“Otherness”, otherism, discrimination, and health inequalities: entrenched challenges for modern psychiatric disciplines

References

• Akbulut, N., & Razum, O. (2022). Why Othering should be considered in research on health inequalities: Theoretical perspectives and research needs. Population Health, 20, 101286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antić, A. (2021). Transcultural psychiatry: Cultural difference, universalism and social psychiatry in the age of decolonisation. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 45(3), 359–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-021-09719-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad, G. H., Norwood, C., Taylor, D. S., Martinez, M., McClain, S., Jones, B., Holman, A., & Chapman-Hilliard, C. (2015). Beauty and body image concerns among African American College Women. The Journal of Black Psychology, 41(6), 540–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414550864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, Z. (1991). Modernity and ambivalence. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bäärnhielm, S., & Schouler-Ocak, M. (2022). Training in cultural psychiatry: Translating research into improvements in mental health care for migrants. Transcultural Psychiatry, 59(2), 111–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221089384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernache-Assollant, I., Chantal, Y., & Laurin, R. (2021). Is Andy Murray More British Than Scottish? It depends on his success! Game outcome and the MOATing Effect. Psychological Reports, 124(5), 2237–2250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120957242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. (2007). Acculturation and identity. In D. Bhugra & K. S. Bhui (Eds.), Textbook of cultural psychiatry (pp. 169–178). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bethencourt, F. (2013). Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhugra, D., & Bhui, K. (1999). Racism in psychiatry: Paradigm lost–paradigm regained. International Review of Psychiatry, 11(2–3), 236–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhugra, D., Tasman, A., Pathare, S., Priebe, S., Smith, S., Torous, J., Arbuckle, M. R., Langford, A., Alarcón, R. D., Chiu, H. F. K., First, M. B., Kay, J., Sunkel, C., Thapar, A., Udomratn, P., Baingana, F. K., Kestel, D., Ng, R. M. K., Patel, A., Picker, L., et al. (2017). The WPA-Lancet Psychiatry Commission on the Future of Psychiatry. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(10), 775–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30333-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhugra, D., Wijesuriya, R., Gnanapragasam, S., & Persaud, A. (2020). Black and minority mental health in the UK: Challenges and solutions. Forensic Science International. Mind and Law, 1, 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2020.100036
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blackstock, G. (2020). Andy Murray is Scottish if he loses, British if he wins and the French have proved it. https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/politics/andy-murray-scottish-loses-british-22707443#
   Google Scholar
• Bragazzi, N. L., Khamisy-Farah, R., Converti, M., & Italian Working-Group On Lgbtiq Mental Health. (2022). Ensuring equitable, inclusive and meaningful gender identity- and sexual orientation-related data collection in the healthcare sector: Insights from a critical, pragmatic systematic review of the literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 34(3–4), 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2022.2076583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267–1273. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, J. (2021). Why is the idea of ‘gender’ provoking backlash the world over? https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/commentisfree/2021/oct/23/judith-butler-gender-ideology-backlash
   Google Scholar
• Canales, M. K. (2000). Othering: Toward an understanding of difference. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22(4), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-200006000-00003
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, M. (2018). The “Normalization” of Intersex Bodies and “Othering” of Intersex Identities in Australia. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 15(4), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-018-9855-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., Su, J., Zhang, Y., & Yan, W. (2021). Optimism, social identity, mental health: Findings form Tibetan College Students in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 747515. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, A. (2006). Disabled people face difficulties in accessing primary care. BMJ, 333(7568), 565. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.333.7568.565
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cree, R. A., Okoro, C. A., Zack, M. M., & Carbone, E. (2020). Frequent mental distress among adults, by disability status, disability type, and selected characteristics – United States, 2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(36), 1238–1243. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6936a2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWilde, C., Carrington, J., Abbate, A., Burton, C. W., Bearman, G., & Salyer, J. (2019). Structural stress and otherness: How do they influence psychological stress? Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 30(5), 478–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659618823915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Digital, N. H. S. (2016). Psychological Therapies: Annual report on the use of IAPT services England, 2015/16. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/psychological-therapies-annual-reports-on-the-use-of-iapt-services/annual-report-2015-16
   Google Scholar
• Digital, N. H. S. (2022). Mental Health Act Statistics: Annual Figures 2020–21. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-act-statistics-annual-figures
   Google Scholar
• Dingle, G. A., Cruwys, T., & Frings, D. (2015). Social identities as pathways into and out of addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1795. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinos, S., Tay, N., & Shipsey, F. (2021). Health and health-related behaviours of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual adults. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://files.digital.nhs.uk/A3/DB86A3/LGB-Health-text-final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dutta, M. (2016). Cultural context, structural determinants, and global health inequities: The role of communication. Frontiers in Communication, 1, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2016.00005
   Google Scholar
• Edbrooke-Childs, J., & Patalay, P. (2019). Ethnic differences in referral routes to youth mental health services. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(3), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliot, T. S. (1998). The waste land and other poems: Including The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Signet.
   Google Scholar
• Flores, A. R., Stotzer, R. L., Meyer, I. H., & Langton, L. L. (2022). Hate crimes against LGBT people: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017–2019. PLoS One. 17(12), e0279363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey, J., Fremstad, S., & Cai, J. Y. (2022). LGBT adults are more likely to experience mental health hardships, but less likely to get needed help. https://cepr.net/lgbt-adults-are-more-likely-to-experience-mental-health-hardships-but-less-likely-to-get-needed-help/
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Touchstone.
   Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2010). The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: A prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016). Stigma and minority stress as social determinants of health among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth: Research evidence and clinical implications. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 63(6), 985–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Y. T., Ma, Y. T., Craig, S. L., Wong, D. F. K., & Forth, M. W. (2020). How intersectional are mental health interventions for sexual minority people? A systematic review. LGBT Health, 7(5), 220–236. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman, I. (2009). Racism as a determinant of immigrant health. http://canada.metropolis.net/pdfs/racism_policy_brief_e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, S. Q. (2011). Othering, identity formation and agency. Qualitative Studies, 2(2), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.7146/qs.v2i2.5510
   Google Scholar
• Kapuściński, R. (2009). The other. Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Karimi, H. (2022). Constructing the otherness of Jews and Muslims in France. In B. Gidley & S. S. Everett (Eds.), Jews and Muslims in Europe (pp. 162–182). Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L. J., Kronick, R., & Rousseau, C. (2018). Advocacy as key to structural competency in psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(2), 119–120. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochar, R. (2023). The enduring grip of the gender pay gap. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/03/01/the-enduring-grip-of-the-gender-pay-gap/
   Google Scholar
• Kung, F. Y. H., Eibach, R. P., & Grossmann, I. (2016). Culture, fixed-world beliefs, relationships, and perceptions of identity change. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 631–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616652208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., & Nicholson, H. L.Jr (2021). When “model minorities” become “yellow peril”-Othering and the racialization of Asian Americans in the COVID-19 pandemic. Sociology Compass, 15(2), e12849. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebrenz, M., Stohler, R., & Nordt, C. (2014). Ethnic- and gender-specific differences in the prevalence of HIV among patients in opioid maintenance treatment-a case register analysis. Harm Reduction Journal, 11, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-11-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannarini, T., Salvatore, S., & Veltri, G. A. (2020). Identity, otherness, and psycho-cultural dynamics. Media and Social Representations of Otherness: Psycho-Social-Cultural Implications, 2020, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., & Brugha, T. (eds.) (2016). Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. NHS Digital.
   Google Scholar
• Mik-Meyer, N. (2016). Othering, ableism and disability: A discursive analysis of co-workers’ construction of colleagues with visible impairments. Human Relations, 69(6), 1341–1363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715618454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, F. A., & Chhatwal, J. (2020). Diversity and inclusion in psychiatry: The Pursuit of Health Equity. Focus, 18(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20190029
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris, B. (1994). Anthropology of the Self. London: Pluto.
   Google Scholar
• Nartey, M. (2022). Marginality and otherness: The discursive construction of LGBT issues/people in the Ghanaian news media. Media Culture & Society, 44(4), 785–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437211045552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oexle, N., & Corrigan, P. W. (2018). Understanding mental illness stigma toward persons with multiple stigmatized conditions: Implications of intersectionality theory. Psychiatric Services, 69(5), 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okolie, A. C. (2003). Introduction to the special issue – Identity: Now you don’t see it; Now you do. Identity, 3(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0301_01
   Google Scholar
• Okoro, C. A., McKnight-Eily, L. R., Strine, T. W., Crews, J. E., Holt, J. B., & Balluz, L. S. (2011). State and local area estimates of depression and anxiety among adults with disabilities in 2006. Disability and Health Journal, 4(2), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2010.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxford English Dictionary. (2023). Identity. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/91004
   Google Scholar
• Ozier, E. M., Taylor, V. J., & Murphy, M. C. (2019). The cognitive effects of experiencing and observing subtle racial discrimination. Journal of Social Issues, 75(4), 1087–1115. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E., Williams, S. L., Behari, K., Job, S., McConocha, E. M., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2020). Brief online interventions for LGBTQ young adult mental and behavioral health: A randomized controlled trial in a high-stigma, low-resource context. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(5), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, J. (2017). Us vs them: The sinister techniques of ‘Othering’ – and how to avoid them. https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/nov/08/us-vs-them-the-sinister-techniques-of-othering-and-how-to-avoid-them
   Google Scholar
• Prins, S. J., Osher, F. C., Steadman, H. J., Robbins, P. C., & Case, B. (2012). Exploring racial disparities in the brief jail mental health screen. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(5), 635–645. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811435776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, A., Collazos, F., Ramos, M., & Casas, M. (2008). Cultural competency training in psychiatry. European Psychiatry, 23(Suppl 1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(08)70062-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts, M. L. A., & Schiavenato, M. (2017). Othering in the nursing context: A concept analysis. Nursing Open, 4(3), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothmann, J., & Simmonds, S. (2015). ‘Othering’ non-normative sexualities through objectification of ‘the homosexual’: Discursive discrimination by pre-service teachers. Agenda, 29(1), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2015.1010288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüsen, J. (2004). How to overcome ethnocentrism: Approaches to a culture of recognition by history in the twenty-first century. History and Theory, 43(4), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2004.00301.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez, K., Ybarra, R., Chapa, T., & Martinez, O. N. (2016). Eliminating behavioral health disparities and improving outcomes for racial and ethnic minority populations. Psychiatric Services, 67(1), 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayce, L. (2001). Social inclusion and mental health. Psychiatric Bulletin, 25, 121–123. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.4.121
   Google Scholar
• Schmeck, K., Schlüter-Müller, S., Foelsch, P. A., & Doering, S. (2013). The role of identity in the DSM-5 classification of personality disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 7(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-7-27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skovgaard-Smith, I., Soekijad, M., & Down, S. (2020). The Other side of ‘us’: Alterity construction and identification work in the context of planned change. Human Relations, 73(11), 1583–1606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726719872525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A., Buadze, A., & Liebrenz, M. (2023). The United Kingdom’s Rwanda asylum policy and the European Court of Human Rights’ Interim Measure: Challenges for mental health and the importance of social psychiatry. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 69(2), 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640221148091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sollberger, D. (2013). On identity: From a philosophical point of view. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 7(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-7-29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staszak, J. (2009). Other/Otherness. In R., Kitchin, & N., Thrift. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of human geography (pp. 43–47). Elsevier Science.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A. (2017). Mirrors and masks: The search for identity. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315124582
   Google Scholar
• Su, D., Irwin, J. A., Fisher, C., Ramos, A., Kelley, M., Mendoza, D. A. R., & Coleman, J. D. (2016). Mental health disparities within the LGBT population: A comparison between transgender and nontransgender individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2015.0001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Subramaniam, M., Verma, S., & Ann Chong, S. (2021). Mental health in an unequal world. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 154(4), 545–547. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2972_21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel, & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relation (pp. 7–24). Nelson-Hall Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Thomeer, M. B., Moody, M. D., & Yahirun, J. (2023). Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health and mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 10(2), 961–976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01284-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, Y., & Lannegrand, L. (2022). The role of social media emotional experiences in identity construction: Exploring links between micro-identity processes. Identity, 22(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2021.2012181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachter, M., Ventriglio, A., & Bhugra, D. (2015). Micro-identities, adjustment and stigma. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(5), 436–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764015590080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, S., Nazroo, J., & Bécares, L. (2016). Cumulative effect of racial discrimination on the mental health of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Public Health, 106(7), 1294–1300. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., & Sternthal, M. (2010). Understanding racial-ethnic disparities in health: Sociological contributions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1_Suppl), S15–S27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittgens, C., Fischer, M. M., Buspavanich, P., Theobald, S., Schweizer, K., & Trautmann, S. (2022). Mental health in people with minority sexual orientations: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 145(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zevallos, Z. (2011). What is Otherness?. https://othersociologist.com/otherness-resources/
   Google Scholar