5,758
Views
251
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Testing improves long-term retention in a simulated classroom setting

&
Pages 514-527 | Published online: 02 Jul 2007

References

  • Allen , G. A. , Mahler , W. A. and Estes , W. K. 1969 . Effects of recall tests on long-term retention of paired associates . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 8 : 463 – 470 .
  • Bahrick , H. P. 1979 . Maintenance of knowledge: Questions about memory we forgot to ask . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 108 : 296 – 308 .
  • Bahrick , H. P. 1984 . Semantic memory content in permastore: 50 years of memory for Spanish learned in school . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 113 : 1 – 29 .
  • Bahrick , H. P. and Hall , L. K. 1991 . Lifetime maintenance of high school mathematics content . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 120 : 20 – 33 .
  • Bangert-Drowns , R. L. , Kulik , J. A. and Kulik , C. C. 1991 . Effects of frequent classroom testing . Journal of Educational Research , 85 : 89 – 99 .
  • Bangert-Drowns , R. L. , Kulik , C. C. , Kulik , J. A. and Morgan , M. 1991 . The instructional effect of feedback in test-like events . Review of Educational Research , 61 : 213 – 238 .
  • Bjork , R. A. 1975 . “ Retrieval as a memory modifier: An interpretation of negative recency and related phenomena ” . In Information processing and cognition , Edited by: Solso , R. L. 123 – 144 . New York : Wiley .
  • Butler , A. C. , Karpicke , J. D. , & Roediger , H. L. III , ( 2007 ). A matter of confidence: Correct responses benefit from feedback . Manuscript submitted for publications .
  • Carrier , M. and Pashler , H. 1992 . The influence of retrieval on retention . Memory and Cognition , 20 : 633 – 642 .
  • Cepeda , N. J. , Pashler , H. , Vul , E. , Wixted , J. T. , & Rohrer , D. ( 2006 ). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis . Psychological Bulletin , 132 , 354 – 380 .
  • Conway , M. A. , Cohen , G. and Stanhope , N. 1991 . On the very long-term retention of knowledge acquired through formal education: Twelve years of cognitive psychology . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 120 : 395 – 409 .
  • Cooper , A. J. R. and Monk , A. 1976 . “ Learning for recall and learning for recognition ” . In Recall and recognition , Edited by: Brown , J. 115 – 140 . London : Wiley .
  • Duchastel , P. C. 1980 . Extension of testing effects on the retention of prose . Psychological Reports , 47 : 1062
  • Duchastel , P. C. 1981 . Retention of prose following testing with different types of test . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 6 : 217 – 226 .
  • Duchastel , P. C. and Nungester , R. J. 1981 . Long-term retention of prose following testing . Psychological Reports , 49 : 470
  • Foos , P. W. and Fisher , R. P. 1988 . Using tests as learning opportunities . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 : 179 – 183 .
  • Gates , A. I. ( 1917 ). Recitation as a factor in memorizing . Archives of Psychology , 6 , No. 40 .
  • Geisser , S. and Greenhouse , S. W. 1958 . An extension of Box's results on the use of F distribution in multivariate analysis . Annals of Mathematical Statistics , 29 : 885 – 891 .
  • Glover , J. A. 1989 . The “testing” phenomenon: Not gone but nearly forgotten . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 392 – 399 .
  • Hogan , R. M. and Kintsch , W. 1971 . Differential effects of study and test trials on long-term recognition and recall . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 10 : 562 – 567 .
  • Jones , H. E. 1923 . The effects of examination on the performance of learning . Archives of Psychology , 10 : 1 – 70 .
  • Kang , S. H. K. , McDermott , K. B. and Roediger , H. L. III . 2007 . Test format and corrective feedback modulate the effect of testing on long-term retention . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 19 : 528 – 558 .
  • Landauer , T. K. and Ainslie , K. I. 1975 . Exams and use as preservatives of course-acquired knowledge . Journal of Educational Research , 69 : 99 – 104 .
  • LaPorte , R. E. and Voss , J. F. 1975 . Retention of prose materials as a function of postacquisition testing . Journal of Educational Psychology , 67 : 259 – 266 .
  • Leeming , F. C. 2002 . The exam-a-day procedure improves performance in psychology classes . Teaching of Psychology , 29 : 210 – 212 .
  • McDaniel , M. A. , Anderson , J. L. , Derbish , M. H. and Morrisette , N. 2007 . Testing the testing effect in the classroom . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 19 : 494 – 513 .
  • McDaniel , M. A. and Fisher , R. P. 1991 . Tests and test feedback as learning sources . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 16 : 192 – 201 .
  • McDaniel , M. A. and Masson , M. E. J. 1985 . Altering memory representations through retrieval . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 11 : 371 – 385 .
  • Metcalfe , J. , Kornell , N. and Son , L. K. 2007 . A cognitive-science based programme to enhance study efficacy in a high- and low-risk setting . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 19 : 743 – 768 .
  • Morris , P. E. , Bransford , J. D. and Franks , J. J. 1977 . Levels of processing versus transfer-appropriate processing . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 16 : 519 – 533 .
  • Nungester , R. J. and Duchastel , P. C. 1982 . Testing versus review: Effects on retention . Journal of Educational Psychology , 74 : 18 – 22 .
  • Paige , D. D. 1966 . Learning while testing . Journal of Educational Research , 59 ( 6 ) : 276 – 277 .
  • Pashler , H. , Cepeda , N. J. , Wixted , J. T. and Rohrer , D. 2005 . When does feedback facilitate learning of words? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 31 : 3 – 8 .
  • Roediger , H. L. III and Karpicke , J. D. 2006a . The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 1 : 181 – 210 .
  • Roediger , H. L. III and Karpicke , J. D. 2006b . Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention . Psychological Science , 17 : 249 – 255 .
  • Roediger , H. L. III and Marsh , E. J. 2005 . The positive and negative consequence of multiple-choice testing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 31 : 1155 – 1159 .
  • Schneider , W. , Eschman , A. and Zuccolotto , A. 2002 . E-Prime reference guide , Pittsburgh, PA : Psychology Software Tools, Inc .
  • Semb , G. B. and Ellis , J. A. 1994 . Knowledge taught in school: What is remembered? . Review of Educational Research , 64 : 253 – 286 .
  • Semb , G. B. , Ellis , J. A. and Araujo , J. 1993 . Long-term memory for knowledge learned in school . Journal of Educational Psychology , 85 : 305 – 316 .
  • Spitzer , H. J. 1939 . Studies in retention . Journal of Educational Psychology , 30 : 641 – 656 .
  • The Teaching Company (Producer) . (2000) . From Monet to Van Gogh: A history of impressionism [Motion picture] . ( Available from The Teaching Company, Chantilly, VA )
  • Thompson , C. P. , Wenger , S. K. and Bartling , C. A. 1978 . How recall facilitates subsequent recall: A reappraisal . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 4 : 210 – 221 .
  • Wenger , S. K. , Thompson , C. P. and Bartling , C. A. 1980 . Recall facilitates subsequent recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 6 : 545 – 559 .
  • Wheeler , M. A. and Roediger , H. L. III . 1992 . Disparate effects of repeated testing: Reconciling Ballard's (1913) and Bartlett's (1932) results . Psychological Science , 3 : 240 – 245 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.