Catatonia revived: a unique syndrome updated

References

• Barnes, M. P., Saunders, M., Walls, T. J., Saunders, I., & Kirk, C. A. (1986). The syndrome of Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 49, 991–996. doi:10.1136/jnnp.49.9.991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benegal, V., Hingorani, S., & Khanna, S. (1993). Idiopathic catatonia: Validity of the concept. Psychopathology, 26(1), 41–46. doi:10.1159/000284798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billstedt, E., Gillberg, C., & Gillberg, C. (2005). Autism after adolescence: Population-based 13- to 22-year follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism diagnosed in child- hood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 351–360. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3302-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bräunig, P., Krüger, S., Shugar, G., Höffler, J., & Börner, I. (2000). The catatonia rating scale: Development, reliability, and use. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 147–158. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90148-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen, J., & Hare, D. J. (2017). The nature and prevalence of catatonic symptoms in young people with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61, 580–593. doi:10.1111/jir.12362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, G., Fink, M., Petrides, G., Dowling, F., & Francis, A. (1996a). Catatonia I: Rating scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 129–136. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09814.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, G., Fink, M., Petrides, G., Dowling, F., & Francis, A. (1996b). Catatonia II: Treatment with lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 137–143. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09815.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, G., Petrides, G., & Francis, A. (1997). Catatonia and other motor syndromes in a chronically hospitalized psychiatric population. Schizophrenia Research, 27(1), 83–92. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00084-4)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, B. T. (2000). The universal field hypothesis of catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. CNS Spectrums, 5, 26–33. doi:10.1017/S1092852900013365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll, B. T., Goforth, H. W., Thomas, C., Ahuja, N., McDaniel, W. W., Kraus, M. F., … Muñoz, C. (2007). Review of adjunctive glutamate antagonist therapy in the treatment of catatonia syndromes. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19, 406–412. doi:10.1176/jnp.2007.19.4.406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, B. T., Kennedy, J. C., & Goforth, H. W. (2000). Catatonic signs in medical and psychiatric catatonias. CNS Spectrums, 5, 66–69. doi:10.1017/S1092852900013420
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, D. (2006). Towards a valid nosography and psychopathology of catatonia in children and adolescents. International Review of Neurobiology, 72, 131–147. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(05)72008-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, D., Flament, M., Dubos, P. F., & Basquin, M. (1999). Case series: Catatonic syndrome in young people. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1040–1046. doi:10.1097/00004583-199908000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, J. J., & Roig Llesuy, J. (2017). Catatonia education: Needs assessment and brief online intervention. Academic Psychiatry, 41, 360–363. doi:10.1007/s40596-016-0632-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottencin, O., Warembourg, F., de Chouly de Lenclave, M. B., Lucas, B., Vaiva, G., Goudemand, M., & Thomas, P. (2007). Catatonia and consultation-liaison psychiatry study of 12 cases. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 31, 1170–1176. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhossche, D., Wing, L., Ohta, M., & Jurge-Neumarker, K. (2006). Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Espinola-Nadurille, M., Flores-Rivera, J., Rivas-Alonso, V., Vargas-Cañas, S., Fricchione, G. L., Bayliss, L., … Ramirez-Bermudez, J. (2019). Catatonia in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 73, 574–580. doi:10.1111/pcn.12867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinola-Nadurille, M., Ramirez-Bermudez, J., Fricchione, G. L., Ojeda-Lopez, M. C., Perez-González, A. F., & Aguilar-Venegas, L. C. (2016). Catatonia in neurologic and psychiatric patients at a tertiary neurological center. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 28, 124–130. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15090218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, M. (1999). Delirious mania. Bipolar Disorders, 1(1), 54–60. doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.1999.10112.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fink, M., & Taylor, M. A. (2003). Catatonia: A clinician’s guide to diagnosis and treatment (p. 256). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University press.
   Google Scholar
• Francis, A. (2006). Update on catatonia. Psychiatric Times, 23, 23–24.
   Google Scholar
• Francis, A., & Lopez-Canino, A. (2009). Delirium with catatonic features: A new subtype? Psychiatric Times, 26, 32–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francis, A., Chandragiri, S., Rizvi, S., Koch, M., & Petrides, G. (2000). Is lorazepam a treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome? CNS Spectrums, 5, 54–57. doi:10.1017/S1092852900013407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francis, A., Fink, M., Appiani, F., Bertelsen, A., Bolwig, T. G., Bräunig, P., … Wachtel, L. (2010). Catatonia in diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Journal of ECT, 26, 246–247. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181fe28bd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fricchione, G. L., Cassem, N. H., Hooberman, D., & Hobson, D. (1983). Intravenous lorazepam in neuroleptic-induced catatonia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3, 338–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girish, K., & Gill, N. S. (2003). Electro convulsive therapy in lorazepam non- responsive catatonia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 21–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grover, S., Ghosh, A., & Ghormode, D. (2014). Do patients of delirium have catatonic features? An exploratory study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68, 644–651. doi:10.1111/pcn.12168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, J. M., Archer, K. J., Strakowski, S. M., & Keck, P. E. (1995). Somatic treatment of catatonia. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 25, 345–369. doi:10.2190/X0FF-VU7G-QQP7-L5V7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirjak, D., Kubera, K. M., Wolf, R. C., & Northoff, G. (2019). Going back to Kahlbaum’s psychomotor (and GABAergic) origins: Is catatonia more than just a motor and dopaminergic syndrome? Schizophrenia Bulletin. Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobowski, N. L., Heckers, S., & Bobo, W. V. (2013). Delirious mania: Detection, diagnosis, and clinical management in the acute setting. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 19(1), 15–28. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000426324.67322.06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlbaum, K. L. (1973). Catatonia (p. 134). (Y. Levu & T. Pridon, Trans.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khaldarov, V. (2000). Benzodiazepines as a treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Hospital Physician, 6, 51–55.
   Google Scholar
• Koch, M., Chandragiri, S., Rizvi, S., Petrides, G., & Francis, A. (2000). Catatonic signs in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(1), 73–75. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90135-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. W. Y., Schwartz, D. I., & Hallmayer, J. (2000). Catatonia in a psychiatric intensive care facility: Incidence and response to benzodiazepines. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 12, 89–96. doi:10.3109/10401230009147094
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lejuste, F., Thomas, L., Picard, G., Desestret, V., Ducray, F., Rogemond, V., … Honnorat, J. (2016). Neuroleptic intolerance in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Neurology – Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation, 3, e280. doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroy, A., Naudet, F., Vaiva, G., Francis, A., Thomas, P., & Amad, A. (2018). Is electroconvulsive therapy an evidence-based treatment for catatonia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 268, 675–687. doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0819-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llesuy, J. R., Coffey, M. J., Jacobson, K. C., & Cooper, J. J. (2017). Suspected delirium predicts the thoroughness of catatonia evaluation. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 29(2), 148–154. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15090230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llesuy, J. R., Medina, M., Jacobson, K. C., & Cooper, J. J. (2018). Catatonia under-diagnosis in the general hospital. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 30, 145–151. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17060123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, S. C., Caroff, S. N., & Fricchione, G. L. (2004). Malignant catatonia. In S. N. Caroff, S. C. Mann, A. Francis, & G. L. Fricchione (Eds.), Catatonia: From psychopathology to neurobiology (pp. 105–120). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martenyi, F., Metcalfe, S., Schausberer, B., & Dossenbach, M. R. (2001). An efficacy analysis of olanzapine treatment data in schizophrenia patients with catatonic signs and symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 25–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall, W.V., Shelp, F.E., & McDonald, W.M. (1992). Controlled investigation of the amobarbital interview for catatonic mutism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 202–206. doi: 10.1176/ajp.149.2.202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, J. H., Takahashi, N., Muckerman, J., Nowell, K. P., & Ithman, M. (2019). Catatonia in down syndrome: Systematic approach to diagnosis, treatment and outcome assessment based on a case series of seven patients. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 15, 2723–2741. doi:10.2147/NDT.S210613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morcos, N., Rosinski, A., & Maixner, D. F. (2019). Electroconvulsive therapy for neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A case series. Journal of ECT, 35(4), 225–230. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Northoff, G. (2004). Neuroimaging and neurophysiology. In S. N. Caroff, S. C. Mann, A. Francis, & G. L. Fricchione (Eds.), Catatonia: From psychopathology to neurobiology (pp. 77–92). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Northoff, G., Koch, A., Wenke, J., Eckert, J., Böker H., Pflug, B., & Bogerts, B. (1999). Catatonia as a psychmotor syndrome: A rating scale and extrapyramidal motor symptoms. Movement Disorders, 14, 404–416. doi:10.1002/1531-8257(199905)14:3<404::AID-MDS1004>3.0.CO;2-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, G., Divadeenam, K., Bush, G., & Francis, A. (1997). Synergism of lorazepam and ECT in the treatment of catatonia. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 375–381. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00378-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides, G., Malur, C., & Fink, M. (2004). Convulsive therapy. In S. N. Caroff, S. C. Mann, A. Francis, & G. L. Fricchione (Eds.), Catatonia: From psychopathology to neurobiology (pp. 151–160). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, J. P., Pollak, T. A., Blackman, G., & David, A. S. (2019). Catatonia and the immune system: A review. Lancet Psychiatry, 6, 620–630. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30190-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosebush, P. L., Hildebrand, A. M., Furlong, B. G., & Mazurek, M. F. (1990). Catatonic syndrome in a general psychiatric inpatient population: Frequency, clinical presentation, and response to lorazepam. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 357–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosebush, P., & Mazurek, M. (2004). Pharmacotherapy. In S. N. Caroff, S. C. Mann, A. Francis, & G. L. Fricchione (Eds.), Catatonia: from psychopathology to neurobiology (p. 369). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, K., Warnick, S. J., & Balon, R. (2016). Catatonia delirium: 3 cases treated with memantine. Psychosomatics, 57, 645–650. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev, P. S. (2005). A rating scale for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychiatry Research, 135, 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorter, E., & Fink, M. (2018). Madness of fear: A history of catatonia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sienaert, P., Rooseleer, J., & De Fruyt, J. (2011). Measuring catatonia: A systematic review of rating scales. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135(1–3), 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkstein, S. E., Petracca, G., Teson, A., Chemerinski, E., Merello, M., Migliorelli, R., & Leiguarda, R. (1996). Catatonia in depression: Prevalence, clinical correlates, and validation of a scale. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 60, 326–332. doi:10.1136/jnnp.60.3.326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöber, G. (2004). Genetics. In S. N. Caroff, S. C. Mann, A. Francis, & G. L. Fricchione (Eds.), Catatonia: From psychopathology to neurobiology (pp. 173–188). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stöber, G., Saar, K., Rüschendorf, F., Meyer, J., Nürnberg, G., Jatzke, S., … Beckmann, H. (2000). Splitting schizophrenia: Periodic catatonia-susceptibility locus on chromosome 15q15. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67, 1201–1207. doi:10.1086/321183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon, R., Heckers, S., Bustillo, J., Barch, D. M., Gaebel, W., Gur, R. E., … Carpenter, W. (2013). Catatonia in DSM-5. Schizophrenia Research, 150(1), 26–30. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. A. (1990). Catatonia: A review of a behavioral neurologic syndrome. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 3, 48–72.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. A., & Fink, M. (2003). Catatonia in psychiatric classification: A home of its own. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1233–1241. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, P., Cottencin, O., & Rascle, C. (2007). Catatonia in French psychiatry: Implications of the zolpidem challenge test. Psychiatric Annals, 37, 45–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungvari, G. S., Chiu, H. F. K., Chow, L. Y., Lau, B. S. T., & Tang, W. K. (1999). Lorazepam for chronic catatonia: A randomized double-blind, placebo- controlled cross-over study. Psychopharmacology, 142, 393–398. doi:10.1007/s002130050904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Eede, F., Van Hecke, J., Van Dalfsen, A., Van den Bossche, B., Cosyns, P., & Sabbe, B. G. C. (2005). The use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of catatonia. European Psychiatry, 20, 422–429. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel, L. E. (2019). Treatment of catatonia in autism spectrum disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 139(1), 46–55. doi:10.1111/acps.12980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel, L. E., Shorter, E., & Fink, M. (2018). Electroconvulsive therapy for self-injurious behaviour in autism spectrum disorders: Recognizing catatonia is key. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 31, 116–122. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, S., Stegmayer, K., Wilson, J. E., & Heckers, S. (2019). Structure and neural mechanisms of catatonia. Lancet Psychiatry, 6, 610–619. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30474-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, N., Siskind, D., & O’Gorman, C. (2018). Refining the psychiatric syndrome of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138, 401–408. doi:10.1111/acps.12941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel, H., Heuser, I., & Benkert, O. (1987). Stupor and affective state: Alleviation of psychomotor disturbances by lorazepam and recurrence of symptoms after Ro 15-1788. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 240–242. doi:10.1097/00005053-198704000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, D. A., & Robins, A. H. (2000). An analysis of 17 catatonic patients diagnosed with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. CNS Spectrums, 5, 58–65. doi:10.1017/S1092852900013419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson, J. E., Carlson, R., Duggan, M. C., Pandharipande, P., Girard, T. D., Wang, L., … Ely, E. W. (2017). Delirium and catatonia in critically ill patients: The delirium and catatonia prospective cohort investigation. Critical Care Medicine, 45, 1837–1844. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. E., Niu, K., Nicolson, S. E., Levine, S. Z., & Heckers, S. (2015). The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia. Schizophrenia Research, 164(1–3), 256–262. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing, L., & Shah, A. (2000). Catatonia in autistic spectrum disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 357–362. doi:10.1192/bjp.176.4.357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Withane, N., & Dhossche, D. M. (2019). Electroconvulsive treatment for catatonia in autism spectrum disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 28(1), 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2018.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacoub, A., & Francis, A. (2006). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by atypical neuroleptics and responsive to lorazepam. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2, 235–240. doi:10.2147/nedt.2006.2.2.235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar