43, 669–678. doi: 10.1109/10.503174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruohonen, J., Virtanen, J., & Ilmoniemi, R.J. (1997). Coil optimization for magnetic brain stimulation. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 25, 840–849. doi: 10.1007/BF02684168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush, S., & Driscoll, D.A. (1968). Current distribution in the brain from surface electrodes. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 47, 717–723. doi: 10.1213/00000539-196811000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusu, C.V., Murakami, M., Ziemann, U., & Triesch, J. (2014). A Model of TMS-induced I-waves in Motor Cortex. Brain Stimulation, 7, 401–414. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahlsten, H., Isohanni, J., Haapaniemi, J., Salonen, J., Paavola, J., Löyttyniemi, E., … Jääskeläinen, S.K. (2015). Electric field navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic tinnitus: A pilot study. International Journal of Audiology, 54, 899–909. doi: 10.3109/14992027.2015.1054041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salinas, F.S., Lancaster, J.L., & Fox, P.T. (2009). 3D modeling of the total electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation using the boundary element method. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54, 3631. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/12/002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvador, R., Miranda, P.C., Roth, Y., & Zangen, A. (2007). High-permeability core coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions. Proceeding of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 29, 6652–6655. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353885
   Google Scholar
• Salvador, R., Silva, S., Basser, P.J., & Miranda, P.C. (2011). Determining which mechanisms lead to activation in the motor cortex: a modeling study of transcranial magnetic stimulation using realistic stimulus waveforms and sulcal geometry. Clinical Neurophysiol, 122, 748–758. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.09.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawicki, B., Starzynski, J., & Wincenciak, S. (2006). Numerical model of magnetic stimulation with metal implants. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 42, 783–786. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2006.872012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid, M., Weyh, T., & Meyer, B.-U. (1993). Entwicklung, Optimierung und Erprobung neuer Geräte für die magnetomotorische Stimulation von Nervenfasern/Development, Optimization and Testing of New Devices for Magnetomotive Nerve Fibre Stimulation. Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering, 38, 317–324. doi: 10.1515/bmte.1993.38.12.317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz, A., Reid, G., Vogel, W., & Bostock, H. (1993). Ion channels in human axons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 70, 1274–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, J.R., Reid, G., & Bostock, H. (1995). Action potentials and membrane currents in the human node of Ranvier. Pflügers Archiv, 430, 283–292. doi: 10.1007/BF00374660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, A.C. (1975). The electrophysics of a nerve fiber. Reviews of Modern Physics, 47, 487–533. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.47.487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekino, M., & Ueno, S. (2002). Comparison of current distributions in electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Applied Physics, 91, 8730–8732. doi: 10.1063/1.1454987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekino, M., & Ueno, S. (2004). FEM-based determination of optimum current distribution in transcranial magnetic stimulation as an alternative to electroconvulsive therapy. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 40, 2167–2169. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2004.828982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senoussi, S. (1992). Review of the critical current densities and magnetic irreversibilities in high Tc superconductors. Journal De Physique III, 2, 1041–1257. doi: 10.1051/jp3:1992102
   Google Scholar
• Shokrollahi, H., & Janghorban, K. (2007). Soft magnetic composite materials (SMCs). Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 189, 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.02.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebner, H.R., Peller, M., Willoch, F., Auer, C., Bartenstein, P., Drzezga, A., … Conrad, B. (1999). Imaging functional activation of the auditory cortex during focal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex in normal subjects. Neuroscience Letters, 270, 37–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, S., Basser, P.J., & Miranda, P.C. (2008). Elucidating the mechanisms and loci of neuronal excitation by transcranial magnetic stimulation using a finite element model of a cortical sulcus. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119, 2405–2413. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.07.248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soleimani, M., Lionheart, W.R.B., Peyton, A.J., Xiandong, M., & Higson, S.R., (2006). A three-dimensional inverse finite-element method applied to experimental eddy-current imaging data. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 42, 1560–1567. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2006.871255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, M., Ciocca, M., Hannah, R., Hammond, P., Neef, N., Paulus, W., … Rothwell, J.C. (2014a). Intermittent theta burst stimulation inhibits human motor cortex when applied with mostly monophasic (anterior-posterior) pulses. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125, S228. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(14)50747-X
   Google Scholar
• Sommer, M., D’Ostilio, K., Ciocca, M., Hannah, R., Hammond, P., Goetz, S., … Rothwell, J.C. (2014b). TMS can selectively activate and condition two different sets of excitatory synaptic inputs to corticospinal neurones in human. SFN Society for Neuroscience, 542.
