2,914
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Self-harm and suicidality among LGBTIQ people: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 240-256 | Received 09 Mar 2022, Accepted 09 Mar 2022, Published online: 27 Mar 2022

References

  • Amos, R., Manalastas, E. J., White, R., Bos, H., & Patalay, P. (2020). Mental health, social adversity, and health-related outcomes in sexual minority adolescents: A contemporary national cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30339-6
  • Anderssen, N., Sivertsen, B., Lønning, K. J., & Malterud, K. (2020). Life satisfaction and mental health among transgender students in Norway. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8228-5
  • Arcolin, E., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2021). Risk and protective factors of suicide in adult LGBTQ: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO CRD42021249286. Accessed on January 28, 2022. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=249286
  • Baams, L., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2015). Minority stress and mechanisms of risk for depression and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 688–696. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038994
  • Backhaus, I., Lipson, S. K., Fisher, L. B., Kawachi, I., & Pedrelli, P. (2021). Sexual assault, sense of belonging, depression and suicidality among LGBQ and heterosexual college students. Journal of American College Health, 69(4), 404–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1679155
  • Balduzz, i S., Rücker, G., & Schwarzer, G. (2019). How to perform a meta-analysis with R: A practical tutorial. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 22(4), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2019-300117
  • Berona, J., Horwitz, A. G., Czyz, E. K., & King, C. A. (2020). Predicting suicidal behavior among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth receiving psychiatric emergency services. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 122, 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.007
  • Bettis, A. H., Thompson, E. C., Burke, T. A., Nesi, J., Kudinova, A. Y., Hunt, J. I., Liu, R. T., & Wolff, J. C. (2020). Prevalence and clinical indices of risk for sexual and gender minority youth in an adolescent inpatient sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 130, 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.022
  • Björkenstam, C., Kosidou, K., Björkenstam, E., Dalman, C., Andersson, G., & Cochran, S. (2016). Self-reported suicide ideation and attempts, and medical care for intentional self-harm in lesbians, gays and bisexuals in Sweden. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(9), 895–901. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206884
  • Blosnich, J. R., De Luca, S., Lytle, M. C., & Brownson, C. (2020). Questions of faith: Religious affiliations and suicidal ideation among sexual minority young adults. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(6), 1158–1166. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12679
  • Bouris, A., Everett, B. G., Heath, R. D., Elsaesser, C. E., & Neilands, T. B. (2016). Effects of victimization and violence on suicidal ideation and behaviors among sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. LGBT Health, 3(2), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0037
  • Bränström, R., van der Star, A., & Pachankis, J. E. (2020). Untethered lives: Barriers to societal integration as predictors of the sexual orientation disparity in suicidality. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(1), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01742-6
  • Breslow, A. S., Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Wong, S., Geiger, E., & Soderstrom, B. (2015). Resilience and collective action: Exploring buffers against minority stress for transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000117
  • Carpiniello, B., & Pinna, F. (2017). The reciprocal relationship between suicidality and stigma. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00035
  • Clark, T. C., Lucassen, M. F., Bullen, P., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Robinson, E. M., & Rossen, F. V. (2014). The health and well-being of transgender high school students: Results from the New Zealand Adolescent Health Survey (Youth'12). Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(1), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.008
  • Clements-Nolle, K., Lensch, T., Baxa, A., Gay, C., Larson, S., & Yang, W. (2018). Sexual identity, adverse childhood experiences, and suicidal behaviors. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 62(2), 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.022
  • Coulter, R. W. S., Kessel Schneider, S., Beadnell, B., & O'Donnell, L. (2017). Associations of outside- and within-school adult support on suicidality: Moderating effects of sexual orientation. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(6), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000209
  • Cramer, R. J., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Kaniuka, A. R., Wilsey, C. N., Mennicke, A., Wright, S., Montanaro, E., Bowling, J., & Heron, K. E. (2020). Preferences in information processing, marginalized identity, and non-monogamy: Understanding factors in suicide-related behavior among members of the alternative sexuality community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093233
  • Davey, A., Arcelus, J., Meyer, C., & Bouman, W. P. (2016). Self-injury among trans individuals and matched controls: Prevalence and associated factors. Health & Social Care in the Community, 24(4), 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12239
  • Davis, B., Royne Stafford, M. B., & Pullig, C. (2014). How gay-straight alliance groups mitigate the relationship between gay-bias victimization and adolescent suicide attempts. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(12), 1271–1278.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.010
  • Der Simonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7(3), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2
  • di Giacomo, E., Krausz, M., Colmegna, F., Aspesi, F., & Clerici, M. (2018). Estimating the risk of attempted suicide among sexual minority youths: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(12), 1145–1152. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2731
  • Dorrell, K., Berona, J., Hipwell, A. E., & Keenan, K. (2021). Longitudinal associations between peer factors and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among sexual minority women. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 141, 111–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.014
  • Duncan, D. T., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2014). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender hate crimes and suicidality among a population-based sample of sexual-minority adolescents in Boston. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 272–278. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301424
  • Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x
  • Eisenberg, M. E., Gower, A. L., McMorris, B. J., Rider, G. N., Shea, G., & Coleman, E. (2017). Risk and protective factors in the lives of transgender/gender nonconforming adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(4), 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.014
  • El-Khoury, F., Heron, M., van der Waerden, J., Leon, C., Du Roscoat, E., Velter, A., Lydié, N., & Sitbon, A. (2020). Verbal victimisation, depressive symptoms, and suicide risk among sexual minority adults in France: Results from the nationally-representative 2017 Health Barometer survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(8), 1073–1080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01848-2
  • Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. Basic Books.
  • Fazel, S., & Runeson, B. (2020). Suicide. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(3), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1902944
  • Flynn, A. B., Johnson, R. M., Bolton, S. L., & Mojtabai, R. (2016). Victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in childhood: Associations with attempted suicide. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(4), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12228
  • Fraser, G., Wilson, M. S., Garisch, J. A., Robinson, K., Brocklesby, M., Kingi, T., O'Connell, A., & Russell, L. (2018). Non-suicidal self-injury, sexuality concerns, and emotion regulation among sexually diverse adolescents: A multiple mediation analysis. Archives of Suicide Research : Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 22(3), 432–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2017.1358224
  • Gambadauro, P., Carli, V., Wasserman, D., Balazs, J., Sarchiapone, M., & Hadlaczky, G. (2020). Serious and persistent suicidality among European sexual minority youth. PLoS One, 15(10), e0240840. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240840
  • Gilmour, H. (2019). Sexual orientation and complete mental health. Health Reports, 30(11), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x201901100001-eng
  • Goodin, A., Elswick, A., & Fallin‐Bennett, A. (2019). Mental health disparities and high-risk alcohol use among non-heterosexual high school students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 55(4), 570–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12394
  • Gower, A. L., Rider, G. N., Brown, C., McMorris, B. J., Coleman, E., Taliaferro, L. A., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2018). Supporting transgender and gender diverse youth: Protection against emotional distress and substance use. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 55(6), 787–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.06.030
  • Guadamuz, T. E., Cheung, D. H., Boonmongkon, P., Ojanen, T. T., Damri, T., Samoh, N., Cholratana, M., Ratchadapunnathikul, C., & Sass, J. (2019). Illicit drug use and social victimization among Thai sexual and gender minority adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(13), 2198–2206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1638936
  • Haas, A. P., Eliason, M., Mays, V. M., Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., D'Augelli, A. R., Silverman, M. M., Fisher, P. W., Hughes, T., Rosario, M., Russell, S. T., Malley, E., Reed, J., Litts, D. A., Haller, E., Sell, R. L., Remafedi, G., Bradford, J., Beautrais, A. L., … Clayton, P. J. (2011). Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Review and recommendations. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 10–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.534038
  • Higgins Tejera, C., Horner-Johnson, W., & Andresen, E. M. (2019). Application of an intersectional framework to understanding the association of disability and sexual orientation with suicidal ideation among Oregon Teens. Disability and Health Journal, 12(4), 557–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.05.006
  • Higgins, J. P. T., Cochrane Statistical Methods Group, Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savovic, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 343(oct18 2), d5928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928
  • Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat MedStatistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539–1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186
  • Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (2021). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane. www.training.cochrane.org/handbook. Accessed January 28, 2022.
  • Horwitz, A. G., Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network, Grupp-Phelan, J., Brent, D., Barney, B. J., Casper, T. C., Berona, J., Chernick, L. S., Shenoi, R., Cwik, M., & King, C. A. (2021). Risk and protective factors for suicide among sexual minority youth seeking emergency medical services. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.015
  • Hoy-Ellis, C. P., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. (2016). Lesbian, gay, & bisexual older adults: Linking internal minority stressors, chronic health conditions, and depression. Aging & Mental Health, 20(11), 1119–1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1168362
  • Huang, Y., Li, P., Lai, Z., Jia, X., Xiao, D., Wang, T., Guo, L., & Lu, C. (2018). Association between sexual minority status and suicidal behavior among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 239, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.004
  • Humphries, K. D., Li, L., Smith, G. A., Bridge, J. A., & Zhu, M. (2021). Suicide attempts in association with traditional and electronic bullying among heterosexual and sexual minority U.S. high school students. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 68(6), 1211–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.12.133
  • Irish, M., Solmi, F., Mars, B., King, M., Lewis, G., Pearson, R. M., Pitman, A., Rowe, S., Srinivasan, R., & Lewis, G. (2019). Depression and self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood in sexual minorities compared with heterosexuals in the UK: A population-based cohort study. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 3(2), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30343-2
  • Johns, M. M., Lowry, R., Hipp, T. N., Robin, L., & Shafir, S. (2021). Differences in adolescent experiences of polyvictimization and suicide risk by sexual minority status. Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 31(1), 240–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12595
  • Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P. A., & Christensen, H. (2002). Sexual orientation and mental health: Results from a community survey of young and middle-aged adults. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 180(5), 423–427. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.5.423
  • King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-8-70
  • Layland, E. K., Exten, C., Mallory, A. B., Williams, N. D., & Fish, J. N. (2020). Suicide attempt rates and associations with discrimination are greatest in early adulthood for sexual minority adults across diverse racial and ethnic groups. LGBT Health, 7(8), 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2020.0142
  • Li, Z. T., Xu, W., Lin, J., & Yuan, Y. (2019). Research on relationships between sexual identity, adverse childhood experiences and non-suicidal self-injury among rural high school students in less developed areas of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173158
  • Lucassen, M. F., Stasiak, K., Samra, R., Frampton, C. M., & Merry, S. N. (2017). Sexual minority youth and depressive symptoms or depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 51(8), 774–787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417713664
  • Lytle, M. C., Blosnich, J. R., de Luca, S. M., & Brownson, C. (2018). Association of religiosity with sexual minority suicide ideation and attempt. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(5), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.019
  • Marchi, M., Artoni, C., Longo, F., Magarini, F. M., Aprile, G., Reggianini, C., Florio, D., de Fazio, G. L., Galeazzi, G. M., & Ferrari, S. (2020). The impact of trauma, substance abuse, and psychiatric illness on suicidal and self-harm behaviours in a cohort of migrant detainees: An observational, prospective study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 002076402097900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020979007
  • Marchi, M., Galli, G., Magarini, F. M., Mattei, G., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2021). Sarcosine as an add-on treatment to antipsychotic medication for people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 17(4), 483–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2021.1885648
  • Marsack, J., & Stephenson, R. (2017). Sexuality-based stigma and depression among sexual minority individuals in rural United States. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 21(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2016.1233164
  • Mattei, G., Russo, T., Addabbo, T., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2021). The COVID-19 recession might increase discriminating attitudes toward LGBT people and mental health problems due to minority stress. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67 (4), 400–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020960770
  • Mereish, E. H., Sheskier, M., Hawthorne, D. J., & Goldbach, J. T. (2019). Sexual orientation disparities in mental health and substance use among Black American young people in the USA: Effects of cyber and bias-based victimisation. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(9), 985–998. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1532113
  • Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Mongelli, F., Perrone, D., Balducci, J., Sacchetti, A., Ferrari, S., Mattei, G., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2019). Minority stress and mental health among LGBT populations: An update on the evidence. Minerva Psichiatrica, 60(1), 27–50. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0391-1772.18.01995-7
  • Mustanski, B., & Liu, R. T. (2013). A longitudinal study of predictors of suicide attempts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(3), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0013-9
  • Nam, B., Jun, H. J., Fedina, L., Shah, R., & DeVylder, J. E. (2019). Sexual orientation and mental health among adults in four U.S. cities. Psychiatry Research, 273, 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.092
  • Nowaskie, D. Z., & Roesler, A. C. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on the LGBTQ + community: Comparisons between cisgender, heterosexual people, cisgender sexual minority people, and gender minority people. Psychiatry Research, 309, 114391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114391
  • Nuttbrock, L., Bockting, W., Rosenblum, A., Hwahng, S., Mason, M., Macri, M., & Becker, J. (2014). Gender abuse and major depression among transgender women: A prospective study of vulnerability and resilience. American Journal of Public Health, 104(11), 2191–2198. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301545
  • Ochs, R. (1996). Biphobia: It goes more than two ways. In B. A. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 217–239). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Parr, N. J. (2020). Sexual assault and co-occurrence of mental health outcomes among cisgender female, cisgender male, and gender minority U.S. College students. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 67(5), 722–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.03.040
  • Perales, F., & Campbell, A. (2019). Early roots of sexual-orientation health disparities: Associations between sexual attraction, health and well-being in a national sample of Australian adolescents. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 73(10), 954–962. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211588
  • Perez-Brumer, A., Day, J. K., Russell, S. T., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among transgender youth in California: Findings from a representative, population-based sample of high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(9), 739–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.010
  • Peters, J. R., Mereish, E. H., Krek, M. A., Chuong, A., Ranney, M. L., Solomon, J., Spirito, A., & Yen, S. (2020). Sexual orientation differences in non-suicidal self-injury, suicidality, and psychosocial factors among an inpatient psychiatric sample of adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 284, 112664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112664
  • Plöderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949
  • Porta, C. M., Watson, R. J., Doull, M., Eisenberg, M. E., Grumdahl, N., & Saewyc, E. (2018). Trend disparities in emotional distress and suicidality among sexual minority and heterosexual Minnesota adolescents from 1998 to 2010. The Journal of School Health, 88(8), 605–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12650
  • Progovac, A. M., Mullin, B. O., Dunham, E., Reisner, S. L., McDowell, A., Sanchez Roman, M. J., Dunn, M., Telingator, C. J., Lu, F. Q., Breslow, A. S., Forstein, M., & Cook, B. L. (2020). Disparities in suicidality by gender identity among medicare beneficiaries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(6), 789–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.01.004
  • Proulx, C. N., Coulter, R. W., Egan, J. E., Matthews, D. D., & Mair, C. (2019). Associations of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning-inclusive sex education with mental health outcomes and school-based victimization in U.S. High School students. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 64(5), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.012
  • Quarshie, E. N. B., Waterman, M. G., & House, A. O. (2020). Prevalence of self-harm among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents: A comparison of personal and social adversity with a heterosexual sample in Ghana. BMC Research Notes, 13(1), 271. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05111-4
  • Rentería, R., Benjet, C., Gutierrez-Garcia, R. A., Ábrego Ramírez, A., Albor, Y., Borges, G., Covarrubias Díaz Couder, M. A., Durán, M. D. S., González González, R., Guzmán Saldaña, R., Hermosillo De la Torre, A. E., Martínez-Jerez, A. M., Martinez Martinez, K. I., Medina-Mora, M. E., Martínez Ruiz, S., Paz Pérez, M. A., Pérez Tarango, G., Zavala Berbena, M. A., Méndez, E., Auerbach, R. P., & Mortier, P. (2021). Suicide thought and behaviors, non-suicidal self-injury, and perceived life stress among sexual minority Mexican college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 891–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.038
  • Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., Hunter, J., & Braun, L. (2006). Sexual identity development among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research, 43(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490609552298
  • RStudio Team. (2021). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, PBC. http://www.rstudio.com/
  • Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153
  • Saewyc, E. M., Bauer, G. R., Skay, C. L., Bearinger, L. H., Resnick, M. D., Reis, E., & Murphy, A. (2004). Measuring sexual orientation in adolescent health surveys: Evaluation of eight school-based surveys. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 35(4), 345.e1–e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.002
  • Schünemann, H., Brożek, J., Guyatt, G., & Oxman, A. (2013). GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. [Accessed 6 Apr 2020]. https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html
  • Schwartz, J., & Ginder, W. (2021). NCHA variable combination as a method to undertake LGBTQ + student subpopulation analyses. Journal of American College Health, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1950730
  • Shakarchy, N., Tatsa-Laur, L., Kedem, R., Ben Yehuda, A., & Shelef, L. (2022). Risk factors associated with various severities of suicidal and non-suicidal self-harm among Israel Defense Forces Soldiers—A nested case–control study. Military Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab541
  • Shearer, A., Herres, J., Kodish, T., Squitieri, H., James, K., Russon, J., Atte, T., & Diamond, G. S. (2016). Differences in mental health symptoms across lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning youth in primary care settings. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.02.005
  • Sterne, J. A., Egger, M., & Moher, D. (2008). Addressing reporting biases. In Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (pp. 297–333). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712184.ch10
  • Stroup, D. F., Berlin, J. A., Morton, S. C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G. D., Rennie, D., Moher, D., Becker, B. J., Sipe, T. A., & Thacker, S. B. (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA, 283(15), 2008–2012. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.2008
  • Sutton, A. J., Duval, S. J., Tweedie, R. L., Abrams, K. R., & Jones, D. R. (2000). Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 320(7249), 1574–1577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1574
  • Swannell, S., Martin, G., & Page, A. (2016). Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual adults: Findings from an Australian national study. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415615949
  • Terrin, N., Schmid, C. H., Lau, J., & Olkin, I. (2003). Adjusting for publication bias in the presence of heterogeneity. Statistics in Medicine, 22(13), 2113–2126. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1461
  • Thoma, B. C., Salk, R. H., Choukas-Bradley, S., Goldstein, T. R., Levine, M. D., & Marshal, M. P. (2019). Suicidality disparities between transgender and cisgender adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(5), e20191183. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1183
  • Tsypes, A., Lane, R., Paul, E., & Whitlock, J. (2016). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in heterosexual and sexual minority young adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 65, 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.09.012
  • Udry, J., & Chantala, K. (2002). Risk assessment of adolescents with same-sex relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(1), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00374-9
  • Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor Package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03
  • Wang, Y., Feng, Y., Han, M., Duan, Z., Wilson, A., Fish, J., Sun, S., & Chen, R. (2021). Methods of attempted suicide and risk factors in LGBTQ + youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 122, 105352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105352
  • Wichaidit, W., Assanangkornchai, S., & Chongsuvivatwong, V. (2021). Disparities in behavioral health and experience of violence between cisgender and transgender Thai adolescents. PLoS One, 16(5), e0252520. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252520
  • World Health Organization. (2014). Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. World Health Organization: Accessed January 31, 2022. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/131056
  • World Health Organization. (2019). Suicide in the World: Global Health Estimates. World Health Organization: Accessed January 31, 2022. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326948
  • Wu, C., & Lee, M. (2021). Suicidality, self‐efficacy and mental health help‐seeking in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adults in Taiwan: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(15–16), 2270–2278. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15680

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.