Testing the testing effect in the classroom

References

• Allen , G. A. , Mahler , W. A. and Estes , W. K. 1969 . Effects of recall tests on long-term retention of paired associates . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 8 : 463 – 471 .
   Google Scholar
• Baine , D. 1986 . Memory and instruction , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Educational Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett , J. C. 1977 . Effects of immediate testing on delayed retrieval: Search and recovery operations with four types of cue . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 3 : 719 – 732 .
   Google Scholar
• Butler , A. C. and Roediger , H. L. III . 2007 . Testing improves long-term retention in a simulated classroom setting . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 19 : 514 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier , M. and Pashler , H. 1992 . The influence of retrieval on retention . Memory and Cognition , 20 : 633 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , A. J. R. and Monk , A. 1976 . “ Learning for recall and learning for recognition ” . In Recall and recognition , Edited by: Brown , J. 131 – 156 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Darley , C. F. and Murdock , B. B. 1971 . Effects of prior free recall testing on final recall and recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 91 : 66 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Glover , J. A. 1989 . The “testing” phenomenon: Not gone but nearly forgotten . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 392 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanawalt , N. G. and Tarr , A. G. 1961 . The effect of recall upon recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 62 : 361 – 367 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogan , R. M. and Kintsch , W. 1971 . Differential effects of study and test trials on long-term recognition and recall . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 10 : 562 – 567 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. L. 1978 . On interpreting the effects of repetition: Solving a problem versus remembering a solution . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 17 : 649 – 667 .
   Google Scholar
• Kang , S. H. K. , McDermott , K. B. , & Roediger , H. L. III (2007) . Test format and corrective feedback modulate the effect of testing on long-term retention . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 19 , 528 – 558 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart , R. S. 1975 . The facilitation of recognition by recall . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 14 : 253 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Mandler , G. and Rabinowitz , J. C. 1981 . Appearance and reality: Does a recognition test really improve subsequent recall and recognition? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 7 : 79 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Masson , M. E. J. and McDaniel , M. A. 1981 . The role of organization processes in long-term retention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 7 : 100 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , R. E. 2003 . “ Memory and information processes ” . In Educational psychology: Vol. 7. Handbook of psychology , Edited by: Reynolds , W. M. and Miller , G. E. 47 – 57 . Hoboken, NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel , M. A. and Fisher , R. P. 1991 . Test and test feedback as learning sources . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 16 : 192 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel , M. A. , Friedman , A. and Bourne , L. E. 1978 . Remembering the levels of information in words . Memory and Cognition , 6 : 156 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel , M. A. , Kowitz , M. D. and Dunay , P. K. 1989 . Altering memory through recall: The effects of cue-guided retrieval processing . Memory and Cognition , 17 : 423 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel , M. A. and Masson , M. E. J. 1985 . Altering memory representations through retrieval . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 11 : 371 – 385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , J. , Kornell , N. and Son , L. K. 2007 . A cognitive-science based program to enhance study efficacy in a high and low-risk setting . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 19 : 743 – 768 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , C. D. , Bransford , J. D. and Franks , J. J. 1977 . Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 16 : 519 – 533 .
   Google Scholar
• Pashler , H. , Cepeda , N. J. , Wixted , J. T. and Rohrer , D. 2005 . When does feedback facilitate learning of words? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 31 : 3 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger , H. L. III and Blaxton , T. A. 1987 . “ Retrieval modes produce dissociations in memory for surface information ” . In Memory and learning: The Ebbinghaus Centennial Conference , Edited by: Gorfein , D. S. and Hoffman , R. R. 349 – 379 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Roediger , H. L. III and Karpicke , J. D. 2006a . The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 1 : 181 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger , H. L. III and Karpicke , J. D. 2006b . Test enhanced learning: Taking tests improves long-term retention . Psychological Science , 17 : 249 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig , M. R. , Breedlove , S. M. and Watson , N. V. 2004 . Biological psychology: An introduction to behavioral and cognitive neuroscience , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer .
   Google Scholar
• Runquist , W. N. 1983 . Some effects of remembering on forgetting . Memory and Cognition , 11 : 641 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slamecka , N. J. and Graf , P. 1978 . The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 4 : 592 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer , H. F. 1939 . Studies in retention . Journal of Educational Psychology , 30 : 641 – 656 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , A. K. , & McDaniel , M. A. ( in press ). The negative cascade of incongruent task-test processing . Memory & Cognition .
   Google Scholar
• Wenger , S. K. , Thompson , C. P. and Bartling , C. A. 1980 . Recall facilitates subsequent recognition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 6 : 545 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler , M. A. , Ewers , M. and Buonanno , J. F. 2003 . Different rates of forgetting following study versus test trials . Memory , 11 : 571 – 580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , M. A. and Roediger , H. L. III . 1992 . Disparate effects of repeated testing: Reconciling Ballard's (1913) and Bartlett's (1932) results . Psychological Science , 3 : 240 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitten , W. B. and Bjork , R. A. 1977 . Learning from tests: Effects of spacing: Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 16 : 465 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Wininger , S. R. 2005 . Using your tests to teach: Formative summative assessment . Teaching of Psychology , 32 : 164 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar