References
- ArcView Market Research. (2017). The State of Legal Marijuana Markets: Mid-Year Update.
- Ashtari, M., Avants, B., Cyckowski, L., Cervellione, K. L., Roofeh, D., Cook, P., … Kumra, S. (2011). Medial temporal structures and memory functions in adolescents with heavy cannabis use. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1055–1066. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.004
- Auer, R., Vittinghoff, E., Yaffe, K., Kunzi, A., Kertesz, S. G., Levine, D. A., … Pletcher, M. J. (2016). Association Between Lifetime Marijuana Use and Cognitive Function in Middle Age: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176, 352–361. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7841
- Azofeifa, A., Mattson, M. E., Schauer, G., McAfee, T., Grant, A., & Lyerla, R. (2016). National Estimates of Marijuana Use and Related Indicators - National Survey on Drug Use and Health, United States, 2002-2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 65, 1–28. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6511a1
- Bachhuber, M. A., Saloner, B., Cunningham, C. O., & Barry, C. L. (2014). Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999-2010. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174, 1668–1673. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4005
- Batalla, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Yucel, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Crippa, J. A., Nogue, S., … Martin-Santos, R. (2013). Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: a systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. PLoS One, 8, e55821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055821
- Battistella, G., Fornari, E., Annoni, J. M., Chtioui, H., Dao, K., Fabritius, M., … Giroud, C. (2014). Long-term effects of cannabis on brain structure. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 2041–2048. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.67
- Becker, M. P., Collins, P. F., & Luciana, M. (2014). Neurocognition in college-aged daily marijuana users. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36, 379–398. doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.893996
- Befort, K. (2015). Interactions of the opioid and cannabinoid systems in reward: Insights from knockout studies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 6, 6. doi:10.3389/fphar.2015.00006
- Bilkei-Gorzo, A., Albayram, O., Draffehn, A., Michel, K., Piyanova, A., Oppenheimer, H., … Zimmer, A. (2017). A chronic low dose of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) restores cognitive function in old mice. Nature Medicine, 23, 782–787. doi:10.1038/nm.4311
- Blessing, E. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 12, 825–836. doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1
- Bonn-Miller, M. O., Loflin, M.J.E., Thomas, B. F., Marcu, J. P., Hyke, T., & Vandrey, R. (2017). Labeling accuracy of cannabidiol extracts sold online. JAMA, 318, 1708–1709. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11909
- Borrelli, F., Fasolino, I., Romano, B., Capasso, R., Maiello, F., Coppola, D., … Izzo, A. A. (2013). Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Biochemical Pharmacology, 85, 1306–1316. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.017
- Bradford, A. C., & Bradford, W. D. (2016). Medical Marijuana Laws reduce prescription medication use in medicare Part D. Health Affairs (Millwood), 35, 1230–1236. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1661
- Broyd, S. J., van Hell, H. H., Beale, C., Yucel, M., & Solowij, N. (2016). Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human cognition-a systematic review. Biological Psychiatry, 79, 557–567. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.002
- Bush, G., & Shin, L. M. (2006). The Multi-Source Interference Task: an fMRI task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network. Nature Protocols, 1, 308–313. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.48
- Carey, S. E., Nestor, L., Jones, J., Garavan, H., & Hester, R. (2015). Impaired learning from errors in cannabis users: Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus hypoactivity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 175–182. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.671
- Casey, B. J., Galvan, A., & Hare, T. A. (2005). Changes in cerebral functional organization during cognitive development. Current Opinion in Neurology, 15, 239–244. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.012
- Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Sowles, S. J., Krauss, M. J., Agbonavbare, V., Grucza, R., & Bierut, L. (2016). A content analysis of tweets about high-potency marijuana. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166, 100–108. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27402550
- Chait, L. D. (1989). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol content and human marijuana self-administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 98, 51–55. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/254301810.1007/BF00442005
- Chan, G.C.K., Hall, W., Freeman, T. P., Ferris, J., Kelly, A. B., & Winstock, A. (2017). User characteristics and effect profile of Butane Hash Oil: An extremely high-potency cannabis concentrate. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 178, 32–38. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.014
- Churchwell, J. C., Lopez-Larson, M., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2010). Altered frontal cortical volume and decision making in adolescent cannabis users. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 225. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00225
- Clark, D. B., Chung, T., Thatcher, D. L., Pajtek, S., & Long, E. C. (2012). Psychological dysregulation, white matter disorganization and substance use disorders in adolescence. Addiction, 107, 206–214. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03566.x
- Coffey, C., & Patton, G. C. (2016). Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Review of Findings from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 318–327. doi:10.1177/0706743716645289
- Crane, N. A., Schuster, R. M., Fusar-Poli, P., & Gonzalez, R. (2013). Effects of cannabis on neurocognitive functioning: recent advances, neurodevelopmental influences, and sex differences. Neuropsychology Review, 23, 117–137. doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9222-1
- Crean, R. D., Crane, N. A., & Mason, B. J. (2011). An evidence based review of acute and long-term effects of cannabis use on executive cognitive functions. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 5, 1–8. doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e31820c23fa
- Dahlgren, M. K., Sagar, K. A., Racine, M. T., Dreman, M. W., & Gruber, S. A. (2016). Marijuana Use Predicts Cognitive Performance on tasks of Executive Function. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77, 298–208. doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.298
- Day, A. M., Metrik, J., Spillane, N. S., & Kahler, C. W. (2013). Working memory and impulsivity predict marijuana-related problems among frequent users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131, 171–174. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.016
- Devinsky, O., Marsh, E., Friedman, D., Thiele, E., Laux, L., Sullivan, J., … Cilio, M. R. (2016). Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. The Lancet Neurology, 15, 270–278. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00379-8
- Di Forti, M., Marconi, A., Carra, E., Fraietta, S., Trotta, A., Bonomo, M., … Murray, R. M. (2015). Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 233–238. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00117-5
- Di Marzo, V., & Piscitelli, F. (2015). The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids. Neurotherapeutics, 12, 692–698. doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0374-6
- Difference between hard and soft drugs. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.government.nl/topics/drugs/difference-between-hard-and-soft-drugs
- Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Dawes, M. A., Furr, R. M., Charles, N. E., Liguori, A., … Acheson, A. (2013). Impulsivity, attention, memory, and decision-making among adolescent marijuana users. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 226, 307–319. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2908-5
- D'Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., Ammerman, Y., Cooper, T., Wu, Y. T., … Krystal, J. H. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1558–1572. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300496
- Egerton, A., Allison, C., Brett, R. R., & Pratt, J. A. (2006). Cannabinoids and prefrontal cortical function: insights from preclinical studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 680–695. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.12.002
- Ehrenreich, H., Rinn, T., Kunert, H. J., Moeller, M. R., Poser, W., Schilling, L., … Hoehe, M. R. (1999). Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start of cannabis use. Psychopharmacology, 142, 295–301.
- ElSohly, M. A., Mehmedic, Z., Foster, S., Gon, C., Chandra, S., & Church, J. C. (2016). Changes in Cannabis Potency Over the Last 2 Decades (1995-2014): Analysis of Current Data in the United States. Biological Psychiatry, 79, 613–619. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.004
- Epstein, K. A., & Kumra, S. (2015). White matter fractional anisotropy over two time points in early onset schizophrenia and adolescent cannabis use disorder: A naturalistic diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Research, 232, 34–41. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.010
- Filbey, F. M., Aslan, S., Calhoun, V. D., Spence, J. S., Damaraju, E., Caprihan, A., & Segall, J. (2014). Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 16913–16918. doi:10.1073/pnas.1415297111
- Filbey, F. M., McQueeny, T., DeWitt, S. J., & Mishra, V. (2015). Preliminary findings demonstrating latent effects of early adolescent marijuana use onset on cortical architecture. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.001
- Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., … Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guildelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 1277. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818
- Fontes, M. A., Bolla, K. I., Cunha, P. J., Almeida, P. P., Jungerman, F., Laranjeira, R. R., … Lacerda, A. L. (2011). Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 442–447. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077479
- Freeman, T. P., Morgan, C. J., Hindocha, C., Schafer, G., Das, R. K., & Curran, H. V. (2014). Just say ‘know': how do cannabinoid concentrations influence users' estimates of cannabis potency and the amount they roll in joints? Addiction, 109, 1686–1694. doi:10.1111/add.12634
- Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45, 3181–3189. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001178
- Fried, P. A., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R. (2005). Neurocognitive consequences of marihuana–a comparison with pre-drug performance. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 231–239. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2004.11.003
- Gallily, R., Yekhtin, Z., & Hanuš, L. O. (2015). Overcoming the bell-shaped dose-response of cannabidiol by using cannabis extract enriched in cannabidiol. Pharmacy vs. Pharmacology, 06, 75–85. doi:10.4236/pp.2015.62010
- Ganzer, F., Broning, S., Kraft, S., Sack, P. M., & Thomasius, R. (2016). Weighing the evidence: A systematic review on long-term neurocognitive effects of cannabis use in abstinent adolescents and adults. Neuropsychology Review, 26, 186–222. doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9316-2
- Giacoppo, S., Soundara Rajan, T., Galuppo, M., Pollastro, F., Grassi, G., Bramanti, P., & Mazzon, E. (2015). Purified Cannabidiol, the main non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa, alone, counteracts neuronal apoptosis in experimental multiple sclerosis. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 4906–4919.
- Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., … Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861–863. doi:10.1038/13158
- Gogtay, N., Nugent, T. F., 3rd, Herman, D. H., Ordonez, A., Greenstein, D., Hayashi, K. M., … Thompson, P. M. (2006). Dynamic mapping of normal human hippocampal development. Hippocampus, 16, 664–672. doi:10.1002/hipo.20193
- Gruber, S. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Sagar, K. A., Gonenc, A., & Killgore, W. D. (2012). Age of onset of marijuana use impacts inhibitory processing. Neuroscience Letters, 511, 89–94. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.039
- Gruber, S. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Sagar, K. A., Gonenc, A., & Lukas, S. E. (2014). Worth the wait: effects of age of onset of marijuana use on white matter and impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 231, 1455–1465. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3326-z
- Gruber, S. A., & Sagar, K. A. (2017). Marijuana on the Mind? The Impact of Marijuana on Cognition, Brain Structure, and Brain Function, and Related Public Policy Implications. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 104–111. doi:10.1177/2372732216684851
- Gruber, S. A., Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Gonenc, A., Smith, R. T., Lambros, A. M., … Lukas, S. E. (2018). The Grass Might Be Greener: Medical Marijuana Patients Exhibit Altered Brain Activity and Improved Executive Function after 3 Months of Treatment. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 983. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00983
- Gruber, S. A., Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Racine, M., & Lukas, S. E. (2012). Age of onset of marijuana use and executive function. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26, 496–506. doi:10.1037/a0026269
- Gruber, S. A., Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Racine, M. T., Smith, R. T., & Lukas, S. E. (2016). Splendor in the Grass? A Pilot Study Assessing the Impact of Medical Marijuana on Executive Function. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7, 355. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00355
- Gruber, S. A., Silveri, M. M., Dahlgren, M. K., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2011). Why so impulsive? White matter alterations are associated with impulsivity in chronic marijuana smokers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 231–242. doi:10.1037/a0023034
- Gruber, S. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2005). Neuroimaging of marijuana smokers during inhibitory processing: a pilot investigation. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 23, 107–118. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.016
- Hanson, K. L., Thayer, R. E., & Tapert, S. F. (2014). Adolescent marijuana users have elevated risk-taking on the balloon analog risk task. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28, 1080–1087. doi:10.1177/0269881114550352
- Hatchard, T., Fried, P. A., Hogan, M. J., Cameron, I., & Smith, A. M. (2014). Marijuana Use Impacts Cognitive Interference: An fMRI Investigation in Young Adults Performing the Counting Stroop Task. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 5, 197–203. doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000197
- Hazekamp, A., & Fischedick, J. T. (2012). Cannabis - from cultivar to chemovar. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4, 660–667. doi:10.1002/dta.407
- Hedegaard, H., Warner, M., & Miniño, A.M.C.D.C. (2017). Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2016. NCHS Data Brief. (no 294). Hyattsville, MD: CDC.
- Hermann, D., Sartorius, A., Welzel, H., Walter, S., Skopp, G., Ende, G., & Mann, K. (2007). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex N-acetylaspartate/total creatine (NAA/tCr) loss in male recreational cannabis users. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 1281–1289. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.027
- Hester, R., Nestor, L., & Garavan, H. (2009). Impaired error awareness and anterior cingulate cortex hypoactivity in chronic cannabis users. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 2450–2458. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.67
- Hill, M. N., & McEwen, B. S. (2010). Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the neurobehavioural effects of stress and glucocorticoids. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 34, 791–797. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.11.001
- Hillig, K. W., & Mahlberg, P. G. (2004). Chemotaxonomic analysis of cananbinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). American Journal of Botany, 91, 966–975. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.966
- Houston, S. M., Herting, M. M., & Sowell, E. R. (2014). The neurobiology of childhood structural brain development: conception through adulthood. Curr Top Behav Neurosci, 16, 3–17. doi:10.1007/7854_2013_265
- Iffland, K., & Grotenhermen, F. (2017). An update on safety and side effects of cannabidiol: a review of clinical data and relevant animal studies. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 2, 139–154. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0034
- Izzo, A. A., Borrelli, F., Capasso, R., Di Marzo, V., & Mechoulam, R. (2009). Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 30, 515–527. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.07.006
- Jackson, N. J., Isen, J. D., Khoddam, R., Irons, D., Tuvblad, C., Iacono, W. G., … Baker, L. A. (2016). Impact of adolescent marijuana use on intelligence: Results from two longitudinal twin studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, E500–E508. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516648113
- Jacobus, J., Bava, S., Cohen-Zion, M., Mahmood, O., & Tapert, S. F. (2009). Functional consequences of marijuana use in adolescents. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 92, 559–565. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.001
- Jager, G., Block, R. I., Luijten, M., & Ramsey, N. F. (2013). Tentative evidence for striatal hyperactivity in adolescent cannabis-using boys: a cross-sectional multicenter fMRI study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45, 156–167. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.785837
- Jager, G., Van Hell, H. H., De Win, M. M., Kahn, R. S., Van Den Brink, W., Van Ree, J. M., & Ramsey, N. F. (2007). Effects of frequent cannabis use on hippocampal activity during an associative memory task. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 289–297. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.10.003
- Jernigan, T. L., & Gamst, A. C. (2005). Changes in volume with age–consistency and interpretation of observed effects. Neurobiology of Aging, 26, 1271–1274. discussion 1275-1278. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.016
- Kanayama, G., Rogowska, J., Pope, H. G., Gruber, S. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2004). Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 176, 239–247. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1885-8
- Katona, I., & Freund, T. F. (2012). Multiple functions of endocannabinoid signaling in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 529–558. doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150420
- Kober, H., DeVito, E. E., DeLeone, C. M., Carroll, K. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2014). Cannabis abstinence during treatment and one-year follow-up: relationship to neural activity in men. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 2288–2298. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.82
- Kowal, M. A., Hazekamp, A., Colzato, L. S., van Steenbergen, H., van der Wee, N. J., Durieux, J., … Hommel, B. (2015). Cannabis and creativity: highly potent cannabis impairs divergent thinking in regular cannabis users. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 232, 1123–1134. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3749-1
- Large, M., & Nielssen, O. (2017). Daily use of high-potency cannabis is associated with an increased risk of admission and more intervention after first-episode psychosis. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 20, 58. doi:10.1136/eb-2017-102630
- Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., … Koethe, D. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 2, e94. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.15
- Lin, L. A., Ilgen, M. A., Jannausch, M., & Bohnert, K. M. (2016). Comparing adults who use cannabis medically with those who use recreationally: Results from a national sample. Addictive Behaviors, 61, 99–103. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.015
- Lisdahl, K. M., Gilbart, E. R., Wright, N. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2013). Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 53. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00053
- Lisdahl, K. M., Wright, N. E., Kirchner-Medina, C., Maple, K. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2014). Considering Cannabis: The Effects of Regular Cannabis Use on Neurocognition in Adolescents and Young Adults. Current Addiction Reports, 1, 144–156. doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0019-6
- Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2014). A new method of cannabis ingestion: the dangers of dabs? Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1430–1433. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013
- Lorenzetti, V., Solowij, N., & Yucel, M. (2016). The Role of Cannabinoids in Neuroanatomic Alterations in Cannabis Users. Biological Psychiatry, 79, e17–e31. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.013
- Malouff, J. M., Rooke, S. E., & Copeland, J. (2014). Experiences of marijuana-vaporizer users. Substance Abuse, 35, 127–128. doi:10.1080/08897077.2013.823902
- McGuire, P., Robson, P., Cubala, W. J., Vasile, D., Morrison, P. D., Barron, R., … Wright, S. (2017). Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 225–331. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325
- Mechoulam, R. (2015). The Endocannabinoid System: A Look Back and Ahead. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 231, vii–vix. doi:10.7423/XJENZA.2017.1.08
- Mechoulam, R. (2016). Cannabis - the Israeli perspective. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 27, 181–187. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0091
- Medina, K. L., McQueeny, T., Nagel, B. J., Hanson, K. L., Yang, T. T., & Tapert, S. F. (2009). Prefrontal cortex morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users: subtle gender effects. Addiction Biology, 14, 457–468. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00166.x
- Medina, K. L., Nagel, B. J., & Tapert, S. F. (2010). Abnormal cerebellar morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychiatry Research, 182, 152–159. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.12.004
- Mehmedic, Z., Chandra, S., Slade, D., Denham, H., Foster, S., Patel, A. S., … ElSohly, M. A. (2010). Potency trends of Delta9-THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated cannabis preparations from 1993 to 2008. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55, 1209–1217. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01441.x
- Meier, M. H. (2017). Associations between butane hash oil use and cannabis-related problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 25–31. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.015
- Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S., … Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, E2657–E2664. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206820109
- Miech, R. A., Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., & Patrick, M. E. (2017). National Adolescent Drug Trends in 2017: Findings Released. Ann Arbor, MI: Monitoring the Future.
- Mokrysz, C., Landy, R., Gage, S. H., Munafo, M. R., Roiser, J. P., & Curran, H. V. (2016). Are IQ and educational outcomes in teenagers related to their cannabis use? A prospective cohort study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30, 159–168. doi:10.1177/0269881115622241
- Morgan, C. J., Gardener, C., Schafer, G., Swan, S., Demarchi, C., Freeman, T. P., … Curran, H. V. (2012). Sub-chronic impact of cannabinoids in street cannabis on cognition, psychotic-like symptoms and psychological well-being. Psychological Medicine, 42, 391–400. doi:10.1017/S0033291711001322
- Nader, D. A., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2017). Effects of regular cannabis use on neurocognition, brain structure, and function: a systematic review of findings in adults. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44, 4–18. doi:10.1080/00952990.2017.1306746
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182367
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2005). NIDA Community Drug Alert Bulletin: Prescription Drugs. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
- Nestor, L., Hester, R., & Garavan, H. (2010). Increased ventral striatal BOLD activity during non-drug reward anticipation in cannabis users. Neuroimage, 49, 1133–1143. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.022
- Nestor, L., Roberts, G., Garavan, H., & Hester, R. (2008). Deficits in learning and memory: parahippocampal hyperactivity and frontocortical hypoactivity in cannabis users. Neuroimage, 40, 1328–1339. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.059
- O'Malley, K., Crooks, J., Duke, E., & Stevenson, I. H. (1971). Effect of age and sex on human drug metabolism. The BMJ, 3, 607–609. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5569980
- Padula, C. B., Schweinsburg, A. D., & Tapert, S. F. (2007). Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interactions in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 478–487. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.21.4.478
- Pearce, D. D., Mitsouras, K., & Irizarry, K. J. (2014). Discriminating the effects of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica: a web survey of medical cannabis users. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20, 787–791. doi:10.1089/acm.2013.0190
- Piper, B. J., DeKeuster, R. M., Beals, M. L., Cobb, C. M., Burchman, C. A., Perkinson, L., … Abess, A. T. (2017). Substitution of medical cannabis for pharmaceutical agents for pain, anxiety, and sleep. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31, 569–575. doi:10.1177/0269881117699616
- Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Cohane, G., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69, 303–310. doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00334-4
- Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2001). Residual Neuropsychologic Effects of MJ. Current Psychiatry Reports, 3, 507–512. doi:10.1007/s11920-001-0045-7
- Press, C. A., Knupp, K. G., & Chapman, K. E. (2015). Parental reporting of response to oral cannabis extracts for treatment of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 45, 49–52. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.043
- Price, J. S., McQueeny, T., Shollenbarger, S., Browning, E. L., Wieser, J., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2015). Effects of marijuana use on prefrontal and parietal volumes and cognition in emerging adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 232, 2939–2950. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3931-0
- Ramaekers, J. G., Kauert, G., van Ruitenbeek, P., Theunissen, E. L., Schneider, E., & Moeller, M. R. (2006). High-potency marijuana impairs executive function and inhibitory motor control. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2296–2303. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301068
- Reiman, A., Welty, M., & Solomon, P. (2017). Cannabis as a Substitute for Opioid-Based Pain Medication: Patient Self-Report. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2, 160–166. doi:10.1089/can.2017.0012
- Rigucci, S., Marques, T. R., Di Forti, M., Taylor, H., Dell'Acqua, F., Mondelli, V., … Dazzan, P. (2016). Effect of high-potency cannabis on corpus callosum microstructure. Psychological Medicine, 46, 841–854. doi:10.1017/S0033291715002342
- Russo, E. B. (2011). Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163, 1344–1364. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x
- Ryberg, E., Larsson, N., Sjogren, S., Hjorth, S., Hermansson, N. O., Leonova, J., … Greasley, P. J. (2007). The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology, 152, 1092–1101. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460
- Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Gonenc, A., Racine, M. T., Dreman, M. W., & Gruber, S. A. (2015). The impact of initiation: Early onset marijuana smokers demonstrate altered Stroop performance and brain activation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 84–92. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.03.003
- Schneider, M. (2008). Puberty as a highly vulnerable developmental period for the consequences of cannabis exposure. Addiction Biology, 13, 253–263. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00110.x
- Schweinsburg, A. D., Nagel, B. J., Schweinsburg, B. C., Park, A., Theilmann, R. J., & Tapert, S. F. (2008). Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory. Psychiatry Research, 163, 40–51. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.04.018
- Shinjyo, N., & Di Marzo, V. (2013). The effect of cannabichromene on adult neural stem/progenitor cells. Neurochemistry International, 63, 432–437. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2013.08.002
- Smith, A. M., Longo, C. A., Fried, P. A., Hogan, M. J., & Cameron, I. (2010). Effects of marijuana on visuospatial working memory: an fMRI study in young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 210, 429–438. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1841-8
- Sneider, J. T., Gruber, S. A., Rogowska, J., Silveri, M. M., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2013). A preliminary study of functional brain activation among marijuana users during performance of a virtual water maze task. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2013, 461029. doi:10.1155/2013/461029
- Solowij, N., & Battisti, R. (2008). The chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: a review. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 1, 81–98. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630708
- Solowij, N., Jones, K. A., Rozman, M. E., Davis, S. M., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C., … Yucel, M. (2012). Reflection impulsivity in adolescent cannabis users: a comparison with alcohol-using and non-substance-using adolescents. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 219, 575–586. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2486-y
- Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., Nguyen-Louie, T. T., & Tapert, S. F. (2014). Inhibition during early adolescence predicts alcohol and marijuana use by late adolescence. Neuropsychology, 28, 782–790. doi:10.1037/neu0000083
- Stogner, J. M., & Miller, B. L. (2015). Assessing the Dangers of “Dabbing”: Mere Marijuana or Harmful New Trend? Pediatrics, 136, 1–3. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-0454
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2017). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health HHS Publication No. SMA 17-5044, NSDUH Series H-52). Rockville, MD: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
- Thames, A. D., Arbid, N., & Sayegh, P. (2014). Cannabis use and neurocognitive functioning in a non-clinical sample of users. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 994–999. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.019
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2017). World Drug Report 2017 (Sales No. E.17.XI.6). United Nations publication.
- Valdeolivas, S., Navarrete, C., Cantarero, I., Bellido, M. L., Munoz, E., & Sagredo, O. (2015). Neuroprotective properties of cannabigerol in Huntington's disease: studies in R6/2 mice and 3-nitropropionate-lesioned mice. Neurotherapeutics, 12, 185–199. doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0304-z
- van der Pol, P., Liebregts, N., Brunt, T., van Amsterdam, J., de Graaf, R., Korf, D. J., … van Laar, M. (2014). Cross-sectional and prospective relation of cannabis potency, dosing and smoking behaviour with cannabis dependence: an ecological study. Addiction, 109, 1101–1109. doi:10.1111/add.12508
- van Hell, H. H., Vink, M., Ossewaarde, L., Jager, G., Kahn, R. S., & Ramsey, N. F. (2010). Chronic effects of cannabis use on the human reward system: an fMRI study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, 153–163. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.11.010
- Vandrey, R., Raber, J. C., Raber, M. E., Douglass, B., Miller, C., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2017). Cannabinoid Dose and Label Accuracy in Edible Medical Cannabis Products. JAMA, 313, 2491–2493. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6613
- Vigil, J. M., Stith, S. S., Adams, I. M., & Reeve, A. P. (2017). Associations between medical cannabis and prescription opioid use in chronic pain patients: A preliminary cohort study. PLoS One, 12, e0187795. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187795
- Volkow, N. D. (2015, July 20). Researching Marijuana for Therapeutic Purposes: The Potential Promise of Cannabidiol (CBD). Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/noras-blog/2015/07/researching-mar-ijuana-therapeutic-purposes-potential-promise-cannabidi-ol-cbd
- Weinstein, A., Livny, A., & Weizman, A. (2016). Brain Imaging Studies on the Cognitive, Pharmacological and Neurobiological Effects of Cannabis in Humans: Evidence from Studies of Adult Users. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22, 6366–6379. doi:10.2174/1381612822666160822151323
- Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F., Deshpande, S., Di Nisio, M., Duffy, S., Hernandez, A. V., … Kleijnen, J. (2015). Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA, 313, 2456–2473. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6358
- Winward, J. L., Hanson, K. L., Tapert, S. F., & Brown, S. A. (2014). Heavy alcohol use, marijuana use, and concomitant use by adolescents are associated with unique and shared cognitive decrements. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, 784–795. doi:10.1017/S1355617714000666
- Yucel, M., Lorenzetti, V., Suo, C., Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., Takagi, M. J., … Solowij, N. (2016). Hippocampal harms, protection and recovery following regular cannabis use. Translational Psychiatry, 6, e710. doi:10.1038/tp.2015.201
- Zendulka, O., Dovrtelova, G., Noskova, K., Turjap, M., Sulcova, A., Hanus, L., & Jurica, J. (2016). Cannabinoids and Cytochrome P450 Interactions. Current Drug Metabolism, 17, 206–226. doi:10.2174/1389200217666151210142051
- Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A., Hallak, J. E., Pinto, J. P., Chagas, M. H., Rodrigues, G. G., … Tumas, V. (2009). Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 23, 979–983. doi:10.1177/0269881108096519