Key updates in the clinical application of electroconvulsive therapy

References

• Abdollahi, M.H., Izadi, A., Hajiesmaeili, M.R., Ghanizadeh, A., Dastjerdi, G., Hosseini, H.A., … Abbasi, H.R. (2012). Effect of etomidate versus thiopental on major depressive disorder in electroconvulsive therapy, a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Journal of ECT, 28, 10–13. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e31822a6b8e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2001). The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging (2nd ed). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2002). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision). The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (Suppl):1–59.
   Google Scholar
• Bergsholm, P. (2012). Patients’ perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy: A reevaluation of the review by Rose et al on memory loss after electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of ECT, 28, 27–30. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e31822d796c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodnar, A., Krzywotulski, M., Lewandowska, A., Chlopocka-Wozniak, M., Bartkowska-Sniatkowska, A., Michalak, M., & Rybakowski, J.K. (2015). Electroconvulsive therapy and cognitive functions in treatment-resistant depression. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 17, 159–164. doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1091501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanpattana, W., Chakrabhand, M.L., Sackeim, H.A., Kitaroonchai, W., Kongsakon, R., Techakasem, P., … Kirdcharoen, N. (1999a). Continuation ECT in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A controlled study. Journal of ECT, 15, 178–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanpattana, W., Chakrabhand, M.L., Kirdcharoen, N., Tuntirungsee, Y., Techakasem, P., & Prasertsuk, Y. (1999b). The use of the stabilization period in electroconvulsive therapy research in schizophrenia: II. Implementation. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 82, 558–568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, S.T. (2011). Remifentanil: A review of its use in electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of ECT, 27, 323–327. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e31821072d2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J., Lisanby, S.H., Medalia, A., & Prudic, J. (2011). A conceptual introduction to cognitive remediation for memory deficits associated with right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of ECT, 27, 286–291. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e31821d3ab3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Z.D., Lisanby, S.H., & Peterchev, A.V. (2013). Controlling stimulation strength and focality in electroconvulsive therapy via current amplitude and electrode size and spacing: Comparison with magnetic seizure therapy. Journal of ECT, 29, 325–335. doi:10.1097/YCT.10.1097/YCT.0b013e3182a4b4a7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devanand, D.P., Decina, P., Sackeim, H.A., & Prudic, J. (1988). Status epilepticus following ECT in a patient receiving theophylline. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 153. doi:10.1097/00004714-198804000-00027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVivo, D.C., Malas, K.L., & Leckie, M.P. (1975). Starvation and seizures. Observation on the electroconvulsive threshold and cerebral metabolism of the starved adult rat. JAMA Neurology, 32, 755–760. doi:10.1001/archneur.1975.00490530077008
   Google Scholar
• Dybedal, G.S., Tanum, L., Sundet, K., & Bjølseth, T.M. (2015). The role of baseline cognitive function in the neurocognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29, 487–508. doi:10.1080/13854046.2015.1050457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernie, G., Bennett, D.M., Currie, J., Perrin, J.S., & Reid, I.C. (2014). Detecting objective and subjective cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy: Intensity, duration and test utility in a large clinical sample. Psychological Medicine, 44, 2985–2994. doi:10.1017/S0033291714000658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaziuddin, N. & Walter, G. (Eds.). (2013). Electroconvulsive Therapy in Children and Adolescents. New York. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaziuddin, N., Kutcher, S.P., Knapp, P., Bernet,W., Arnold, V., Beitchman, J., … Ptakowski, K.; Work Group on Quality Issues; AACAP. (2004). Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1521–1539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G.M., Bowden, C., Licht, R.W., Moller, H.J., Kasper, S.; WFSBP Task Force On Treatment Guidelines For Bipolar Disorders. (2009). The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: Update 2009 on the treatment of acute mania. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 10, 85–116. doi:10.3109/15622970903555881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan, A., Falkai, P., Wobrock, T., Lieberman, J., Glenthoj, B., Gattaz, W.F., … Möller, HJ; WFSBP Task force on Treatment Guidelines for Schizophrenia. (2012). World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia, part 1: Update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 13, 318–378. doi:10.3109/15622975.2012.696143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermida, A.P., Henderson, S., Tang, Y., Galendez, G., Goldstein, F., Loring, D., … McDonald, W. (2015). Validation of a Brief Cognitive Tool (ECA) Designed Specifically for Use During and After Electroconvulsive Therapy ISEN abstracts. Journal of ECT, 31, e32–e39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalogerakou, S., Oulis, P., Anyfandi, E., Konstantakopoulos, G., Papakosta, V.-M., Dimitrios, K., … Tsaltas, E. (2015). Episodic visual learning/memory and attentional flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder after clinically effective electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of ECT, 31, 246–252. doi:10.1017/S0033291710001443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner, C.H., Husain, M.M., Knapp, R.G., McCall, W.V., Petrides, G., Rudorfer, M.V., … Lisanby, S.H.; CORE/PRIDE Work Group. (2016). A novel strategy for continuation ECT in geriatric depression: Phase 2 of the PRIDE study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 1110–1118. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16010118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner, C.H., Knapp, R.G., Petrides, G., Rummans, T.A., Husain, M.M., Rasmussen, K., … Fink, M. (2006). Continuation electroconvulsive therapy vs pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in major depression (CORE Study). Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1337. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, M.F., Allard, J., Pâquet, M., & Marcotte, P. (2015). Impact of an oral theophylline loading dose pre-electroconvulsive therapy: A retrospective study in patients with missed or inadequate seizures. Journal of ECT, 31, 37–42. doi:10.1097/YCT.0000000000000154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R.C., Chiu, W.T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K.R., & Walters, E.E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kho, K.H., van Vreeswijk, M.F., Simpson, S., & Zwinderman, A.H. (2003). A meta-analysis of electroconvulsive therapy efficacy in depression. Journal of ECT, 19, 139–147. doi:10.1097/00124509-200309000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirov, G.G., Owen, L., Ballard, H., Leighton, A., Hannigan, K., Llewellyn, D., … Atkins, M. (2016). Evaluation of cumulative cognitive deficits from electroconvulsive therapy. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208, 266–270. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krystal, A.D., Weiner, R.D., Dean, M.D., Lindahl, V.H., Tramontozzi, L.A., Falcone, G., & Coffey, C.E. (2003). Comparison of seizure duration, ictal EEG, and cognitive effects of ketamine and methohexital anesthesia with ECT. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 15, 27–34. doi:10.1176/jnp.15.1.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lally, J., Tully, J., Robertson, D., Stubbs, B., Gaughran, F., & MacCabe, J.H. (2016). Augmentation of clozapine with electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 171, 215–224. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauritzen, L., Odgaard, K., Clemmesen, L., Lunde, M., Ohrström, J., Black, C., & Bech, P. (1996). Relapse prevention by means of paroxetine in ECT-treated patients with major depression: A comparison with imipramine and placebo in medium-term continuation therapy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman, A.F., Lieberman, J.A., Dixon, L.B., McGlashan, T.H., Miller, A.L., Perkins, D.O., & Kreyenbuhl, J. (2004). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy-Rueff, M., Gourevitch, R., Lôo, H., Olié, J.P., & Amado, I. (2010). Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy: An alternative treatment for refractory schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Psychiatry Research, 175, 280–283. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2007.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, C., Simpson, B. & MacPherson, R. (2010). Augmentation strategies in electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of ECT, 26, 202–207. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181e48143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchini, F., Medda, P., Mariani, M.G., Mauri, M., Toni, C., & Perugi, G. (2015). Electroconvulsive therapy in catatonic patients: Efficacy and predictors of response. World Journal of Psychiatry, 5, 182–192. doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i2.182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medda, P., Toni, C., Luchini, F., Giorgi Mariani, M., Mauri, M. & Perugi, G. (2015). Catatonia in 26 patients with bipolar disorder: Clinical features and response to electroconvulsive therapy. Bipolar Disorder, 17, 892–901. doi:10.1111/bdi.12348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minnai, G.P., Salis, P.G., Oppo, R., Loche, A.P., Scano, F., & Tondo, L. (2011). Effectiveness of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Journal of ECT, 27, 123–126. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181dbf797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, S., Sackeim, H.A. & Schnur, D.B. (1994). Electroconvulsive therapy of acute manic episodes: A review of 50 years’ experience. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 169–176. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.2.169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, S., Sackeim, H.S., & Lee, C. (1988). Unilateral ECT in the treatment of manic episodes. Convulsive Therapy, 4, 74–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller, D. (1961). 1. Nardil (phenelzine) as a potentiator of electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.). 2. A survey of outpatient E.C.T. Journal of Mental Science, 107, 994–996. doi:10.1192/bjp.107.451.994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordenskjöld, A., von Knorring, L., Ljung, T., Carlborg, A., Brus, O., & Engström,, I. (2013). Continuation electroconvulsive therapy with pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy alone for prevention of relapse of depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of ECT, 29, 89–92. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e318276591f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera, T.D., Luber, B., Nobler, M.S., Prudic, J., Anderson, C., & Sackeim, H.A. (2004). Seizure expression during electroconvulsive therapy: Relationships with clinical outcome and cognitive side effects. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 813–825. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, G., Tobias, K.G., Kellner, C.H., & Rudorfer, M.V. (2011). Continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for mood disorders: Review of the literature. Neuropsychobiology, 64, 129–140. doi:10.1159/000328943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, G., Malur, C., Braga, R.J., Bailine, S.H., Schooler, N.R., Malhotra, A.K., … Mendelowitz, A. (2015). Electroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: A prospective, randomized study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 52–58. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13060787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigot, M., Andrade, C., & Loo, C. (2008). Pharmacological attenuation of electroconvulsive therapy-induced cognitive deficits: Theoretical background and clinical findings. Journal of ECT, 24, 57–67. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181616c14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piras, F., Borella, E., Incoccia, C., & Carlesimo, G.A. (2011). Evidence-based practice recommendations for memory rehabilitation. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 47, 149–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prudic, J., Haskett, R.F., McCall, W.V., Isenberg, K., Cooper, T., Rosenquist, P.B., … Sackeim, H.A. (2013). Pharmacological strategies in the prevention of relapse after electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of ECT, 29, 3–12. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e31826ea8c4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radman, T. & Lisanby, S. H., (2017). New directions in the rational design of electrical and magnetic seizure therapies: Individualize Low Amplitude Seizure Therapy (iLAST) and Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST). International Review Of Psychiatry, 29. doi:10.1080/09540261.2017.1304898
   Google Scholar
• Raveendranathan, D., Narayanaswamy, J.C., & Reddi, S.V. (2012). Response rates of catatonia to electroconvulsive therapy and its clinical correlates. European Archives Psychiatry Clinical Neurosci, 262, 425–430. doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0285-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, D., Fleischmann, P., Wykes, T., Leese, M., & Bindman, J. (2003). Patients’ perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy: Systematic review. British Medical Journal, 326, 1363–1367. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7403.1363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush, A.J., Trivedi, M.H., Wisniewski, S.R., Nierenberg, A.A., Stewart, J.W., Warden, D., … Fava, M. (2006). Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR*D Report. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1905–1917. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim, H.A., Haskett, R.F., Mulsant, B.H., Thase, M.E., Mann, J.J., Pettinati, H.M., … Prudic, J. (2001). Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 285, 1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim, H.A., Dillingham, E.M., Prudic, J., Cooper, T., McCall, W.V., Rosenquist, P., … Haskett, R.F. (2009). Effect of concomitant pharmacotherapy on electroconvulsive therapy outcomes: Short-term efficacy and adverse effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 729–737. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahlem, G.L., Short, E.B., Kerns, S., Snipes, J., DeVries, W., Fox, J.B., …. Sackeim, H.A. (2016). Expanded safety and efficacy data for a new method of performing electroconvulsive therapy: Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy. Journal of ECT, 32, 197–203. doi:10.1097/YCT.0000000000000328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, A.I. (2014). Hyperventilation and seizure quality. Journal of ECT, 30, e39. doi:10.1097/YCT.0000000000000162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seager, C.P., & Bird, R.L. (1962). Imipramine with electrical treatment in depression-a controlled trial. Journal of Mental Science, 108, 704–707. doi:10.1192/bjp.108.456.704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semkovska, M., & McLoughlin, D.M. (2010). Objective cognitive performance associated with electroconvulsive therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 568–577. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semkovska, M., & McLoughlin, D.M. (2013). Measuring retrograde autobiographical amnesia following electroconvulsive therapy: Historical perspective and current issues. Journal of ECT, 29, 127–133. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e318279c2c9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sienaert, P., Dhossche, D.M., Vancampfort, D., De Hert, M., & Gazdag, G. (2014). A clinical review of the treatment of catatonia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 181. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikdar, S., Kulhara, P., Avasthi, A., & Singh, H. (1994). Combined chlorpromazine and electroconvulsive therapy in mania. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 806–810. doi:10.1192/bjp.164.6.806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberstein, P. (1967). The Effect Of Dehydration On The Seizure Threshold And Electrolyte Content Of Brain In Rats. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 3, 156–160. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1967.tb01701.x
   Google Scholar
• Small, J.G., Klapper, M.H., Kellams, J.J., Miller, M.J., Milstein, V., Sharpley, P.H., & Small, I.F. (1988). Electroconvulsive treatment compared with lithium in the management of manic states. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 727–732. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320037004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G.E., Rasmussen, K.G. Jr., Cullum, C.M., Felmlee-Devine, M.D., Petrides, G., Rummans, T.A., … Kellner, C.H.; CORE Investigators. (2010). A randomized controlled trial comparing the memory effects of continuation electroconvulsive therapy versus continuation pharmacotherapy: Results from the Consortium for Research in ECT (CORE) study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 185–193. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04797gre
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreij, L.A., Visser-Meily, J.M.A., van Heugten, C.M., & Nijboer, T.C.W. (2014). Novel insights into the rehabilitation of memory post acquired brain injury: A systematic review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 993. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki, K., Takano, T., Ebina, Y., Takamatsu, K., Awata, S. & Matsuoka, H. (2007). Continuation electroconvulsive therapy to prevent relapse of schizophrenia in relapse-prone patients. Journal of ECT, 23, 204–205. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3180544972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinyard, E.A., Toman, J.E.P., & Goodman, L.S., (1946). The Effect of Cellular Hydration on Experimental Electroshock Convulsions. American Physiological Society, 47–54.
   Google Scholar
• Tharyan, P., & Adams, C.E. (2005). Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD000076.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UK ECT Review Group. (2003). Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 361, 799–808. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12705-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanelle, J.M., Loo, H., Galinowski, A., de Carvalho, W., Bourdel, M.C., Brochier, P., … Olie, P. (1994). Maintenance ECT in intractable manic-depressive disorders. Convulsive Therapy, 10, 195–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verwijk, E., Comijs, H.C., Kok, R.M., Spaans, H.P., Tielkes, C.E., Scherder, E.J., & Stek, M.L. (2014). Short- and long-term neurocognitive functioning after electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly: A prospective naturalistic study. International Psychogeriatrics, 26, 315–324. doi:10.1017/S1041610213001932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner, R.D., Rogers, H.J., Davidson, J.R.T., & Squire, L.R. (1986). Effects of stimulus parameters on cognitive side effects. Annals NY Academy of Sciences, 462, 315–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner, R., Lisanby, S.H., Husain, M.M., Morales, O.G., Maixner, D.F., Hall, S.E., … Greden, J.F.; National Network of Depression Centers. (2013). Electroconvulsive therapy device classification: Response to FDA advisory panel hearing and recommendations. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74, 38–42. doi:10.4088/JCP.12cs08260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi, J., Torres, J., Azner, Y., Vaidya, P., Schiavi, A., & Reti, I.M. (2012). Flumazenil pretreatment in benzodiazepine-free patients: A novel method for managing declining ECT seizure quality. Journal of ECT, 28, 185–189. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3182507752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zervas, I.M., Theleritis, C. & Soldatos, C.R. (2012). Using ECT in schizophrenia: A review from a clinical perspective. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 13, 96–105. doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.564653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar