Fractional CO₂-assisted photodynamic therapy improves the clinical outcome and patient’s satisfaction in toenail onychomycosis treatment: an intra-patient comparative single-center study

References

• Gupta AK, Versteeg SG, Shear NH. Onychomycosis in the 21st century: an update on diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017;21(6):525–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moubasher AH, Abdel-Sater MA, Soliman Z. Incidence and biodiversity of yeasts, dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes in superficial skin infections in Assiut, Egypt. J Mycol Med. 2017;27(2):166–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhamoon RK, Popli H, Gupta M. Novel drug delivery strategies for the treatment of onychomycosis. Pharm Nanotechnol. 2019;7(1):24–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipner SR, Scher RK. Onychomycosis: treatment and prevention of recurrence. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):853–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houang J, Perrone G, Mawad D, et al. Light treatments of nail fungal infections. J Biophotonics. 2018;11(3):e201700350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giroldo LM, Felipe MP, de Oliveira MA, et al. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) with methylene blue increases membrane permeability in Candida albicans. Lasers Med Sci. 2009;24(1):109–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatta AK, Keyal U, Huang X, et al. Fractional carbon-dioxide (CO2) laser-assisted topical therapy for the treatment of onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(5):916–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou BR, Lu Y, Permatasari F, et al. The efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser combined with luliconazole 1% cream for the treatment of onychomycosis: a randomized, controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore)). 2016;95(44):e5141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Li J, Huang H, et al. The efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser combined with terbinafine hydrochloride 1% cream for the treatment of onychomycosis. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2017;19(6):353–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abd El-Aal EB, Abdo HM, Ibrahim SM, et al. Fractional carbon dioxide laser assisted delivery of topical tazarotene versus topical tioconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2019;30(3):277–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Tatawy RA, Aliweh HA, Hegab DS, et al. Fractional carbon dioxide laser and topical tioconazole in the treatment of fingernail onychomycosis. Lasers Med Sci. 2019;34(9):1873–1880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko DY, Kim KH, Song KH. A randomized trial comparing methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy with and without Er:YAG ablative fractional laser treatment in Asian patients with lower extremity Bowen disease: results from a 12-month follow-up. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170(1):165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung JM, Kim YC. Photodynamic therapy with epidermal ablation using fractional CO2 laser for treating superficial basal cell carcinoma: a case series. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017;19:202–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HJ, Song KH. Ablative fractional laser-assisted photodynamic therapy provides superior long-term efficacy compared with standard methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy for lower extremity Bowen disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(5):860–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrani F, Sotiriou E, Lazaridou E, et al. Short incubation fractional CO2 laser-assisted photodynamic therapy vs. conventional photodynamic therapy in field-cancerized skin: 12-month follow-up results of a randomized intraindividual comparison study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(1):79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira GB, Antonio JR, Antonio CR, et al. The association of fractional CO2 laser 10.600nm and photodynamic therapy in the treatment of onychomycosis. An Bras Dermatol. 2015;90(4):468–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotiriou E, Koussidou-Ermonti T, Chaidemenos G, et al. Photodynamic therapy for distal and lateral subungual toenail onychomycosis caused by trichophyton rubrum: preliminary results of a single-centre open trial. Acta Derm Venereol. 2010;90(2):216–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghannoum M, Isham N, Catalano V. A second look at efficacy criteria for onychomycosis: clinical and mycological cure. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170(1):182–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shemer A, Daniel R, Rigopoulos D, et al. Variability in systemic treatment efficacy for onychomycosis: information that clinical studies do not impart to the office dermatologist. Skin Appendage Disord. 2018;4(3):141–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sayed M. Medical mycology: atlas of medically Important Fungi and dermatomycosis. Cairo (Eg): Mecca Printing House; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Cheesbrough M. Microbiological tests. In: District laboratory practice in tropical countries. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (UK); 2006. Part 2. p. 1–247.
   Google Scholar
• Hoog GSde D, Guarro J, Gene J, et al. Atlas of clinical fungi. Utrecht (The Netherlands): Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett JA, Payne RW, Yarrow D. Yeasts: characteristics and identification. 3rd ed. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Klich MA. Identification of common Aspergillus species. Utrecht (The Netherlands): Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Larone DH. Medically important fungi: a guide to identification. Washington DC (USA): ASM press; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Summerbell R, Kane J. Physiological and other special tests for identifying dermatophytes. In: Laboratory handbook of dermatophytes: a clinical guide and laboratory handbook of dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi from skin, hair, and nails. 1st ed. Belmont, CA (USA): Star Pub Co; 1997. p. 45–79.
   Google Scholar
• Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Lorenzi S. Onychomycosis caused by nondermatophytic molds: clinical features and response to treatment of 59 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(2 Pt 1):217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney C, Tosti A, Daniel R, et al. A new classification system for grading the severity of onychomycosis: Onychomycosis Severity Index. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(11):1277–1282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scher RK, Tavakkol A, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Onychomycosis: diagnosis and definition of cure. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(6):939–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Mays RR. The impact of onychomycosis on quality of life: a systematic review of the available literature. Skin Appendage Disord. 2018;4(4):208–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi CC, Wang SH, Chou MC. The causative pathogens of onychomycosis in southern Taiwan. Mycoses. 2005;48(6):413–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Batawi MM, Arnaot H, Shoeib S, et al. Prevalence of non-dermatophyte molds in patients with abnormal nails. Egypt Dermatol Online J. 2006;2:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Raghavendra KR, Yadav D, Kumar A, et al. The nondermatophyte molds: emerging as leading cause of onychomycosis in south-east Rajasthan. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2015;6(2):92–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wijesuriya TM, Kottahachchi J, Gunasekara TD, et al. Aspergillus species: an emerging pathogen in onychomycosis among diabetics. Indian J Endocr Metab. 2015;19(6):811–816.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta AK, Mays RR, Versteeg SG, et al. Update on current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis. Expert Rev anti Infect Ther. 2018;16(12):929–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Simpson FC. New therapeutic options for onychomycosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012;13(8):1131–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberdi E, Gómez C. Efficiency of methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy vs intense pulsed light in the treatment of onychomycosis in the toenails. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2019;35(2):69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudraz-Rosselet F, Ruffieux C, Lurati M, et al. Onychomycosis insensitive to systemic terbinafine and azole treatments reveals non-dermatophyte moulds as infectious agents. Dermatology (Basel)). 2010;220(2):164–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza LW, Souza SV, Botelho AC. Distal and lateral toenail onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum: treatment with photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye. An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89(1):184–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hira K, Yamada H, Takahashi Y, et al. Successful treatment of chromomycosis using carbon dioxide laser associated with topical heat applications. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16(3):273–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam M, Pantanowitz L, Harton AM, et al. A prospective trial of fungal colonization after laser resurfacing of the face: correlation between culture positivity and symptoms of pruritus. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(3):255–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• www.fda.gov. Medical Devices and Clinical Trial Design for the Treatment or Improvement in the Appearance of Fungally-Infected Nails Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff. USA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health; 2016. March 7. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/90831/download.
   Google Scholar