362
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Psychiatric comorbidity in Wilson’s disease

, , &
Pages 445-462 | Received 31 Jan 2017, Accepted 23 Mar 2017, Published online: 06 Jul 2017

References

  • Akil, M., & Brewer, G.J. (1994). Psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities in Wilson's disease. Advances in Neurology, 65, 171–178.
  • Akil, M., Schwartz, J.A., Dutchak, D., Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, V., & Brewer, G.J. (1991). The psychiatric presentations of Wilson's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 3, 377–382. doi:10.1176/jnp.3.4.377
  • Ala, A., Borjigin, J., Rochwarger, A., & Schilsky, M. (2005). Wilson disease in septuagenarian siblings: Raising the bar for diagnosis. Hepatology, 41, 668–670. doi:10.1002/hep.20601
  • Ala, A., Walker, A.P., Ashkan, K., Dooley, J.S., & Schilsky, M.L. (2007). Wilson's disease. The Lancet, 369, 397–408. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2
  • Araújo-de-Freitas, L., Rocha, M., Gondim, V., Quarantini, L., & Miranda-Scippa, A. (2014). Major depression caused by Wilson's disease. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 36, 184. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1188
  • Aravind, V.K., Krishnaram, V.D., Neethiarau, V., & Srinivasan, K.G. (2009). Wilson's disease–A rare psychiatric presentation. Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 107, 456–457.
  • Bearn, A.G. (1959). A genetical analysis of thirty families with Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). Annals of Human Genetics, 24, 33–43. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1959.tb01713.x
  • Beinhardt, S., Leiss, W., Stättermayer, A.F., Graziadei, I., Zoller, H., Stauber, R., … Vogel, W. (2014). Long-term outcomes of patients with Wilson disease in a large Austrian cohort. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 12, 683–689.
  • Bem, R.S.D., Muzzillo, D.A., Deguti, M.M., Barbosa, E.R., Werneck, L.C., & Teive, H.A.G. (2011). Wilson's disease in southern Brazil: A 40-year follow-up study. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 66, 411–416. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322011000300008
  • Bidaki, R., Zarei, M., Mirhosseini, S.M., Moghadami, S., Hejrati, M., Kohnavard, M., & Shariati, B. (2012). Mismanagement of Wilson's disease as psychotic disorder. Advanced Biomedical Research, 1, 61. doi:10.4103/2277-9175.100182
  • Brewer, G.J. (1994). Interactions of zinc and molybdenum with copper in therapy of Wilson's disease. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif), 11, 114–116.
  • Brewer, G.J. (2001). Wilson’s Disease: A Clinician's Guide to Recognition, Diagnosis, and Management. Springer Science & Business Media. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Brewer, G.J., Askari, F., Lorincz, M.T., Carlson, M., Schilsky, M., Kluin, K.J., … Dick, R.B. (2006). Treatment of Wilson disease with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate: IV. Comparison of tetrathiomolybdate and trientine in a double-blind study of treatment of the neurologic presentation of Wilson disease. Archives of Neurology, 63, 521–527. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.4.521
  • Brewer, G.J., Terry, C.A., Aisen, A.M., & Hill, G.M. (1987). Worsening of neurologic syndrome in patients with Wilson's disease with initial penicillamine therapy. Archives of Neurology, 44, 490–493. doi:10.1001/archneur.1987.00520170020016
  • Brewer, G.J., Turkay, A., & Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, V. (1994). Development of neurologic symptoms in a patient with asymptomatic Wilson's disease treated with penicillamine. Archives of Neurology, 51, 304–305. doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540150106026
  • Brown, N.C., Andreazza, A.C., & Young, L.T. (2014). An updated meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 218, 61–68. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.005
  • Carr, A., & McDonnell, D.J. (1986). Wilson's disease in an adolescent displaying an adjustment reaction to a series of life stressors: A case study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 697–700. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00194.x
  • Carta, M.G., Mura, G., Sorbello, O., Farina, G., & Demelia, L. (2012). Quality of life and psychiatric symptoms in Wilson's Disease: The Relevance of Bipolar Disorders. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, 8, 102–109.
  • Carta, M.G., Saba, L., Moro, M.F., Demelia, E., Sorbello, O., Pintus, M., … Demelia, L. (2015). Homogeneous magnetic resonance imaging of brain abnormalities in bipolar spectrum disorders comorbid with Wilson's disease. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37, 134–138.
  • Carta, M.G., Sorbello, O., Moro, M.F., Bhat, K.M., Demelia, E., Serra, A., … Demelia, L. (2012). Bipolar disorders and Wilson's disease. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 52.
  • Chahine, L.M., & Chemali, Z.N. (2006). The bane of a silent illness: When Wilson's disease takes its course. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 36, 333–338. doi:10.2190/1A0B-2M98-0VVE-485R
  • Chakraborty, S., Sanyal, D., & Bannerjee, N. (2015). A case series of Wilson’s disease presenting with psychiatric manifestations. Journal of Research in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 17–20.
  • Chan, K.H., Cheung, R.T.F., Au-Yeung, K.M., Mak, W., Cheng, T.S., & Ho, S.L. (2005). Wilson’s disease with depression and Parkinsonism. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 12, 303–305. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2004.09.005
  • Chand, P.K., & Murthy, P. (2006). Mania as a presenting symptom of Wilson's disease. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 18, 47–49. doi:10.1111/j.0924-2708.2006.00108.x
  • Chou, Y.H., Wang, S.J., Lin, C.L., Mao, W.C., Lee, S.M., & Liao, M.H. (2010). Decreased brain serotonin transporter binding in the euthymic state of bipolar I but not bipolar II disorder: A SPECT study. Bipolar Disorders, 12, 312–318. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00800.x
  • Coffey, A.J., Durkie, M., Hague, S., McLay, K., Emmerson, J., Lo, C., … Mieli-Vergani, G. (2013). A genetic study of Wilson's disease in the United Kingdom. Brain, 136, 1476–1487. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt035
  • Crumley, F.E. (1990). Pitfalls of diagnosis in the early stages of Wilson's disease. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 470–471. doi:10.1097/00004583-199005000-00022
  • Członkowska, A., Tarnacka, B., Litwin, T., Gajda, J., & Rodo, M. (2005). Wilson's disease-cause of mortality in 164 patients during 1992–2003 observation period. Journal of Neurology, 252, 698–703.
  • Davis, E.J., & Borde, M. (1993). Wilson's disease and catatonia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 256–259. doi:10.1192/bjp.162.2.256
  • Dedoussis, G.V.Z., Genschel, J., Sialvera, T.E., Bochow, B., Manolaki, N., Manios, Y., … Schmidt, H. (2005). Wilson disease: High prevalence in a mountainous area of Crete. Annals of Human Genetics, 69, 268–274.
  • Dening, T.R. (1985). Psychiatric aspects of Wilson's disease. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 677–682. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.6.677
  • Dening, T.R., & Berrios, G.E. (1989a). Wilson's disease. Psychiatric symptoms in 195 cases. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1126–1134.
  • Dening, T.R., & Berrios, G.E. (1989b). Wilson's disease: A prospective study of psychopathology in 31 cases. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 206–213.
  • Dening, T.R., & Berrios, G.E. (1990). Wilson's disease: A longitudinal study of psychiatric symptoms. Biological Psychiatry, 28, 255–265. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(90)90581-L
  • de Sousa, R.T., Zarate, C.A., Zanetti, M.V., Costa, A.C., Talib, L.L., Gattaz, W.F., & Machado-Vieira, R. (2014). Oxidative stress in early stage bipolar disorder and the association with response to lithium. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 50, 36–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.011
  • Devarbhavi, H., Singh, R.S., Ck, A., Sheth, K.A., Balaraju, G., Patil, M., & Ks, P. (2012). The clinical, laboratory characteristics, natural history and outcome in 201 patients with Wilson disease. Hepatology, 56, 826A–827A.
  • Dubbioso, R., Ranucci, G., Esposito, M., Di Dato, F., Topa, A., Quarantelli, M., … Iorio, R. (2016). Subclinical neurological involvement does not develop if Wilson's disease is treated early. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 24, 15–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.01024.
  • Dusek, P., Litwin, T., & Czlonkowska, A. (2015). Wilson disease and other neurodegenerations with metal accumulations. Neurologic Clinics, 33, 175–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.006
  • Eggers, B., Hermann, W., Barthel, H., Sabri, O., Wagner, A., & Hesse, S. (2003). The degree of depression in Hamilton rating scale is correlated with the density of presynaptic serotonin transporters in 23 patients with Wilson's disease. Journal of Neurology, 250, 576–580. doi:10.1007/s00415-003-1039-7
  • Ehmann, T.S., Beninger, R.J., Gawel, M.J., & Riopelle, R.J. (1990). Depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A comparison with disabled control subjects. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 3, 3–9. doi:10.1177/089198879000300102
  • El-Youssef, M. (2003). Wilson disease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 78, 1126–1136. doi:10.4065/78.9.1126
  • European Association For The Study Of The Liver. (2012). EASL clinical practice guidelines: Wilson’s disease. Journal of Hepatology, 56, 671–685.
  • Ferenci, P., Litwin, T., Seniow, J., & Czlonkowska, A. (2015). Encephalopathy in Wilson disease: Copper toxicity or liver failure? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 5, S88–S95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2014.09.002
  • Fernández-Jiménez, E., & Arnett, P.A. (2015). Impact of neurological impairment, depression, cognitive function and coping on quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis: A relative importance analysis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 21, 1468–1472. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458514562439
  • Glass, J.D., Reich, S.G., & DeLong, M.R. (1990). Wilson's disease: Development of neurological disease after beginning penicillamine therapy. Archives of Neurology, 47, 595–596. doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530050119022
  • González-Estecha, M., Trasobares, E.M., Tajima, K., Cano, S., Fernández, C., López, J.L., … Fuentenebro, F. (2011). Trace elements in bipolar disorder. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 25, S78–S83.
  • Gromadzka, G., Karpińska, A., Przybyłkowski, A., Litwin, T., Wierzchowska-Ciok, A., Dzieżyc, K., … Członkowska, A. (2014). Treatment with D-penicillamine or zinc sulphate affects copper metabolism and improves but not normalizes antioxidant capacity parameters in Wilson disease. Biometals, 27, 207–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-013-9694-3
  • Grover, S., Sarkar, S., Jhanda, S., & Chawla, Y. (2014). Psychosis in an adolescent with Wilson's disease: A case report and review of the literature. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 395–398. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.146530
  • Hassan, A., & Masood, F. (2004). Wilson's disease: A review. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 54, 479–484.
  • Huang, C.C., & Chu, N.S. (1992). Wilson's disease: Clinical analysis of 71 cases and comparison with previous Chinese series. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, Taiwan Yi Zhi, 91, 502–507.
  • Jayaswal, S.K., Lal, P., Nepal, M.K., & Wig, N.N. (1984). Wilson's disease presenting with schizophrenia like psychosis: A case report. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 245–247.
  • Jukić, I., Titlić, M., Tonkić, A., Dodig, G., & Rogosić, V. (2006). Psychosis and Wilson's disease: A case report. Psychiatria Danubina, 18, 105–107.
  • Keller, R., Torta, R., Lagget, M., Crasto, S., & Bergamasco, B. (1999). Psychiatric symptoms as late onset of Wilson's disease: Neuroradiological findings, clinical features and treatment. Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 20, 49–54. doi:10.1007/s100720050010
  • Kenar, A.N.I., & Menteseoglu, H. (2014). Manic episode induced by discontinuance of D-penicillamine treatment in Wilson's Disease. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 381–383. doi:https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20131021025658
  • Kodama, H., Fujisawa, C., & Bhadhprasit, W. (2012). Inherited copper transport disorders: Biochemical mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. Current Drug Metabolism, 13, 237–250. doi:10.2174/138920012799320455
  • Kontaxakis, V., Stefanis, C., Markidis, M., & Tserpe, V. (1988). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with Wilson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 51, 1001–1002. doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.7.1001
  • Krishnakumar, P., & Riyaz, A. (2005). Wilson's disease presenting as depressive disorder. Indian Pediatrics, 42, 1172–1173.
  • Krstić, D., Antonijević, J., & Špirić, Ž. (2014). Atypical case of Wilson's disease with psychotic onset, low 24 hour urine copper and the absence of Kayser-Fleischer rings. Vojnosanitetski Pregled, 71, 1155–1158.
  • Kulaksizoglu, I.B., & Polat, A. (2003). Quetiapine for mania with Wilson's disease. Psychosomatics, 44, 438–439. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.44.5.438
  • Kumar, R.K., Taly, A.B., Nair, K.P.S., Sinha, S., Prashanth, L.K., Vidya, N., … Rao, S. (2008). Quality of life in Wilson's disease. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 11, 37–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.40224
  • Kumar, R., Datta, S., Jayaseelan, L., Gnanmuthu, C., & Kuruvilla, K. (1996). The psychiatric aspects of Wilson's disease-A study from a neurology unit. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 208–211.
  • Kumawat, B.L., Sharma, C.M., Tripathi, G., Ralot, T., & Dixit, S. (2008). Wilson's disease presenting as isolated obsessive-compulsive disorder. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 61, 607–610. doi:10.4103/0019-5359.37047
  • Lang, C., Müller, D., Claus, D., & Druschky, K.F. (1990). Neuropsychological findings in treated Wilson's disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 81, 75–81.
  • Leggio, L., Ferrulli, A., Mirijello, A., Abenavoli, L., Di Giuda, D., Funiciello, S., … Addolorato, G. (2007). Penicillamine-related lichenoid dermatitis and utility of zinc acetate in a Wilson disease patient with hepatic presentation, anxiety and SPECT abnormalities. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 20, 185–190.
  • Lin, J.J., Lin, K.L., Wang, H.S., & Wong, M.C. (2006). Psychological presentations without hepatic involvement in Wilson disease. Pediatric Neurology, 35, 284–286. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.04.004
  • Lin, L.J., Wang, D.X., Ding, N.N., Lin, Y., Jin, Y., & Zheng, C.Q. (2014). Comprehensive analysis on clinical features of Wilson’s disease: An experience over 28 years with 133 cases. Neurological Research, 36, 157–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000262
  • Lingam, S., Wilson, J., Nazer, H., & Mowat, A.P. (1987). Neurological abnormalities in Wilson's disease are reversible. Neuropediatrics, 18, 11–12. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1052427
  • Litwin, T., Chabik, G., & Członkowska, A. (2013). Acute focal dystonia induced by a tricyclic antidepressant in a patient with Wilson disease: A case report. Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska, 47, 502–506.
  • Litwin, T., Dzieżyc, K., Karliński, M., Chabik, G., Czepiel, W., & Członkowska, A. (2015). Early neurological worsening in patients with Wilson's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 355, 162–167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.010
  • Litwin, T., Dzieżyc, K., Karliński, M., Szafrański, T., & Członkowska, A. (2016). Psychiatric disturbances as a first clinical symptom of Wilson's disease – Case report. Psychiatria Polska, 50, 337–344. doi:https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/45218
  • Litwin, T., Gromadzka, G., & Członkowska, A. (2012). Gender differences in Wilson's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 312, 31–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2011.08.028
  • Litwin, T., Gromadzka, G., Samochowiec, J., Grzywacz, A., Członkowski, A., & Członkowska, A. (2013). Association of dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms with the clinical course of Wilson disease. JIMD Reports, 8, 73–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/8904_2012_163
  • Loganathan, S., Nayak, R., Sinha, S., Taly, A.B., Math, S., & Varghese, M. (2008). Treating mania in Wilson's disease with lithium. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 20, 487–489. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.4.487
  • Loudianos, G., Dessi, V., Lovicu, M., Angius, A., Figus, A., Lilliu, F., … Pirastu, M. (1999). Molecular characterization of Wilson disease in the Sardinian population–evidence of a founder effect. Human Mutation, 14, 294–303.
  • Lowette, K.F., Desmet, K., Witters, P., Laleman, W., Verslype, C., Nevens, F., … Cassiman, D.M. (2010). Wilson's disease: Long-term follow-up of a cohort of 24 patients treated with D-penicillamine. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 22, 564–571. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283353df8
  • Machado, A., Fen Chien, H., Mitiko Deguti, M., Cançado, E., Soares Azevedo, R., Scaff, M., & Reis Barbosa, E. (2006). Neurological manifestations in Wilson's disease: Report of 119 cases. Movement Disorders, 21, 2192–2196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21170
  • Machado, A.C., Deguti, M.M., Caixeta, L., Spitz, M., Lucato, L.T., & Barbosa, E.R. (2008). Mania as the first manifestation of Wilson's disease. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 447–450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00531.x
  • Matarazzo, E.B. (2002). Psychiatric features and disturbance of circadian rhythm of temperature, pulse, and blood pressure in Wilson's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 14, 335–339. doi:10.1176/jnp.14.3.335
  • McDonald, L.V., & Lake, C.R. (1995). Psychosis in an adolescent patient with Wilson's disease: Effects of chelation therapy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 202–204. doi:10.1097/00006842-199503000-00013
  • McDonnell, G.V., & Esmonde, T.F.G. (1999). A homesick student. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 75, 375–378. doi:10.1136/pgmj.75.884.375
  • Medici, V., Mirante, V.G., Fassati, L.R., Pompili, M., Forti, D., Del Gaudio, M., … Fagiuoli, S. (2005). Liver transplantation for Wilson's disease: The burden of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Liver Transplantation, 11, 1056–1063.
  • Medici, V., Trevisan, C.P., D'incà, R., Barollo, M., Zancan, L., Fagiuoli, S., … Sturniolo, G.C. (2006). Diagnosis and management of Wilson's disease: Results of a single center experience. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 40, 936–941.
  • Millard, H., Zimbrean, P., & Martin, A. (2015). Delay in diagnosis of Wilson disease in children with insidious psychiatric symptoms: A case report and review of the literature. Psychosomatics, 56, 700–705. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2015.07.008
  • Mitra, S., Ray, A.K., & Roy, S. (2014). Control of Mania With Chelation-Only in a Case of Wilson’s Disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 26, E06–E06. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12110271
  • Modai, I., Karp, L., Liberman, U.A., & Munitz, H. (1985). Penicillamine therapy for schizophreniform psychosis in Wilson's disease. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173, 698–701. doi:10.1097/00005053-198511000-00009
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D.G. & Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6, e1000097. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  • Müller, J.L. (1999). Schizophrenia-like symptoms in the Westphal-Strümpell Form of Wilson's Disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 11, 412.
  • Mura, G., Bhat, K.M., Pisano, A., Licci, G., & Carta, M.G. (2012). Psychiatric symptoms and quality of life in systemic sclerosis. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH, 8, 30–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901208010030
  • Nagafusa, Y., Okamoto, N., Sakamoto, K., Yamashita, F., Kawaguchi, A., Higuchi, T., & Matsuda, H. (2012). Assessment of cerebral blood flow findings using 99mTc-ECD single-photon emission computed tomography in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 140, 296–299. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.026
  • Nayak, R.B., Shetageri, V.N., Bhogale, G.S., Patil, N.M., Chate, S.S., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2012). Catatonia: A rare presenting symptom of Wilson's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 24, E34–E35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11070169
  • Nazariah, A.H., Aisah, A.R., Anita, C., Yeoh, S.H., & Ng, C.G. (2011). Psychiatric Presentation in Wilson disease-Report of Two Cases. Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 20.
  • Negro, P.J., & Louzá Neto, M.R. (1995). Results of ECT for a case of depression in Wilson's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7, 384.
  • Oder, W., Grimm, G., Kollegger, H., Ferenci, P., Schneider, B., & Deecke, L. (1991). Neurological and neuropsychiatric spectrum of Wilson's disease: A prospective study of 45 cases. Journal of Neurology, 238, 281–287.
  • Oder, W., Prayer, L., Grimm, G., Spatt, J., Ferenci, P., Kollegger, H., … Deecke, L. (1993). Wilson's disease evidence of subgroups derived from clinical findings and brain lesions. Neurology, 43, 120–124.
  • Oquendo, M.A., Hastings, R.S., Huang, Y.Y., Simpson, N., Ogden, R.T., Hu, X.Z., … Parsey, R.V. (2007). Brain serotonin transporter binding in depressed patients with bipolar disorder using positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 201–208.
  • Özcan, Ö., & Selimoğlu, M.A. (2009). Self-injury behavior in an adolescent with Wilson’s disease. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 761–762. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0040-9
  • Patil, M., Sheth, K.A., Krishnamurthy, A.C., & Devarbhavi, H. (2013). A review and current perspective on Wilson disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 3, 321–336. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2013.06.002
  • Pellecchia, M.T., Criscuolo, C., Longo, K., Campanella, G., Filla, A., & Barone, P. (2003). Clinical presentation and treatment of Wilson's disease: A single-centre experience. European Neurology, 50, 48–52. doi:10.1159/000070858
  • Piga, M., Murru, A., Satta, L., Serra, A., Sias, A., Loi, G., … Demelia, L. (2008). Brain MRI and SPECT in the diagnosis of early neurological involvement in Wilson’s disease. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 35, 716–724. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-007-0681-1
  • Prashanth, L.K., Taly, A.B., Sinha, S., Arunodaya, G.R., & Swamy, H.S. (2004). Wilson’s disease: Diagnostic errors and clinical implications. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 75, 907–909.
  • Rich, A.M., & Lajoie, T.M. (2012). Wilson's disease-treatment of psychiatric manifestations in pregnancy. Psychosomatics, 53, 175–177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2012.01.002
  • Roberts, E.A., & Schilsky, M.L. (2008). Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: An update. Hepatology, 47, 2089–2111. doi:10.1002/hep.22261
  • Rodrigues, A.C., Dalgalarrondo, P., & Banzato, C.E. (2004). Successful ECT in a patient with a psychiatric presentation of Wilson's disease. The Journal of ECT, 20, 55. doi:10.1097/00124509-200403000-00017
  • Rodriguez-Castro, K.I., Hevia-Urrutia, F.J., & Sturniolo, G.C. (2015). Wilson's disease: A review of what we have learned. World Journal of Hepatology, 7, 2859–2870. doi:https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i29.2859
  • Rosenblatt, A., & Leroi, I. (2000). Neuropsychiatry of Huntington's disease and other basal ganglia disorders. Psychosomatics, 41, 24–30. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(00)71170-4
  • Rosencrantz, R., & Schilsky, M. (2011). Wilson disease: Pathogenesis and clinical considerations in diagnosis and treatment. Seminars in Liver Disease, 31, 245–259. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1286056
  • Rybakowski, J.K., Litwin, T., Chlopocka-Wozniak, M., & Czlonkowska, A. (2013). Lithium treatment of a bipolar patient with Wilson's disease: A case report. Pharmacopsychiatry, 46, 120–121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1323784
  • Sahoo, M.K., Avasthi, A., Sahoo, M., Modi, M., & Biswas, P. (2010). Psychiatric manifestations of Wilson's disease and treatment with electroconvulsive therapy. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 66–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.58898
  • Sahu, J.K., Singhi, P., & Malhotra, S. (2013). Late occurrence of isolated obsessive-compulsive behavior in a boy with Wilson's disease on treatment. Journal of Child Neurology, 28, 277. doi:10.1177/0883073812465011
  • Scheinberg, I.H., Sternlieb, I., Schilsky, M., & Stockert, R.J. (1987). Penicillamine may detoxify copper in Wilson's disease. The Lancet, 330, 95. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92753-X
  • Sechi, G., Cocco, G.A., Errigo, A., Deiana, L., Rosati, G., Agnetti, V., … Pes, G.M. (2007). Three sisters with very-late-onset major depression and Parkinsonism. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 13, 122–125.
  • Seniów, J., Mroziak, B., Czlonkowska, A., & Jedryka-Góral, A. (2003). Self-rated emotional functioning of patients with neurological or asymptomatic form of Wilson's disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 367–373.
  • Shah, H., & Vankar, G.K. (2003). Wilson's Disease: A case report. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 253–254.
  • Shah, N., & Kumar, D. (1997). Wilson's disease, psychosis, and ECT. Convulsive Therapy, 13, 278–279.
  • Shanmugiah, A., Sinha, S., Taly, A.B., Prashanth, L.K., Tomar, M.B.B.S.M., Arunodaya, G.R., … Khanna, S. (2008). Psychiatric manifestations in Wilson’s disease: A cross-sectional analysis. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 20, 81–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.1.81
  • Silva, F., Nobre, S., Campos, A.P., Vasconcelos, M., & Gonçalves, I. (2011). Behavioural and psychiatric disorders in paediatric Wilson’s disease. BMJ Case Reports, 2011, bcr0520114249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr.05.2011.4249
  • Soltanzadeh, A., Soltanzadeh, P., Nafissi, S., Ghorbani, A., Sikaroodi, H., & Lotfi, J. (2007). Wilson's disease: A great masquerader. European Neurology, 57, 80–85. doi:10.1159/000098056
  • Sorbello, O., Riccio, D., Sini, M., Carta, M., & Demelia, L. (2011). Resolved psychosis after liver transplantation in a patient with Wilson’s disease. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 7, 182–184. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901107010182
  • Spyridi, S., Diakogiannis, I., Michaelides, M., Sokolaki, S., Iacovides, A., & Kaprinis, G. (2008). Delusional disorder and alcohol abuse in a patient with Wilson's disease. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30, 585–586. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.005
  • Srinivas, K., Sinha, S., Taly, A.B., Prashanth, L.K., Arunodaya, G.R., Reddy, Y.J., & Khanna, S. (2008). Dominant psychiatric manifestations in Wilson's disease: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge!. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 266, 104–108. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.09.009
  • Stiller, P., Kassubek, J., Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C., & Connemann, B.J. (2002). Wilson's disease in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 56, 649.
  • Sutcliffe, R.P., Maguire, D.D., Muiesan, P., Dhawan, A., Mieli-Vergani, G., O’grady, J.G., … Heaton, N.D. (2003). Liver transplantation for Wilson's disease: Long-term results and quality-of-life assessment. Transplantation, 75, 1003–1006.
  • Svetel, M., Pekmezović, T., Tomić, A., Kresojević, N., Potrebić, A., Ješić, R., & Kostić, V.S. (2011). Quality of life in patients with treated and clinically stable Wilson's disease. Movement Disorders, 26, 1503–1508. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23608
  • Svetel, M., Potrebić, A., Pekmezović, T., Tomić, A., Kresojević, N., Ješić, R., … Kostić, V.S. (2009). Neuropsychiatric aspects of treated Wilson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 15, 772–775.
  • Taly, A.B., Meenakshi-Sundaram, S., Sinha, S., Swamy, H.S., & Arunodaya, G.R. (2007). Wilson disease: Description of 282 patients evaluated over 3 decades. Medicine, 86, 112–121. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e318045a00e
  • Tatsumi, Y., Hattori, A., Hayashi, H., Ikoma, J., Kaito, M., Imoto, M., … Goto, H. (2010). Current state of Wilson disease patients in Central Japan. Internal Medicine, 49, 809–815.
  • Vaishnav, P., & Gandhi, H.A. (2013). Electro convulsive therapy in psychiatric manifestations in Wilson's disease. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35, 206–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.116257
  • Vale, T.C., Caramelli, P., & Teixeira, A.L. (2011). Long-term mood disorder antedating the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 33, 101–102. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462011000100021
  • Varghese, S.T., Narayanan, D., & Dinesh, D. (2008). Mania in a patient with Wilson’s disease awaiting liver transplant. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 20, 501–502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.4.501-a
  • Volpe, F.M., & Tavares, A. (2000). Cyproterone for hypersexuality in a psychotic patient with Wilson's disease. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 878–879. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.0822l.x
  • Walshe, J.M., & Yealland, M. (1992). Wilson's disease: The problem of delayed diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 55, 692–696. doi:10.1136/jnnp.55.8.692
  • Walter, G., & Lyndon, B. (1997). Depression in hepatolenticular degeneration (Wikon's disease). Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 880–882. doi:10.3109/00048679709065517
  • Weiss, K.H., Thurik, F., Gotthardt, D.N., Schäfer, M., Teufel, U., Wiegand, F., … Zoller, H. (2013). Efficacy and safety of oral chelators in treatment of patients with Wilson disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11, 1028–1035. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.03.012
  • Weitzman, E., Pappo, O., Weiss, P., Frydman, M., Haviv-Yadid, Y., & Ari, Z.B. (2014). Late onset fulminant Wilson's disease: A case report and review of the literature. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 20, 17656–17660. doi:https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17656
  • Wichowicz, H.M., Cubała, W.J., & Sławek, J. (2006). Wilson's disease associated with delusional disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 758–760.
  • Wilson, S.K. (1912). Progressive lenticular degeneration: A familial nervous disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver. The Lancet, 179, 1115–1119. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)67414-2
  • Woerwag-Mehta, S., Hindley, P., Hedderly, T., & Dhawan, A. (2011). Complex psychiatric presentation in adolescent onset Wilson's disease. BMJ Case Reports, 2011, bcr0120102628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr.01.2010.2628
  • Wu, F., Wang, J., Pu, C., Qiao, L., & Jiang, C. (2015). Wilson's disease: A comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 6419–6431. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16036419
  • Zimbrean, P.C., & Schilsky, M.L. (2014). Psychiatric aspects of Wilson disease: A review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36, 53–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.08.007
  • Zimbrean, P.C., & Schilsky, M.L. (2015). The spectrum of psychiatric symptoms in Wilson’s disease: Treatment and prognostic considerations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 1068–1072. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030371

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.