   Google Scholar
• Sommer, M., Lang, N., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2002). Neuronal tissue polarization induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? NeuroReport, 13, 809–811. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200205070-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, M., Norden, C., Schmack, L., Rothkegel, H., Lang, N., & Paulus, W. (2013). Opposite optimal current flow directions for induction of neuroplasticity and excitation threshold in the human motor cortex. Brain Stimulation, 6, 363–370. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starck, J., Rimpiläinen, I., Pyykkö, I., & Esko, T. (1996). The Noise Level in Magnetic Stimulation. Scandinavian Audiology, 25, 223–226. doi: 10.3109/01050399609074958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starzynski, J., Szmurlo, R., & Sawicki, B. (2009). Distributed optimization environment for bioelectromagnetism. Theoretical Engineering (ISTET), 15, 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Stenfelt, S., & Goode, R.L. (2005). Bone-conducted sound: Physiological and clinical aspects. Otology & Neurotology, 26, 1245–1261. doi: 10.1097/01.mao.0000187236.10842.d5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephanova, D.I., & Bostock, H. (1995). A distributed-parameter model of the myelinated human motor nerve fibre: Temporal and spatial distributions of action potentials and ionic currents. Biological Cybernetics, 73, 275–280. doi: 10.1007/BF00201429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez-Bagnasco, D., Armentano-Feijoo, R., & Suárez-Ántola (2010). The excitation functional for magnetic stimulation of fibers. Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 4829–4833. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5627910
   Google Scholar
• Szecsi, J., Götz, S., Pöllmann, W., & Straube, A. (2010). Force–pain relationship in functional magnetic and electrical stimulation of subjects with paresis and preserved sensation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121, 1589–1597. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.03.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szlavik, R.B. (2008). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor kinetics of the neuromuscular junction simulated using SPICE: An illustration of physiological process simulation with conventional circuit simulation software. Proceedings of the 2008 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition.
   Google Scholar
• Szlavik, R.B., Bhuiyan, A.K., Carver, A., & Jenkins, F. (2006). Neural-electronic inhibition simulated with a neuron model implemented in SPICE. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 14, 109–115. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2006.870499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szlavik, R.B., & de Bruin, H. (1999). The effect of stimulus current pulse width on nerve fiber size recruitment patterns. Medical Engineering & Physics, 21, 507–515. doi: 10.1016/S1350-4533(99)00074-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachas, N.J., & Samaras, T. (2014). The effect of head and coil modeling for the calculation of induced electric field during transcranial magnetic stimulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 93, 167–171. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takada, Y., Abe, M., Masuda, S., & Inagaki, J. (1988). Commercial scale production of Fe‐6.5 wt. % Si sheet and its magnetic properties. Journal of Applied Physics, 64, 5367–5369. doi: 10.1063/1.342373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, A.D., Makowiecki, K., Bartlett, C., & Rodger, J. (2015). Low intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not induce cell survival or regeneration in a mouse optic nerve crush model. PLoS One, 10, e0126949. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thielscher, A., & Kammer, T. (2002). Linking physics with physiology in TMS: a sphere field model to determine the cortical stimulation site in TMS. Neuroimage, 17, 1117–1130. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thielscher, A., Opitz, A., & Windhoff, M. (2011). Impact of the gyral geometry on the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. NeuroImage, 54, 234–243. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, S.L., & Gorassini, M.A. (2005). Increases in corticospinal tract function by treadmill training after incomplete spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94, 2844–2855. doi: 10.1152/jn.00532.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tixador, P., Porcar, L., Floch, E., Buzon, D., Isfort, D., Bourgault, D., … Tournier, R. (2001). Current limitation with bulk Y-Ba-Cu-O. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 11, 2034–2037. doi: 10.1109/77.920254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tofts, P.S. (1990). The distribution of induced currents in magnetic stimulation of the nervous system. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 35, 1119–1128. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/35/8/008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toschi, N., Keck, M.E., Welt, T., & Guerrisi, M. (2012). Quantifying uncertainty in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation – A high resolution simulation study in ICBM space. Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 34, 1218–1221. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346156
   Google Scholar
• Toschi, N., Welt, T., Guerrisi, M., & Keck, M.E. (2008). A reconstruction of the conductive phenomena elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation in heterogeneous brain tissue. Physica Medica, 24, 80–86. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2008.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toschi, N., Welt, T., Guerrisi, M., & Keck, M.E. (2009). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in heterogeneous brain tissue: Clinical impact on focality, reproducibility and true sham stimulation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 255–264. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treutwein, B., & Strasburger, H. (1999). Fitting the psychometric function. Perception & Psychophysics, 61, 87–106. doi: 10.3758/BF03211951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trimmer, J.S., & Rhodes, K.J. (2004). Localization of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels IN Mammalian Brain. Annual Review of Physiology, 66, 477–519. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.113328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tringali, S., Perrot, X., Collet, L., & Moulin, A. (2012). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Hearing safety considerations. Brain Stimulation, 5, 354–363. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. (1986). A target field approach to optimal coil design. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 19, L147. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/19/8/001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno, S., Tashiro, T., & Harada, K. (1988). Localized stimulation of neural tissues in the brain by means of a paired configuration of time-varying magnetic fields. Journal of Applied Physics, 64, 5862–5864. doi: 10.1063/1.342181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uglietti, D., Yanagisawa, Y., Maeda, H., & Kiyoshi, T. (2010). Measurements of magnetic field induced by screening currents in YBCO solenoid coils. Superconductor Science and Technology, 23, 115002. doi: 10.1088/0953-2048/23/11/115002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursino, M., Cona, F., & Zavaglia, M. (2010). The generation of rhythms within a cortical region: Analysis of a neural mass model. NeuroImage, 52, 1080–1094. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vacher, H., & Trimmer, J.S. (2012). Trafficking mechanisms underlying neuronal voltage-gated ion channel localization at the axon initial segment. Epilepsia, 53, 21–31. doi: 10.1111/epi.12032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kuijk, A.A., Anker, L.C., Pasman, J.W., Hendriks, J.C.M., van Elswijk, G., & Geurts, A.C.H. (2009a). Stimulus–response characteristics of motor evoked potentials and silent periods in proximal and distal upper-extremity muscles. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 19, 574–583. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kuijk, A.A., Pasman, J.W., Hendricks, H.T., Zwarts, M.J., & Geurts, A.C.H. (2009b). Predicting Hand Motor Recovery in Severe Stroke: The Role of Motor Evoked Potentials in Relation to Early Clinical Assessment. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 23, 45–51. doi: 10.1177/1545968308317578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volz, L.J., Hamada, M., Rothwell, J.C., & Grefkes, C. (2014). What makes the muscle twitch: motor system connectivity and TMS-induced activity. Cerebral Cortex, 25, 2346–2353. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, T., Eden, U., Fregni, F., Valero-Cabre, A., Ramos-Estebanez, C., Pronio-Stelluto, V., … Pascual-Leone, A. (2008). Transcranial magnetic stimulation and brain atrophy: A computer-based human brain model study. Experimental Brain Research, 186, 539–550. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-1258-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, T., Eden, U., Rushmore, J., Russo, C.J., Dipietro, L., Fregni, F., … Valero-Cabré, A. (2014). Impact of brain tissue filtering on neurostimulation fields: A modeling study. NeuroImage, 85, 1048–1057. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, T.A., Zahn, M., Grodzinsky, A.J., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2004). Three-dimensional head model simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 51, 1586–1598. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2004.827925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Chen, Y., Guo, M., & Wang, M. (2005). Design of Multi-channel Brain Magnetic Stimulator and ANSYS Simulation. International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism, 7, 259–262.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Wang, J., Deng, B., Wei, X-L., & Li, H.-Y. (2013). The effects of induction electric field on sensitivity of firing rate in a single-compartment neuron model. Neurocomputing, 99, 555–563. doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2012.04.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassermann, E.M., & Zimmermann, T. (2012). Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation: Therapeutic promises and scientific gaps. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 133, 98–107. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman, J.D., Epstein, C.M., & Davey, K.R. (1992). Magnetic brain stimulation and brain size: relevance to animal studies. Electroencephalogr Clinical Neurophysiol, 85, 215–219. doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90135-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson, M.T., Goodwin, D.P., Brownjohn, P.W., Shemmell, J., & Reynolds, J.N.J. (2014). Numerical modelling of plasticity induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 36, 499–514. doi: 10.1007/s10827-013-0485-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windhoff, M., Opitz, A., & Thielscher, A. (2013). Electric field calculations in brain stimulation based on finite elements: An optimized processing pipeline for the generation and usage of accurate individual head models. Human Brain Mapping, 34, 923–935. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, E.W., & Walker, C.F. (1991). Design and practical considerations in the construction of magnetic induction stimulators. Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 13, 857–858. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.1991.684230
   Google Scholar
• Wong, S.H., & Cendes, Z.J. (1989). Numerically stable finite element methods for the Galerkin solution of eddy current problems. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 25, 3019–3021. doi: 10.1109/20.34356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Warren, M.G. (2010). Energy-efficient waveform shapes for neural stimulation revealed with a genetic algorithm. Journal of Neural Engineering, 7, 046009. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/7/4/046009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wongsarnpigoon, A., Woock, J.P., & Grill, W.M. (2010). Efficiency analysis of waveform shape for electrical excitation of nerve fibers. Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, IEEE Transactions on, 18, 319–328. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2010.2047610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, H., Shi, J.H., Hu, X.W., & Liu, J.Z. (2016). The Focusing Optimization of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation System. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 48, 145–154. doi: 10.2528/PIERM16040509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, G., Wang, M., Chen, Y., Yang, S., & Yan, W. (2005). The optimal design of magnetic coil in transcranial magnetic stimulation. Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 27, 6221–6224. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2005.1615917
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi, M., Yamada, S., Daimon, N., Yamamoto, I., Kawakami, T., & Takenaka, T. (1989). Electromagnetic mechanism of magnetic nerve stimulation. Journal of Applied Physics, 66, 1459–1465. doi: 10.1063/1.344421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, S., Xu, G., Wang, L., Chen, Y., Wu, H., Li, Y., & Yang, Q. (2006). 3D realistic head model simulation based on transcranial magnetic stimulation. Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 28, 6469–6472. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260877
   Google Scholar
• Yang, S., Xu, G., Wang, L., Geng, Y., Yu, H., & Yang, Q. (2010). Circular coil array model for transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20, 829–833. doi: 10.1109/TASC.2010.2040379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangen, A., Roth, Y., Voller, B., & Hallett, M. (2005). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: Evidence for efficacy of the H-Coil. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 775–779. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarkowski, P., Shin, C.J., Dang, T., Russo, J., & Avery, D. (2006). EEG and the variance of motor evoked potential amplitude. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 37, 247–251. doi: 10.1177/15x5005940603700316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar