4,453
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Psychedelics as anti-inflammatory agents

&
Pages 363-375 | Received 29 Jan 2018, Accepted 24 May 2018, Published online: 13 Aug 2018

References

  • Adcock, I. M., Tsaprouni, L., Bhavsar, P., & Ito, K. (2007). Epigenetic regulation of airway inflammation. Current Opinion in Immunology, 19, 694–700. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2007.07.016
  • Ahlenius, S., Larsson, K., & Svensson, L. (1980). Further evidence for an inhibitory role of central 5-HT in male rat sexual behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 68, 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00428106
  • Akiyoshi, T., Zhang, Q., Inoue, F., Aramaki, O., Hatano, M., Shimazu, M., … Niimi, M. (2006). Induction of indefinite survival of fully mismatched cardiac allografts and generation of regulatory cells by sarpogrelate hydrochloride. Transplantation, 82, 1051–1059. doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000233870.54297.9a
  • Allen, J. A., & Roth, B.L. (2011). Strategies to discover unexpected targets for drugs active at G protein-coupled receptors. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 51, 117–144. doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100553
  • Alpini, G., Invernizzi, P., Gaudio, E., Venter, J., Kopriva, S., Bernuzzi, F., … DeMorrow, S. (2008). Serotonin metabolism is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma, which has implications for tumor growth. Cancer Research, 68, 9184–9193. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2133
  • Arzt, E., Costas, M., Finkielman, S., & Nahmod, V., E. (1991). Serotonin inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis by human monocytes. Life Sciences, 48, 2557–2562. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(91)90612-F
  • Aune, T., M., Kelley, K., A., Ranges, G., E., & Bombara, M., P. (1990). Serotonin-activated signal transduction via serotonin receptors on Jurkat cells. The Journal of Immunology, 145, 1826–1831.
  • Barnes, P., J. (2009). Asthma and COPD: basic mechanisms and clinical management. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/Academic Press.
  • Barnes, P.J. (2011). Pathophysiology of allergic inflammation. Immunological Reviews, 242, 31–50. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01020.x
  • Bilbo, S. D., & Schwarz, J.M. (2012). The immune system and developmental programming of brain and behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 33, 267–286. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.08.006
  • Booth, H., Richmond, I., Ward, C., Gardiner, P. V., Harkawat, R., & Walters, E.H. (1995). Effect of high dose inhaled fluticasone propionate on airway inflammation in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 152, 45–52. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599861
  • Brattelid, T., Qvigstad, E., Birkeland, J.A.K., Swift, F., Bekkevold, S.V.S., Krobert, K. A., … Sjaastad, I. (2007). Serotonin responsiveness through 5-HT2A and 5-HT4 receptors is differentially regulated in hypertrophic and failing rat cardiac ventricle. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 43, 767–779. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.08.019
  • Brower, V. (2004). When the immune system goes on the attack. EMBO Reports, 5, 757–760. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400217
  • Bruhn, J. G., De Smet, P. A., El-Seedi, H. R., & Beck, O. (2002). Mescaline use for 5700 years. Lancet, 359, 1866. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08701-9
  • Busse, W. W., & Lemanske, R. F. Jr. (2001). Asthma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 350–362. doi:10.1056/nejm200102013440507
  • Carhart-Harris, R., L., Bolstridge, M., Day, C., M., J., Rucker, J., Watts, R., Erritzoe, D., E., …. Nutt, D., J. (2017a). Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 235, 399–408.doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x
  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J., Day, C.M.J., Erritzoe, D., Kaelen, M., … Nutt, D.J. (2016a). Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 619–627. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30065-7
  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T., Stone, J. M., Reed, L. J., Colasanti, A., … Nutt, D.J. (2012). Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 2138–2143. doi:10.1073/pnas.1119598109
  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., … Nutt, D.J. (2016b). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 4853–4858. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518377113
  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Bolstridge, M., Demetriou, L., Pannekoek, J. N., Wall, M. B., … Nutt, D.J. (2017b). Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms. Scientific Reports, 7, 13187. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7
  • Chaplin, D.D. (2010). Overview of the immune response. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 125, S3–S23. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.980
  • Choi, J. H., Oh, S. W., Kang, M. S., Kwon, H. J., Oh, G. T., & Kim, D.Y. (2005). Trichostatin A attenuates airway inflammation in mouse asthma model. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 35, 89–96. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02006.x
  • Chung, K. F., & Wenzel, S. (2014). From the authors: International European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guidelines on severe asthma. European Respiratory Journal, 44, 1378–1379. doi:10.1183/09031936.00120714
  • Cloez-Tayarani, I., Petit-Bertron, A. F., Venters, H. D., & Cavaillon, J.M. (2003). Differential effect of serotonin on cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptors. International Immunology, 15, 233–240.
  • Cogolludo, A., Moreno, L., Lodi, F., Frazziano, G., Cobeno, L., Tamargo, J., & Perez-Vizcaino, F. (2006). Serotonin inhibits voltage-gated K + currents in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells: role of 5-HT2A receptors, caveolin-1, and KV1.5 channel internalization. Circulation Research, 98, 931–938. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000216858.04599.e1
  • Cosio, B. G., Mann, B., Ito, K., Jazrawi, E., Barnes, P. J., Chung, K. F., & Adcock, I.M. (2004). Histone acetylase and deacetylase activity in alveolar macrophages and blood mononocytes in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 170, 141–147. doi:10.1164/rccm.200305-659OC
  • Darmon, M. A., Awabdh, S., Emerit, M. B., & Masson, J. (2015). Insights into Serotonin Receptor Trafficking: Cell Membrane Targeting and Internalization. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 132, 97–126.doi: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.02.009
  • Darveaux, J., & Busse, W.W. (2015). Biologics in asthma–the next step toward personalized treatment. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 3, 152–160. quiz 161. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2014.09.014
  • Davydova, S. M., Cheido, M. A., Gevorgyan, M. M., & Idova, G.V. (2010). Effects of 5-HT2A receptor stimulation and blocking on immune response. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 150, 219–221.
  • De Bie, J. J., Henricks, P. A., Cruikshank, W. W., Hofman, G., Jonker, E. H., Nijkamp, F. P., & Van Oosterhout, A.J. (1998). Modulation of airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia by selective histamine and 5-HT receptor antagonists in a mouse model of allergic asthma. British Journal of Pharmacology, 124, 857–864. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701901
  • Deckers, J., Branco Madeira, F., & Hammad, H. (2013). Innate immune cells in asthma. Trends in Immunology, 34, 540–547. doi:10.1016/j.it.2013.08.004
  • Derkach, V., Surprenant, A., & North, R.A. (1989). 5-HT3 receptors are membrane ion channels. Nature, 339, 706–709. doi:10.1038/339706a0
  • Domeney, A. M., Costall, B., Gerrard, P. A., Jones, D. N., Naylor, R. J., & Tyers, M.B. (1991). The effect of ondansetron on cognitive performance in the marmoset. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 38, 169–175.
  • Drews, J. (2000). Drug discovery: a historical perspective. Science, 287, 1960–1964.
  • Dürk, T., Panther, E., Müller, T., Sorichter, S., Ferrari, D., Pizzirani, C., … Idzko, M. (2005). 5-Hydroxytryptamine modulates cytokine and chemokine production in LPS-primed human monocytes via stimulation of different 5-HTR subtypes. International Immunology, 17, 599–606. doi:10.1093/intimm/dxh242
  • Egermayer, P., Town, G. I., & Peacock, A.J. (1999). Role of serotonin in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension. Thorax, 54, 161–168.
  • Filip, M., & Bader, M. (2009). Overview on 5-HT receptors and their role in physiology and pathology of the central nervous system. Pharmacological Reports, 61, 761–777.
  • Franco-Molina, M., Gomez-Flores, R., Tamez-Guerra, P., Tamez-Guerra, R., Castillo-Leon, L., & Rodriguez-Padilla, C. (2003). In vitro immunopotentiating properties and tumour cell toxicity induced by Lophophora williamsii (peyote) cactus methanolic extract. Phytotherapy Research, 17, 1076–1081. doi:10.1002/ptr.1313
  • Fredriksson, R., Lagerstrom, M. C., Lundin, L. G., & Schioth, H.B. (2003). The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints. Molecular Pharmacology, 63, 1256–1272. doi:10.1124/mol.63.6.1256
  • Furtado, M., & Katzman, M.A. (2015). Examining the role of neuroinflammation in major depression. Psychiatry Research, 229, 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.009
  • Fuxe, K., Farnebo, L. O., Hamberger, B., & Ogren, S.O. (1975). On the in vivo and in vitro actions of fenfluramine and its derivatives on central monoamine neurons, especially 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, and their relation to the anorectic activity of fenfluramine. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 51 Suppl, 1, 35–45.
  • Ghia, J.–E., Li, N., Wang, H., Collins, M., Deng, Y., El–Sharkawy, R. T., … Khan, W.I. (2009). Serotonin has a key role in pathogenesis of experimental colitis. Gastroenterology, 137, 1649–1660. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.041
  • Giulietti, M., Vivenzio, V., Piva, F., Principato, G., Bellantuono, C., & Nardi, B. (2014). How much do we know about the coupling of G-proteins to serotonin receptors? Molecular Brain, 7, 49. doi:10.1186/s13041-014-0049-y
  • Godfrey, R. W., Lorimer, S., Majumdar, S., Adelroth, E., Johnston, P. W., Rogers, A. V., … Jeffery, P.K. (1995). Airway and lung elastic fibre is not reduced in asthma nor in asthmatics following corticosteroid treatment. European Respiratory Journal, 8, 922–927.
  • Göőz, M., Göőz, P., Luttrell, L. M., & Raymond, J.R. (2006). 5-HT2A receptor induces ERK phosphorylation and proliferation through ADAM-17 tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE) activation and heparin-bound epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) shedding in mesangial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 21004–21012. doi:10.1074/jbc.M512096200
  • Graham, J.R. (1964). Methysergide for prevention of headache; experience in five hundred patients over three years. The New England Journal of Medicine, 270, 67–72. doi:10.1056/nejm196401092700202
  • Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., … Klinedinst, M.A. (2016). Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30, 1181–1197. doi:10.1177/0269881116675513
  • Gunawardhana, L. P., Gibson, P. G., Simpson, J. L., Powell, H., & Baines, K.J. (2014). Activity and expression of histone acetylases and deacetylases in inflammatory phenotypes of asthma. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 44, 47–57. doi:10.1111/cea.12168
  • Hamid, Q., & Tulic, M. (2009). Immunobiology of asthma. Annual Review of Physiology, 71, 489–507. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163200
  • Harbuz, M. S., Marti, O., Lightman, S. L., & Jessop, D.S. (1998). Alteration of central serotonin modifies onset and severity of adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. British Journal of Rheumatology, 37, 1077–1083.
  • Harbuz, M. S., Perveen-Gill, Z., Lalies, M. D., Jessop, D. S., Lightman, S. L., & Chowdrey, H.S. (1996). The role of endogenous serotonin in adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. British Journal of Rheumatology, 35, 112–116.
  • Heffter, A. (1898). Ueber pellote. Beitrag zur chemischen und pharmakologischen kenntnis der cacteen. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 40, 385–429.
  • Hekking, P. P., Wener, R. R., Amelink, M., Zwinderman, A. H., Bouvy, M. L., & Bel, E.H. (2015). The prevalence of severe refractory asthma. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 135, 896–902. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.042
  • Herr, N., Bode, C., & Duerschmied, D. (2017). The Effects of Serotonin in Immune Cells. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 4, 48. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2017.00048
  • Hey, P. (1947). The synthesis of a new homologue of mescaline. Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 20, 129–134.
  • Hill, A. S., Sahay, A., & Hen, R. (2015). Increasing Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis is Sufficient to Reduce Anxiety and Depression-Like Behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 2368–2378. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.85
  • Holloway, T., & Gonzalez-Maeso, J. (2015). Epigenetic Mechanisms of Serotonin Signaling. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 6, 1099–1109. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00033
  • Hong, H., Kim, B. S., & Im, H.I. (2016). Pathophysiological role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. International Neurourology Journal, 20, S2–S7. doi:10.5213/inj.1632604.302
  • Hoyer, D., Clarke, D. E., Fozard, J. R., Hartig, P. R., Martin, G. R., Mylecharane, E. J., … Humphrey, P.P. (1994). International Union of Pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin). Pharmacological Reviews, 46, 157–203.
  • Inoue, M., Okazaki, T., Kitazono, T., Mizushima, M., Omata, M., & Ozaki, S. (2011). Regulation of antigen-specific CTL and Th1 cell activation through 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor. International Immunopharmacology, 11, 67–73. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2010.10.007
  • Ito, K., Caramori, G., Lim, S., Oates, T., Chung, K. F., Barnes, P. J., & Adcock, I.M. (2002). Expression and activity of histone deacetylases in human asthmatic airways. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 166, 392–396. doi:10.1164/rccm.2110060
  • Ito, T., Ikeda, U., Shimpo, M., Yamamoto, K., & Shimada, K. (2000). Serotonin increases interleukin-6 synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation, 102, 2522–2527.
  • Janeway, C.A.J.T.P., Walport, M., & Shlomchik, M. (2001). The Immune System in Health and Disease, (5th ed.). New York: New Garland Science.
  • Jeffery, P. K., Godfrey, R. W., Adelroth, E., Nelson, F., Rogers, A., & Johansson, S.A. (1992). Effects of treatment on airway inflammation and thickening of basement membrane reticular collagen in asthma. A quantitative light and electron microscopic study. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 145, 890–899. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/145.4_Pt_1.890
  • Johnson, M. P., Hoffman, A. J., Nichols, D. E., & Mathis, C.A. (1987). Binding to the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor by the enantiomers of 125I-DOI. Neuropharmacology, 26, 1803–1806.
  • Jouvet, M., Bobillier, P., Pujol, J. F., & Renault, J. (1967). [Suppression of sleep and decrease of cerebral serotonin caused by lesion of the raphe system in the cat]. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 264, 360–362.
  • Kang, B. N., Ha, S. G., Bahaie, N. S., Hosseinkhani, M. R., Ge, X. N., Blumenthal, M. N., … Sriramarao, P. (2013). Regulation of serotonin-induced trafficking and migration of eosinophils. PLoS One, 8, e54840. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054840
  • Kenakin, T. (2010). A holistic view of GPCR signaling. Nature Biotechnology, 28, 928–929. doi:10.1038/nbt0910-928
  • Kenakin, T. (2011). Functional selectivity and biased receptor signaling. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 336, 296–302. doi:10.1124/jpet.110.173948
  • Khan, W.I. (2013). The role of 5-HT dysregulation in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 9, 259–261.
  • Kim, H. Y., DeKruyff, R. H., & Umetsu, D.T. (2010). The many paths to asthma: phenotype shaped by innate and adaptive immunity. Nature Immunology, 11, 577–584. doi:10.1038/ni.1892
  • Kubera, M., Maes, M., Kenis, G., Kim, Y.-K., & Lasoń, W. (2005). Effects of serotonin and serotonergic agonists and antagonists on the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6. Psychiatry Research, 134, 251–258. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.01.014
  • Kyzar, E. J., Nichols, C. D., Gainetdinov, R. R., Nichols, D. E., & Kalueff, A.V. (2017). Psychedelic drugs in biomedicine. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 38, 992–1005. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.08.003
  • Laguzzi, R., Reis, D. J., & Talman, W.T. (1984). Modulation of cardiovascular and electrocortical activity through serotonergic mechanisms in the nucleus Tractus solitarius of the rat. Brain Research, 304, 321–328.
  • Leon-Ponte, M., Ahern, G. P., & O'Connell, P.J. (2007). Serotonin provides an accessory signal to enhance T-cell activation by signaling through the 5-HT7 receptor. Blood, 109, 3139–3146. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-052787
  • Locke, N. R., Royce, S. G., Wainewright, J. S., Samuel, C. S., & Tang, M.L. (2007). Comparison of airway remodeling in acute, subacute, and chronic models of allergic airways disease. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 36, 625–632. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2006-0083OC
  • Mabry, P. D., & Campbell, B.A. (1973). Serotonergic inhibition of catecholamine-induced behavioral arousal. Brain Research, 49, 381–391.
  • Marconi, A., Darquenne, S., Boulmerka, A., Mosnier, M., & D'Alessio, P. (2003). Naftidrofuryl-driven regulation of endothelial ICAM-1 involves nitric oxide. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 34, 616–625.
  • Margolis, K. G., Stevanovic, K., Li, Z., Yang, Q. M., Oravecz, T., Zambrowicz, B., … Gershon, M.D. (2014). Pharmacological reduction of mucosal but not neuronal serotonin opposes inflammation in mouse intestine. Gut, 63, 928–937. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304901
  • Mason, J. S., Bortolato, A., Congreve, M., & Marshall, F.H. (2012). New insights from structural biology into the druggability of G protein-coupled receptors. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 33, 249–260. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2012.02.005
  • McAlear, S. D., Kraft, T. W., & Gross, A.K. (2010). 1 rhodopsin mutations in congenital night blindness. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 664, 263–272. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_30
  • McBride, P. A., Mann, J. J., McEwen, B., & Biegon, A. (1983). Characterization of serotonin binding sites on human platelets. Life Sciences, 33, 2033–2041.
  • McCorvy, J. D., & Roth, B.L. (2015). Structure and function of serotonin G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 150, 129–142. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.009
  • McKenna, D. J., Nazarali, A. J., Hoffman, A. J., Nichols, D. E., Mathis, C. A., & Saavedra, J.M. (1989). Common receptors for hallucinogens in rat brain: a comparative autoradiographic study using [125I]LSD and [125I]DOI, a new psychotomimetic radioligand. Brain Research, 476, 45–56.
  • McKune, C. M., & Watts, S.W. (2001). Characterization of the serotonin receptor mediating contraction in the mouse thoracic aorta and signal pathway coupling. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 297, 88–95.
  • Medzhitov, R. (2008). Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature, 454, 428–435. doi:10.1038/nature07201
  • Meltzer, H.Y. (1995). Role of serotonin in the action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 3, 64–75.
  • Meyerson, B. J., & Lewander, T. (1970). Serotonin synthesis inhibition and estrous behavior in female rats. Life Science I, 9, 661–671.
  • Mikulski, Z., Zasłona, Z., Cakarova, L., Hartmann, P., Wilhelm, J., Tecott, L. H., … Kummer, W. (2010). Serotonin activates murine alveolar macrophages through 5-HT2C receptors. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 299, L272–L280. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00032.2010
  • Miller, K. J., & Gonzalez, H.A. (1998). Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation inhibits cytokine-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase in C6 glioma cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 861, 169–173.
  • Miller, K. J., Mariano, C. L., & Cruz, W.R. (1997). Serotonin 5HT2A receptor activation inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in C6 glioma cells. Life Science, 61, 1819–1827.
  • Moore, A. R., Ceraudo, E., Sher, J. J., Guan, Y., Shoushtari, A. N., Chang, M. T., … Chen, Y. (2016). Recurrent activating mutations of G-protein-coupled receptor CYSLTR2 in uveal melanoma. Nature Genetics, 48, 675–680. doi:10.1038/ng.3549
  • Morales-García, J. A., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Alonso-Gil, S., Rodríguez-Franco, M. I., Feilding, A., Perez-Castillo, A., & Riba, J. (2017). The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro. Scientific Reports, 7, 5309. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05407-9
  • Moreira, A. P., & Hogaboam, C.M. (2011). Macrophages in allergic asthma: fine-tuning their pro- and anti-inflammatory actions for disease resolution. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, 31, 485–491. doi:10.1089/jir.2011.0027
  • Nagatomo, T., Rashid, M., Abul Muntasir, H., & Komiyama, T. (2004). Functions of 5-HT2A receptor and its antagonists in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 104, 59–81. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.08.005
  • Naik, S. R., & Wala, S.M. (2013). Inflammation, allergy and asthma, complex immune origin diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic agents. Recent Patents on Inflammation and Allergy Drug Discovery, 7, 62–95.
  • Najjar, S., Pearlman, D. M., Alper, K., Najjar, A., & Devinsky, O. (2013). Neuroinflammation and psychiatric illness. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 10, 43. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-10-43
  • Nakae, S., Lunderius, C., Ho, L. H., Schafer, B., Tsai, M., & Galli, S.J. (2007). TNF can contribute to multiple features of ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation of the airways in mice. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 119, 680–686. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.701
  • Nau, F., Miller, J., Saravia, J., Ahlert, T., Yu, B., Happel, K. I., … Nichols, C.D. (2015). Serotonin 5-HT(2) receptor activation prevents allergic asthma in a mouse model. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 308, L191–L198. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00138.2013
  • Nau, F., Jr., Yu, B., Martin, D., & Nichols, C.D. (2013). Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation blocks TNF-alpha mediated inflammation in vivo. PLoS One, 8, e75426. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075426
  • Nichols, C.D. (2009). Serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor function as a contributing factor to both neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology, 2009, 1. doi:10.1155/2009/475108
  • Nichols, D.E. (2012). Structure-activity relationships of serotonin 5-HT2A agonists. WIRES Membrane Transport and Signaling, 1, 559–579.
  • Nichols, D.E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 68, 264–355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478
  • Nichols, D. E., Johnson, M. W., & Nichols, C.D. (2017). Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101, 209–219. doi:10.1002/cpt.557
  • Nichols, D. E., & Nichols, C.D. (2008). Serotonin receptors. Chemical Reviews, 108, 1614–1641. doi:10.1021/cr078224o
  • Nocito, A., Dahm, F., Jochum, W., Jang, J. H., Georgiev, P., Bader, M., … Clavien, P.–A. (2007). Serotonin mediates oxidative stress and mitochondrial toxicity in a murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology, 133, 608–618. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.019
  • Osmond, H. (1957). A review of the clinical effects of psychotomimetic agents. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 66, 418–434.
  • Overington, J. P., Al-Lazikani, B., & Hopkins, A.L. (2006). How many drug targets are there? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5, 993–996. doi:10.1038/nrd2199
  • Palczewski, K., Kumasaka, T., Hori, T., Behnke, C. A., Motoshima, H., Fox, B. A., … Miyano, M., (2000). Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor. Science, 2. 739–745.
  • Pellegrino, T. C., & Bayer, B.M. (2002). Role of central 5-HT(2) receptors in fluoxetine-induced decreases in T lymphocyte activity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 16, 87–103. doi:10.1006/brbi.2001.0625
  • Pelletier, M., & Siegel, R.M. (2009). Wishing away inflammation? New links between serotonin and TNF signaling. Molecular Interventions, 9, 299–301. doi:10.1124/mi.9.6.5
  • Peretz, D. I., Smythies, J. R., & Gibson, W.C. (1955). A new hallucinogen: 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-beta-aminopropane with notes on the stroboscopic phenomenon. The Journal of Mental Science, 101, 317–329.
  • Pierce, P. A., Xie, G. X., Peroutka, S. J., Green, P. G., & Levine, J.D. (1995). 5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced synovial plasma extravasation is mediated via 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptors on sympathetic efferent terminals. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 275, 502–508.
  • Politis, M., & Loane, C. (2011). Serotonergic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and its relevance to disability. ScientificWorldJournal, 11, 1726–1734. doi:10.1100/2011/172893
  • Quirce, S., Phillips-Angles, E., Dominguez-Ortega, J., & Barranco, P. (2017). Biologics in the treatment of severe asthma. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 45, 45–49. doi:10.1016/j.aller.2017.09.012
  • Radtke, F. A., Chapman, G., Hall, J., & Syed, Y.A. (2017). Modulating Neuroinflammation to Treat Neuropsychiatric Disorders. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1. doi:10.1155/2017/5071786
  • Ray, R. S., Corcoran, A. E., Brust, R. D., Kim, J. C., Richerson, G. B., Nattie, E., & Dymecki, S.M. (2011). Impaired respiratory and body temperature control upon acute serotonergic neuron inhibition. Science, 333, 637–642. doi:10.1126/science.1205295
  • Raymond, J. R., Mukhin, Y. V., Gelasco, A., Turner, J., Collinsworth, G., Gettys, T. W., … Garnovskaya, M.N. (2001). Multiplicity of mechanisms of serotonin receptor signal transduction. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 92, 179–212.
  • Ren, Y., Su, X., Kong, L., Li, M., Zhao, X., Yu, N., & Kang, J. (2016). Therapeutic effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors in a murine asthma model. Inflammation Research, 65, 995–1008. doi:10.1007/s00011-016-0984-4
  • Ross, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., … Schmidt, B.L. (2016). Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30, 1165–1180. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512
  • Rossi, S., Studer, V., Motta, C., Polidoro, S., Perugini, J., Macchiarulo, G., … Centonze, D. (2017). Neuroinflammation drives anxiety and depression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 89, 1338–1347. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000004411
  • Roth, B. L., Berry, S. A., Kroeze, W. K., Willins, D. L., & Kristiansen, K. (1998). Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors: molecular biology and mechanisms of regulation. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 12, 319–338.
  • Roth, B. L., & Kroeze, W.K. (2015). Integrated Approaches for Genome-wide Interrogation of the Druggable Non-olfactory G Protein-coupled Receptor Superfamily. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 290, 19471–19477. doi:10.1074/jbc.R115.654764
  • Ruddell, R. G., Oakley, F., Hussain, Z., Yeung, I., Bryan-Lluka, L. J., Ramm, G. A., & Mann, D.A. (2006). A role for serotonin (5-HT) in hepatic stellate cell function and liver fibrosis. The American Journal of Pathology, 169, 861–876. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2006.050767
  • Samson, M., Libert, F., Doranz, B. J., Rucker, J., Liesnard, C., Farber, C.-M., … Parmentier, M. (1996). Resistance to HIV-1 infection in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature, 382, 722–725. doi:10.1038/382722a0
  • Shah, A. (2012). The pathologic and clinical intersection of atopic and autoimmune disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 12, 520–529. doi:10.1007/s11882-012-0293-0
  • Shajib, M. S., & Khan, W.I. (2015). The role of serotonin and its receptors in activation of immune responses and inflammation. Acta Physiologica, 213, 561–574. (Oxf), doi:10.1111/apha.12430
  • Shulgin, A. T., Sargent, T., & Naranjo, C. (1969). Structure-activity relationships of one-ring psychotomimetics. Nature, 221, 537–541.
  • Shulgin, A., T., S., A. (1991). PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press.
  • Smith, R. L., Barrett, R. J., & Sanders-Bush, E. (2003). Discriminative stimulus properties of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane [(+/-)DOI] in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 166, 61–68. doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1252-6
  • Soga, F., Katoh, N., Inoue, T., & Kishimoto, S. (2007). Serotonin activates human monocytes and prevents apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol, 127, 1947–1955. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700824
  • Sonda, S., Silva, A. B., Grabliauskaite, K., Saponara, E., Weber, A., Jang, J.-H., … Graf, R. (2013). Serotonin regulates amylase secretion and acinar cell damage during murine pancreatitis. Gut, 62, 890–898. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301724
  • Sonier, B., Lavigne, C., Arseneault, M., Ouellette, R., & Vaillancourt, C. (2005). Expression of the 5-HT2A serotoninergic receptor in human placenta and choriocarcinoma cells: mitogenic implications of serotonin. Placenta, 26, 484–490. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2004.08.003
  • Sparkes, C. G., & Spencer, P.S. (1971). Antinociceptive activity of morphine after injection of biogenic amines in the cerebral ventricles of the conscious rat. Br J Pharmacol, 42, 230–241.
  • Stefulj, J., Jernej, B., Cicin-Sain, L., Rinner, I., & Schauenstein, K. (2000). mRNA expression of serotonin receptors in cells of the immune tissues of the rat. Brain Behav Immun, 14, 219–224. doi:10.1006/brbi.1999.0579
  • Steyn, M. E., Viljoen, M., Ubbink, J. B., van Rensburg, B. W., & Reinach, S.G. (1992). Whole blood serotonin levels in chronic renal failure. Life Sci, 51, 359–366.
  • Strawbridge, R., Arnone, D., Danese, A., Papadopoulos, A., Herane Vives, A., & Cleare, A.J. (2015). Inflammation and clinical response to treatment in depression: A meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 25, 1532–1543. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.06.007
  • Thiebot, M.H. (1986). Are serotonergic neurons involved in the control of anxiety and in the anxiolytic activity of benzodiazepines? Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 24, 1471–1477.
  • Urban, J. D., Clarke, W. P., von Zastrow, M., Nichols, D. E., Kobilka, B., Weinstein, H., … Mailman, R.B. (2007). Functional selectivity and classical concepts of quantitative pharmacology. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 320, 1–13. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.104463
  • Vollenweider, F. X., Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen, M. F., Babler, A., Vogel, H., & Hell, D. (1998). Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action. Neuroreport, 9, 3897–3902.
  • Wacker, D., Stevens, R. C., & Roth, B.L. (2017). How Ligands Illuminate GPCR Molecular Pharmacology. Cell, 170, 414–427. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.009
  • Warrington, R., Watson, W., Kim, H. L., & Antonetti, F.R. (2011). An introduction to immunology and immunopathology. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 7, S1. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-7-s1-s1
  • Welsh, D. J., Harnett, M., MacLean, M., & Peacock, A.J. (2004). Proliferation and signaling in fibroblasts: role of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor and transporter. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 170, 252–259. doi:10.1164/rccm.200302-264OC
  • Williams, G. V., Rao, S. G., & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (2002). The physiological role of 5-HT2A receptors in working memory. Journal of Neuroscience 22, 2843–2854. doi:20026203
  • Yu, B., Becnel, J., Zerfaoui, M., Rohatgi, R., Boulares, A. H., & Nichols, C.D. (2008). Serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor activation suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced inflammation with extraordinary potency. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 327, 316–323. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.143461

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.