- Braden, J.P. (1994). Deafness, deprivation, and IQ. New York: Plenum.
- Brody, N. (1992). Intelligence (second edition). San Diego: Academic Press.
- Cahan, S. & Cohen, N. (1989). Age versus schooling effects on intelligence development. Child Development, 60, 1239-1249.
- Campbell, F.A. & Ramey, C.T. (1994). Effects of early intervention on intellectual and academic achievement. Child Development, 65, 684-695.
- Campbell, F.A. & Ramey, C.T. (1995). Cognitive and school outcomes for high-risk African-American students at middle adolescence: Positive effects of early intervention. American Educational Research Journal, 32, 743-772.
- Carroll, J.B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Cattell, R.B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure and function. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
- Cattell, R.B. (1987). Intelligence: Its structure growth and action. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Colombo, J. (1993). Infant cognition: Prediction of later intellectual functioning. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Consortium for Longitudinal Studies (1983). As the twig is bent ... lasting effects of preschool programs. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Cronbach, L.J. & Snow, R.E. (1977). Aptitudes and instructional methods. New York: Irvington.
- Flynn, J.R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191.
- Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
- Green, R.L., Hoffman, L.J., Morse, R.J., Hayes, M.E. & Morgan, R.F. (1964). The educational status of children in a district without public schools. Bureau of Educational Research, College of Education, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan.
- Guilford, J.P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Guilford, J.P. & Hoepfner, R. (1971). The analysis of intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Horn, J.L. & Knapp, J.R. (1973). On the subjective character of the empirical base of Guilford's structure-of-intellect model. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 33-43.
- Humphreys, L.G. (1994). Intelligence from the standpoint of a (pragmatic) behaviorist. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 179-192.
- Hunter, J.E. (1983). A causal analysis of cognitive ability, job knowledge, job performance, and supervisor ratings. In: E Landy, S. Zedeck & J. Cleveland (Eds). Performance measurement theory (pp. 257-266). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Hunter, J.E. & Schmidt, F.L. (1996). Intelligence and job performance: Economic and social implications. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 2, 447-472.
- Jencks, C. (1979). Who gets ahead? The determinants of economic success in America. New York: Basic Books.
- Jensen, A.R. (1998). The g factor. Westport, CT: Praeger.
- Lavin, D.E. (1965). The prediction of academic performance: A theoretical analysis and review of research. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Loehlin, J.C., Horn, J.M. & Willerman, L. (1989). Modeling IQ change: Evidence from the Texas Adoption Project. Child Development, 60, 993-1004.
- Lubinski, D. & Humphreys, L.G. (1997). Incorporating general intelligence into epidemiology and the social sciences. Intelligence, 24, 159-202.
- Lynn, R. (1990). The role of nutrition in secular increases in intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 273-285.
- Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., Harkness, A.R. & Silva, P.A. (1993). The natural history of change in intellectual performance: Who changes? How much? Is it meaningful? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 455-506.
- Pederson, N.L., Plomin, R., Nesselroade, J.R. & Mclearn, G.E. (1992). A quantitative genetic analysis of cognitive abilities during the second half of the life span. Psychological Science, 3, 346-352.
- Perkins, D.A. & Grotzer, T.A. (1997). Teaching intelligence. American Psychologist, 52, 1125-1133.
- Plomin, R., Fulker, D.W., Corley, R. & Defries, J.C. (1997). Nature, nurture, and cognitive development from 1-16 years: A parent-offspring adoption study. Psychological Science, 8, 442-447.
- Rose, S.A. & Feldman, J. (1995). The prediction of IQ at 11 years from infancy measures. Developmental Psychology, 31, 685-696.
- Spearman, C. (1904). 'General Intelligence' objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201-293.
- Stankov, L. (1986). Kvaschev's experiment: Can we boost intelligence? Intelligence, 10, 209-230.
- Sternberg, R.J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Sternberg, R.J. (1997). The concept of intelligence and its role in lifelong learning and success. American Psychologist, 52, 1030-1037.
- Sternberg, R.J., Ferrari, M., Clinkenbeard, P. & Grigorenko, E.L. (1996). Identification, instruction, and assessment of gifted children: A construct validation of a triarchic model. Gifted Child Quarterly, 40, 129-137.
- Teasdale, T.W. & Owen, O.R. (1989). Continuing secular increases in intelligence and a stable prevalence of high intelligence levels. Intelligence, 13, 255-262.
- Thurstone, L.L. (1931). Multiple factor analysis. Psychological Review, 38, 406-427.
- Thurstone, L.L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Thurstone, L.L. & Thurstone, T.G. (1941). Factorial studies of intelligence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Wilk, S.L., Desmarais, L.B. & Sackett, P.R. (1995). Gravitation to jobs commensurate with ability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 79-85.
- Wilson, R.S. (1983). The Louisville twin study: Developmental synchronies in behavior. Child Development, 54, 298-316.
What is intelligence?
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.