Intelligence and executive functioning in adult age: Effects of sibship size and birth order

References

• Ackerman , P. L. , Beier , M. E. and Boyle , M. O. 2005 . Working memory and intelligence: The same or different constructs? . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 30 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , Lewis , V. , Eldridge , M. and Thompson , N. 1984 . Attention and retrieval from long-term memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 113 : 518 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckman , L. , Jones , S. , Small , B. J. , Agüero-Torres , H. and Fratiglioni , L. 2003 . Rate of cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: The role of comorbidity . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 58B : 228 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Bäckman , L. , Wahlin , Å. , Small , B. J. , Herlitz , A. , Winblad , B. and Fratiglioni , L. 2004 . Cognitive functioning in aging and dementia: The Kungsholmen Project . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 11 : 212 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltes , P. B. , Staudinger , U. M. and Lindberger , U. 1999 . Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning . Annual Review of Psychology , 50 : 471 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beier , M. E. and Ackerman , P. L. 2005 . Working memory and intelligence: Different constructs. Reply to Oberauer et al. (2005) and Kane et al. (2005) . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 72 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmont , L. and Marolla , F. A. 1973 . Birth order, family size and intelligence . Science , 182 : 1096 – 1101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbaum , M. L. and Moreland , R. L. 1985 . Intellectual development within transracial adoptive families: Retesting the confluence model . Child Development , 56 : 207 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake , J. 1981 . Family size and quality of children . Demography , 18 : 421 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake , J. 1989 . Family size and achievement , Los Angeles : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Borella , E. , Carretti , B. and Mammarella , I. C. 2006 . Do working memory and susceptibility to interference predict individual differences in fluid intelligence? . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 51 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard , T. J. Jr. 1998 . Genetic and environmental influences on adult intelligence and special mental abilities . Human Biology , 70 : 257 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breland , H. M. 1974 . Birth order, family configuration, and verbal achievement . Child Development , 45 : 1011 – 1019 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , J. and Luszcz , M. A. 2001 . Adult age differences in self-ordered pointing task performance: Contributions from working memory, executive function and speed of information processing . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 : 608 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussey , K. and Bandura , A. 1999 . Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation . Psychological Review , 106 : 676 – 713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornoldi , C. 2006 . The contribution of cognitive psychology to the study of human intelligence . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , D. , Cahan , S. and Bashi , J. 1977 . Birth order and intellectual development: The confluence model in the light of cross-cultural evidence . Science , 196 : 1470 – 1472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ribaupierre , A. and Lecerf , T. 2006 . Relationships between working memory and intelligence from a developmental perspective: Convergent evidence from a neo-Piagetian and a psychometric approach . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 109 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey , D. B. 1995 . When bigger is not better: Family size, parental resources, and children's educational performance . American Sociological Review , 60 : 747 – 761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey , D. B. 2001 . Number of siblings and intellectual development: The resource dilution explanation . The American Psychologist , 56 : 497 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dureman , I. , Kebbon , L. and Österberg , E. 1974 . “ Manual till DS-batteriet ” . In Manual for the DS-battery , Stockholm : Psykologförlaget AB .
   Google Scholar
• Dureman , I. and Sälde , H. 1959 . Psykometriska och experimentalpsykologiska metoder för klinisk tillämpning , Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell . Psychometric and experimental methods for the clinical evaluation of mental functioning
   Google Scholar
• Erikson , E. H. 1963 . Childhood and society , 2nd ed. , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , K. and Bidell , T. R. 1998 . “ Dynamic development of psychological structure in action and thought ” . In Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development , 5th ed. , Series Ed. Edited by: Damon , W. and Lerner , R. M. 467 – 561 . New York : Wiley . Vol. Ed
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , E. J. and Pick , A. D. 2000 . An ecological approach to perceptual learning and development , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson , L. 2004 . Intelligence: Is it the epidemiologists' elusive “fundamental cause” of social class inequalities in health? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 86 : 174 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groth-Marnat , G. and Teal , M. 2000 . Block design as a measure of everyday spatial ability: A study of ecological validity . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 90 : 522 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern , D. F. and LaMay , M. L. 2000 . The smarter sex: A critical review of sex differences in intelligence . Educational Psychology Review , 12 : 229 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , E. J. , Ringen , S. , Uusitalo , H. and Erikson , R. 1993 . Welfare trends in the Scandinavian countries , London : M. E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Herlitz , A. , Nilsson , L.-G. and Bäckman , L. 1997 . Gender differences in episodic memory . Memory and Cognition , 25 : 801 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jencks , C. , Smith , M. , Acland , H. , Bane , M. J. , Cohen , D. and Gintis , H. 1972 . Inequality: A reassessment of the effect of family and schooling in America , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , H. E. and Conrad , H. 1933 . The growth and decline of intelligence: A study of a homogenous group between the ages ten and sixty . Genetic Psychology Monographs , 13 : 223 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Kane , M. J. , Hambrick , D. Z. and Conway , A. R. A. 2005 . Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are strongly related constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 66 – 71 . 2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , A. S. , Reynolds , C. R. and McLean , J. E. 1989 . Age and WAIS-R intelligence in a national sample of adults in the 20- to 74-year range: A cross-sectional analysis with education level controlled . Intelligence , 13 : 335-253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo , H.-H. D. and Hauser , R. M. 1997 . How does size of sibship matter? Family configuration and family effects on educational attainment . Social Science Research , 26 : 69 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. , Kawachi , I. , Berkman , L. F. and Grodstein , F. 2003 . Education, other socioeconomic indicators, and cognitive function . American Journal of Epidemiology , 157 : 712 – 720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitland , S. B. , Herlitz , A. , Nyberg , L. , Bäckman , L. and Nilsson , L.-G. 2004 . Selective sex differences in declarative memory . Memory and Cognition , 32 : 1160 – 1169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marjoribanks , K. 1976a . Birth order, family environment, and mental abilities: A regression surface analysis . Psychological Reports , 39 : 759 – 765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marjoribanks , K. 1976b . Sibship size, family environment, cognitive performance and affective characteristics . Journal of Psychology , 94 : 195 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marschark , M. 2006 . Intellectual functioning of deaf adults and children: Answers and questions . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 70 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercy , J. A. and Steelman , L. C. 1982 . Familial influence on the intellectual attainment of children . American Sociological Review , 47 : 532 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Emerson , M. J. and Friedman , N. P. 2000 . Assessment of executive functions in clinical settings: Problems and recommendations . Seminars in Speech and Language , 21 : 169 – 183 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson , L.-G. , Adolfsson , R. , Bäckman , L. , de Frias , C. , Molander , B. and Nyberg , L. 2004 . Betula: A prospective cohort study on memory, health, and aging Aging . Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 11 : 134 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson , L.-G. , Bäckman , L. , Erngrund , K. , Nyberg , L. , Adolfsson , R. Buch , G. 1997 . The Betula prospective cohort study: Memory, health, and aging Aging . Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 4 : 1 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson , L.-G. and Söderlund , H. 2001 . “ Aging, cognition, and health ” . In Perspectives on human memory and cognitive aging: Essays in honor of Fergus Craik , Edited by: Moscovitch , M. , Naveh-Benjamin , M. and Roediger , H. L. III . 253 – 264 . Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oberauer , K. , Schulze , R. , Wilhelm , O. and Süβ , H.-M. 2005 . Working memory and intelligence — their correlation and their relation: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 61 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obonsawin , M. C. , Crawford , J. R. , Page , J. , Chalmers , P. , Cochrane , R. and Low , G. 2002 . Performance on tests of frontal lobe function reflect general intellectual ability . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 970 – 977 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plomin , R. , DeFries , J. C. , McClearn , G. E. and McGuffin , P. 2001 . Behavior genetics , 4th ed. , New York : Worth .
   Google Scholar
• Plomin , R. and Petrill , S. A. 1997 . Genetics and intelligence: What's new? . Intelligence , 24 : 53 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbitt , P. 1997 . “ Introduction: Methodologies and models in the study of executive function ” . In Methodology of frontal and executive function , Edited by: Rabbitt , P. 1 – 38 . Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reis , A. , Petersson , K. M. , Castro-Caldas , A. and Ingvar , M. 2001 . Formal schooling influences two- but not three-dimensional naming skills . Brain and Cognition , 47 : 397 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers , J. L. 1984 . Confluence effects: Not here, not now! . Developmental Psychology , 20 : 321 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers , J. L. 2001 . What causes birth-order-intelligence patterns? The Admixture hypothesis, revived . The American Psychologist , 56 : 505 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers , J. L. , Cleveland , H. H. , van den Oord , E. and Rowe , D. C. 2000 . Resolving the debate over birth order, family size, and intelligence . American Psychologist , 55 : 599 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. , Atkinson , T. M. and Berish , D. E. 2003 . Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 132 : 566 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. 1985 . Manual for the Schaie-Thurstone Adult Mental Abilities Test (STAMAT) , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. 1994 . The course of adult intellectual development . American Psychologist , 49 : 304 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegler , R. S. 1998 . Children's thinking , 3rd ed. , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , T. E. 1984 . Sex and sibling structure: Interaction effects upon the accuracy of adolescent perceptions of parental orientations . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 46 : 901 – 908 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow , R. E. , Kyllonen , C. P. and Marshalek , B. 1984 . “ The topography of ability and learning correlations ” . In Advances in the psychology of human intelligence , Edited by: Sternberg , R. J. 47 – 103 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Strachan , M. W. J. , Ewing , F. M. E. , Deary , I. J. and Frier , B. M. 1997 . Is Type II diabetes associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction? . Diabetes Care , 20 : 438 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voyer , D. , Voyer , S. and Bryden , M. P. 1995 . Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta analysis and consideration of critical variables . Psychological Bulletin , 117 : 250 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vygotsky , L. S. 1986 . Thought and language , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . WAIS-R: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–revised , New York : Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich .
   Google Scholar
• Wilhelm , O. and Oberauer , K. 2006 . Why are reasoning ability and working memory capacity related to mental speed? An investigation of stimulus–response compatibility in choice reaction time tasks . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 18 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajonc , R. B. 1976 . Family configuration and intelligence . Science , 192 : 227 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajonc , R. B. 1986 . The decline and rise of scholastic aptitude scores: A prediction from the Confluence Model . The American Psychologist , 41 : 862 – 867 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajonc , R. B. 2001 . The family dynamics of intellectual development . The American Psychologist , 56 : 490 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajonc , R. B. and Markus , G. B. 1975 . Birth order and intellectual development . Psychological Review , 82 : 74 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajonc , R. B. and Mullaly , P. R. 1997 . Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects . The American Psychologist , 52 : 685 – 699 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar