3,352
Views
130
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Depression in multiple sclerosis

, &
Pages 463-472 | Received 06 Jan 2017, Accepted 20 Apr 2017, Published online: 06 Jul 2017

References

  • Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M.C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T.S., Bryson, H., … Vollebergh, W.A. (2004). Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum, 420, 21–27. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00327.x
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). (5 ed.). Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Amtmann, D., Kim, J., Chung, H., Bamer, A.M., Askew, R.L., Wu, S., … Johnson, K.L. (2014). Comparing CESD-10, PHQ-9, and PROMIS depression instruments in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 59, 220–229. doi:10.1037/a0035919
  • Andresen, E.M., Malmgren, J.A., Carter, W.B., & Patrick, D.L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10, 77–84.
  • Angst, J., Sellaro, R., Stassen, H.H., & Gamma, A. (2005). Diagnostic conversion from depression to bipolar disorders: Results of a long-term prospective study of hospital admissions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 84, 149–157. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00195-2
  • Bamer, A.M., Cetin, K., Johnson, K.L., Gibbons, L.E., & Ehde, D.M. (2008). Validation study of prevalence and correlates of depressive symptomatology in multiple sclerosis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30, 311–317. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.04.006
  • Barak, Y., Ur, E., & Achiron, A. (1999). Moclobemide treatment in multiple sclerosis patients with comorbid depression: An open-label safety trial. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 11, 271–273. doi:10.1176/jnp.11.2.271
  • Bayas, A., Schuh, K., Baier, M., Vormfelde, S.V., & Group, R.S. (2016). Combination treatment of fingolimod with antidepressants in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with depression: A multicentre, open-label study - REGAIN. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 9, 378–388. doi:10.1177/1756285616651197
  • Beal, C.C., Stuifbergen, A.K., & Brown, A. (2007). Depression in multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal analysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 21, 181–191. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2007.02.008
  • Bebbington, P. (1992). Welcome to ICD-10, and welcome to SCAN. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 27, 255–257. doi:10.1007/BF00788894
  • Benedict, R.H., Fishman, I., McClellan, M.M., Bakshi, R., & Weinstock-Guttman, B. (2003). Validity of the beck depression inventory-fast screen in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 9, 393–396. doi:10.1191/1352458503ms902oa
  • Berrigan, L.I., Fisk, J.D., Patten, S.B., Tremlett, H., Wolfson, C., … Warren, S. (2016). Impact of Comorbidity on Multiple Health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: Direct and indirect effects of comorbidity. Neurology, 86, 1417–1424. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002564
  • Bombardier, C.H., Blake, K.D., Ehde, D.M., Gibbons, L.E., Moore, D., & Kraft, G.H. (2004). Alcohol and drug abuse among persons with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 10, 35–40. doi:10.1191/1352458504ms989oa
  • Brenner, P., Burkill, S., Jokinen, J., Hillert, J., Bahmanyar, S., & Montgomery, S. (2016). Multiple sclerosis and risk of attempted and completed suicide - A cohort study. European Journal of Neurology, 23, 1329–1336. doi:10.1111/ene.13029
  • Brønnum-Hansen, H., Stenager, E., Stenager, E.N., & Koch-Henriksen, N. (2005). Suicide among Danes with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76, 1457–1459. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.056747
  • Carta, M.G., Balestrieri, M., Murru, A., & Hardoy, M.C. (2009). Adjustment disorder: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 5, 15. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-5-15
  • Carta, M.G., Moro, M.F., Lorefice, L., Picardi, A., Trincas, G., Fenu, G., … Marrosu, M.G. (2014). Multiple sclerosis and bipolar disorders: The burden of comorbidity and its consequences on quality of life. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167, 192–197. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.024
  • Carta, M.G., Moro, M.F., Lorefice, L., Trincas, G., Cocco, E., Del Giudice, E., … Marrosu, M.G. (2014). The risk of bipolar disorders in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 155, 255–260. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.008
  • Chwastiak, L., Ehde, D.M., Gibbons, L.E., Sullivan, M., Bowen, J.D., & Kraft, G.H. (2002). Depressive symptoms and severity of illness in multiple sclerosis: Epidemiological study of a large community sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1862–1868. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.11.1862
  • Colasanti, A., Guo, Q., Giannetti, P., Wall, M.B., Newbould, R.D., Bishop, C., … Rabiner, E.A. (2016). Hippocampal neuroinflammation, functional connectivity, and depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Biological Psychiatry, 80, 62–72. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.022
  • Crawford, P., & Webster, N.J. (2009). Validity of including somatic items on the Beck Depression Inventory-II. International Journal of MS Care, 11, 167–173. doi:10.7224/1537-2073-11.4.167
  • Dalgas, U., Stenager, E., Sloth, M., & Stenager, E. (2015). The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis based on a meta-analysis and critical review of the literature. European Journal of Neurology, 22, 443–e434. doi:10.1111/ene.12576
  • Ehde, D.M., Kraft, G.H., Chwastiak, L., Sullivan, M.D., Gibbons, L.E., Bombardier, C.H., & Wadwani, R. (2008). Efficacy of paroxetine in treating major depressive disorder in persons with multiple sclerosis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30, 40–48. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.08.002
  • Endicott, J., & Spitzer, R.L. (1978). A diagnostic interview: The schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837–844. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002
  • Ensari, I., Motl, R.W., & Pilutti, L.A. (2014). Exercise training improves depressive symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis: Results of a meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76, 465–471. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.03.014
  • Feinstein, A., & Feinstein, K. (2001). Depression associated with multiple sclerosis - Looking beyond diagnosis to symptom expression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 66, 193–198. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00298-6
  • Feinstein, A., Magalhaes, S., Richard, J.F., Audet, B., & Moore, C. (2014). The link between multiple sclerosis and depression. Nature Reviews Neurology, 10, 507–517. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.139
  • Feinstein, A., O'Connor, P., Akbar, N., Moradzadeh, L., Scott, C.J., & Lobaugh, N.J. (2010). Diffusion tensor imaging abnormalities in depressed multiple sclerosis patients. Multiple Sclerosis, 16, 189–196. doi:10.1177/1352458509355461
  • Feinstein, A., O'Connor, P., & Feinstein, K. (2002). Multiple sclerosis, interferon beta-1b and depression A prospective investigation. Journal of Neurology, 249, 815–820. doi:10.1007/s00415-002-0725-0
  • Fiest, K.M., Walker, J.R., Bernstein, C.N., Graff, L.A., Zarychanski, R., … Abou-Setta, A.M. (2016). Managing the effects of psychiatric comorbidity in chronic immunoinflammatory systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions for depression and anxiety in persons with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 5, 12–26. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2015.10.004
  • First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders. Research version, non-patient edition (SCID-I/NP). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
  • Fischer, A., Schroder, J., Vettorazzi, E., Wolf, O.T., Pottgen, J., Lau, S., … Gold, S.M. (2015). An online programme to reduce depression in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 217–223. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00049-2
  • Fragoso, Y.D., Gomes, S., Goncalves, M.V., Machado, S.C., Morales Rde, R., Oliveira, F.T., … Stoney, P.N. (2015). Patients with multiple sclerosis do not necessarily consume more alcohol or tobacco than the general population. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 73, 828–833. doi:10.1590/0004-282X20150117
  • Goldenberg, M.M. (2012). Multiple sclerosis review. p T, 37, 175–184.
  • Goldman Consensus Group. (2005). The goldman consensus statement on mood disorders in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 11, 328–337.
  • Hind, D., Cotter, J., Thake, A., Bradburn, M., Cooper, C., Isaac, C., & House, A. (2014). Cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of depression in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 5. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-5
  • Hind, D., Kaklamanou, D., Beever, D., Webster, R., Lee, E., Barkham, M., & Cooper, C. (2016). The assessment of depression in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of psychometric validation studies. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 278 doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0931-5
  • Hind, D., O'Cathain, A., Cooper, C.L., Parry, G.D., Isaac, C.L., Rose, A., … Sharrack, B. (2010). The acceptability of computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of depression in people with chronic physical disease: A qualitative study of people with multiple sclerosis. Psychology & Health, 25, 699–712. doi:10.1080/08870440902842739
  • Hunter, S.F., Agius, M., Miller, D.M., Cutter, G., Barbato, L., McCague, K., … Hollander, E. (2016). Impact of a switch to fingolimod on depressive symptoms in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: An analysis from the EPOC (Evaluate Patient OutComes) trial. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 365, 190–198. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.03.024
  • IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. (1995). Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology, 45, 1277–1285.
  • Joffe, R.T., Lippert, G.P., Gray, T.A., Sawa, G., & Horvath, Z. (1987a). Mood disorder and multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurolog, 44, 376–378. doi:10.1001/archneur.1987.00520160018007
  • Joffe, R.T., Lippert, G.P., Gray, T.A., Sawa, G., & Horvath, Z. (1987b). Personal and family history of affective illness in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 12, 63–65.
  • Johansson, V., Lundholm, C., Hillert, J., Masterman, T., Lichtenstein, P., Landen, M., & Hultman, C.M. (2014). Multiple sclerosis and psychiatric disorders: Comorbidity and sibling risk in a nationwide Swedish cohort. Multiple Sclerosis, 20, 1881–1891. doi:10.1177/1352458514540970
  • Kessler, R.C., Andrews, G., Mroczek, D., Ustun, B., & Wittchen, H.U. (1998). The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 7, 171–185.
  • Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K.R., … Wang, P.S. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 289, 3095–3105.
  • Kessler, R.C., & Ustun, T.B. (2004). The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 83–121.
  • Klapper, J.A. (1994). Interferon beta treatment of multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 44, 188.
  • Koch, M.W., Glazenborg, A., Uyttenboogaart, M., Mostert, J., & De Keyser, J. (2011). Pharmacologic treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD007295. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007295.pub2
  • Koch, M.W., Patten, S., Berzins, S., Zhornitsky, S., Greenfield, J., Wall, W., & Metz, L.M. (2015). Depression in multiple sclerosis: A long-term longitudinal study. Multiple Sclerosis, 21, 76–82. doi:10.1177/1352458514536086
  • Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R.L. (2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatric Annals, 32, 7–1.
  • Lorefice, L., Fenu, G., Trincas, G., Moro, M.F., Frau, J., Coghe, G.C., … Carta, M.G. (2015). Progressive multiple sclerosis and mood disorders. Neurological Sciences, 36, 1625–1631. doi:10.1007/s10072-015-2220-3
  • Manning, K.J. (2016). Hippocampal neuroinflammation and depression: Relevance to multiple sclerosis and other neuropsychiatric illnesses. Biological Psychiatry, 80, e1–e2. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.001
  • Marrie, R.A., Fisk, J.D., Tremlett, H., Wolfson, C., Warren, S., & Tennakoon, A. & Impact of Comorbidity on Multiple Sclerosis (2015). Differences in the burden of psychiatric comorbidity in MS vs the general population. Neurology, 85, 1972–1979. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002174
  • Marrie, R.A., Reingold, S., Cohen, J., Stuve, O., Trojano, M., Sorensen, P.S., … Reider, N. (2015). The incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Multiple Sclerosis, 21, 305–317. doi:10.1177/1352458514564487
  • McKay, K.A., Tremlett, H., Fisk, J.D., Patten, S.B., Fiest, K., … Berrigan, L. & Impact of Comorbidity on Multiple Sclerosis (2016). 22, 685–693. Adverse health behaviours are associated with depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis: A prospective multisite study. Multiple Sclerosis, 22, 685–693. doi:10.1177/1352458515599073
  • Miller, A.H., & Raison, C.L. (2016). The role of inflammation in depression: From evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16, 22–34. doi:10.1038/nri.2015.5
  • Minden, S.L., Feinstein, A., Kalb, R.C., Miller, D., Mohr, D.C., Patten, S.B., … Narayanaswami, P. (2014). Evidence-based guideline: Assessment and management of psychiatric disorders in individuals with MS: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 82, 174–181. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000013
  • Minden, S.L., Orav, J., & Reich, P. (1987). Depression in multiple sclerosis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 9, 426–434.
  • Minden, S.L., Orav, J., & Schildkraut, J.J. (1988). Hypomanic reactions to ACTH and prednisone treatment for multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 38, 1631–1634.
  • Minden, S.L., & Schiffer, R.B. (1990). Affective disorders in multiple sclerosis. Review and recommendations for clinical research. Archives of Neurology, 47, 98–104.
  • Mohr, D.C., Boudewyn, A.C., Goodkin, D.E., Bostrom, A., & Epstein, L. (2001). Comparative outcomes for individual cognitive-behavior therapy, supportive-expressive group psychotherapy, and sertraline for the treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 942–949.
  • Mohr, D.C., Goodkin, D.E., Likosky, W., Gatto, N., Baumann, K.A., & Rudick, R.A. (1997). Treatment of depression improves adherence to interferon beta-1b therapy for multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 54, 531–533.
  • Mohr, D.C., Likosky, W., Bertagnolli, A., Goodkin, D.E., Van Der Wende, J., Dwyer, P., & Dick, L.P. (2000). Telephone-administered cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 356–361.
  • Montalban, X., Comi, G., O'Connor, P., Gold, S., de Vera, A., Eckert, B., & Kappos, L. (2011). Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in relapsing multiple sclerosis: Impact on health-related quality of life in a phase II study. Multiple Sclerosis, 17, 1341–1350. doi:10.1177/1352458511411061
  • Morrow, S.A., Barr, J., Rosehart, H., & Ulch, S. (2015). Depression and hypomania symptoms are associated with high dose corticosteroids treatment for MS relapses. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187, 142–146. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.040
  • Mura, G., Moro, M.F., Patten, S.B., & Carta, M.G. (2014). Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: A systematic review. CNS Spectrums, 19, 496–508. doi:10.1017/S1092852913000953
  • Murray, T.J. (2006). Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. BMJ, 332, 525–527. doi:332/7540/525 [pii];10.1136/bmj.332.7540.525
  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2011). Depression in Adults (update). Retrieved from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs8
  • Pakenham, K.I. (1999). Adjustment to multiple sclerosis: Application of a stress and coping model. Health Psychology, 18, 383–392. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.18.4.383
  • Patel, R., Reiss, P., Shetty, H., Broadbent, M., Stewart, R., McGuire, P., & Taylor, M. (2015). Do antidepressants increase the risk of mania and bipolar disorder in people with depression? A retrospective electronic case register cohort study. BMJ Open, 5, e008341. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008341
  • Patten, S.B., Beck, C.A., Williams, J.V.A., Barbui, C., & Metz, L. (2003). Major depression in multiple sclerosis: A population-based perspective. Neurology, 61, 1524–1527.
  • Patten, S.B., Berzins, S., & Metz, L.M. (2010). Challenges in screening for depression in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 16, 1406–1411. doi:10.1177/1352458510377770
  • Patten, S.B., Burton, J.M., Fiest, K.M., Wiebe, S., Bulloch, A.G., Koch, M., … Jette, N. (2015). Validity of four screening scales for major depression in MS. Multiple Sclerosis, 21, 1064–1071. doi:10.1177/1352458514559297
  • Patten, S.B., Francis, G., Metz, L.M., Lopez-Bresnahan, M., Chang, P., & Curtin, F. (2005). The relationship between depression and interferon beta-1a therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 11, 175–181. doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1144oa
  • Patten, S.B., Fridhandler, S., Beck, C.A., & Metz, L.M. (2003). Depressive symptoms in a treated multiple sclerosis cohort. Multiple Sclerosis, 9, 616–620. doi:10.1191/1352458503ms960oa
  • Patten, S.B., Lavorato, D.H., & Metz, L.M. (2005). Clinical correlates of CES-D depressive symptom ratings in an MS population. General Hospital Psychiatry, 27, 439–445. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.06.010
  • Patten, S.B., & Metz, L.M. (2001). Interferon beta-1 a and depression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: An analysis of depression data from the PRISMS clinical trial. Multiple Sclerosis, 7, 243–248. doi:10.1177/135245850100700406
  • Patten, S.B., & Metz, L.M. (2002). Interferon beta1a and depression in secondary progressive MS: Data from the SPECTRIMS Trial. Neurology, 59, 744–746. doi:10.1212/WNL.59.5.744
  • Patten, S.B., Metz, L.M., & Reimer, M.A. (2000). Biopsychosocial correlates of lifetime major depression in a multiple sclerosis population. Multiple Sclerosis, 6, 115–120. doi:10.1191/135245800678827536
  • Patten, S.B., & Schopflocher, D. (2009). Longitudinal epidemiology of major depression as assessed by the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 26–33. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.05.012
  • Patten, S.B., Wang, J.L., Williams, J.V., Currie, S., Beck, C.A., Maxwell, C.J., & El-Guebaly, N. (2006). Descriptive epidemiology of major depression in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 84–90. doi:10.1177/070674370605100204
  • Patten, S.B., Williams, J.V.A., Lavorato, D., Wang, J.L., McDonald, K., & Bulloch, A. (2014). Descriptive epidemiology of major depressive disorder in Canada in 2012. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60, 23–30. doi:10.1177/070674371506000106
  • Quesnel, S., & Feinstein, A. (2004). Multiple sclerosis and alcohol: A study of problem drinking. Multiple Sclerosis, 10, 197–201. doi:10.1191/1352458504ms992oa
  • Sacco, R., Santangelo, G., Stamenova, S., Bisecco, A., Bonavita, S., Lavorgna, L., … Gallo, A. (2016). Psychometric properties and validity of Beck Depression Inventory II in multiple sclerosis. The European Journal of Neurology, 23, 744–750. doi:10.1111/ene.12932
  • Sadovnick, A. D., Remick, R. A., Allen, J., Swartz, E., Yee, I. M. L., Eisen, K., … Paty, D. W. (1996). Depression and multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 46, 628–632
  • Salehpoor, G., Rezaei, S., & Hosseininezhad, M. (2014). Quality of life in multiple sclerosis (MS) and role of fatigue, depression, anxiety, and stress: A bicenter study from north of Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 19, 593–599.
  • Schiffer, R.B., & Wineman, N.M. (1990). Antidepressant pharmacotherapy of depression associated with multiple sclerosis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1493–1497. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.11.1493
  • Schippling, S., O'Connor, P., Knappertz, V., Pohl, C., Bogumil, T., Suarez, G., … Arnason, B. (2016). Incidence and course of depression in multiple sclerosis in the multinational BEYOND trial. Journal of Neurology, 263, 1418–1426. doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8146-8
  • Snaith, R.P., & Zigmond, A.S. (1986). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed, 292, 344. doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6516.344
  • Solaro, C., Bergamaschi, R., Rezzani, C., Mueller, M., Trabucco, E., Bargiggia, V., … Cavalla, P. (2013). Duloxetine is effective in treating depression in multiple sclerosis patients: An open-label multicenter study. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 36, 114–116. doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3182996400
  • Solaro, C., Trabucco, E., Signori, A., Martinelli, V., Radaelli, M., Centonze, D., … Truini, A. (2016). Depressive symptoms correlate with disability and disease course in multiple sclerosis patients: An Italian Multi-Center Study using the beck depression inventory. PLoS One, 11, e0160261. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160261
  • Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B.W., & Group, T.P.H.Q.P.C.S. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA, 282, 1737–1744. doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
  • Udina, M., Castellvi, P., Moreno-Espana, J., Navines, R., Valdes, M., Forns, X., … Martin-Santos, R. (2012). Interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatr, 73, 1128–1138. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r07694
  • Udina, M., Hidalgo, D., Navines, R., Forns, X., Sola, R., Farre, M., … Martin-Santos, R. (2014). Prophylactic antidepressant treatment of interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatr, 75, e1113–e1121. doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08800
  • Vilagut, G., Forero, C.G., Barbaglia, G., & Alonso, J. (2016). Screening for Depression in the General Population with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D): A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One, 11, e0155431 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155431
  • Viner, R., Fiest, K.M., Bulloch, A.G., Williams, J.V., Lavorato, D.H., Berzins, S., … Patten, S.B. (2014). Point prevalence and correlates of depression in a national community sample with multiple sclerosis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36, 352–354. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.12.011
  • Viner, R., Patten, S.B., Berzins, S., Bulloch, A.G., & Fiest, K.M. (2014). Prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation in a multiple sclerosis population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76, 312–316. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.12.010
  • Watson, T.M., Ford, E., Worthington, E., & Lincoln, N.B. (2014). Validation of mood measures for people with multiple sclerosis. International Journal of MS Care, 16, 105–109. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2013-013
  • Weinshenker, B.G., Bass, B., Rice, G.P.A., Noseworthy, J., Carriere, W., Baskerville, J., & Ebers, G.C. (1989). The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study. 1. Clinical course and disability. Brain, 112, 133–146. doi:10.1093/brain/112.1.133
  • Yates, W.R., Wesner, R.B., & Thompson, R. (1991). Organic mood disorder: A valid psychiatry consultation diagnosis? Journal of Affective Disorders, 22, 37–42. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(91)90081-3
  • Zabad, R.K., Patten, S.B., & Metz, L.M. (2005). The association of depression with disease course in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 64, 359–360. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000149760.64921.AA
  • Zephir, H., De Seze, J., Stojkovic, T., Delisse, B., Ferriby, D., Cabaret, M., & Vermersch, P. (2003). Multiple sclerosis and depression: Influence of interferon beta therapy. Multiple Sclerosis, 9, 284–288. doi:10.1191/1352458503ms915oa

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.