Cosmetic skin lightening use and side effects

References

• Thomas L. There’s a complex history of skin lighteners in Africa and beyond: Quartz Africa. [cited 2020 Mar 10]. Available from: https://qz.com/africa/1815572/skin-bleaching-skin-lightening-in-africa-has-a-complex-history/.
   Google Scholar
• Preston M. Reid apologizes for racial remarks about Obama during campaign. CNN. 2010 Jan 9.
   Google Scholar
• Press A. 'Colorism' reveals many shades of prejudice in Hollywood. NBC News. 2019 Jan 17.
   Google Scholar
• Louis CS. Creams offering lighter skin may bring risks. The New York Times. 2010 Jan 16.
   Google Scholar
• Dlova NC, Hamed SH, Tsoka-Gwegweni J, et al. Skin lightening practices: an epidemiological study of South African women of African and Indian ancestries. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(Suppl 2):2–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basch CH, Brown AA, Fullwood MD, et al. YouTube as a source of information on skin bleaching: a content analysis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018;43(4):399–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamu N. Colonialism and the origins of skin bleaching. 2019 [cited 2019 Mar 21]. Available from: https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/XIfdHRAAAKbQ_FWB.
   Google Scholar
• Olson K. Cosmetics in Roman antiquity: substance, remedy, poison. Classical World. 2009;102(3):291–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oumeish OY. The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and art through the medical history of mankind. Clin Dermatol. 2001;19(4):375–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed T, Mohammed E, Bascombe S. The evaluation of total mercury and arsenic in skin bleaching creams commonly used in Trinidad and Tobago and their potential risk to the people of the Caribbean. J Public Health Res. 2017;6(3):1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advertisement for Sweet Georgia Brown skin bleaching creams. Ca 1930. Object Number 2011.166.21, Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. 1930. Available from: https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2011.166.21.
   Google Scholar
• Ashikari M. The memory of the women's white faces: Japaneseness and the ideal image of women. Japan Forum. 2003;15(1):55–79.
   Google Scholar
• Charles CAD. Skin bleaching, self-hate, and black identity in Jamaica. J Black Stud. 2003;33(6):711–728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs M, Levine S, Abney K, et al. Fifty shades of African lightness: a bio-psychosocial review of the global phenomenon of skin lightening practices. J Public Health Afr. 2016;7(2):552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benn EKT, Deshpande R, Dotson-Newman O, et al. Skin bleaching among African and Afro-Caribbean women in New York City: primary findings from a P30 pilot study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)). 2019;9(2):355–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajose FO. Consequences of skin bleaching in Nigerian men and women. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44(Suppl 1):41–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamed SH, Tayyem R, Nimer N, et al. Skin-lightening practice among women living in Jordan: prevalence, determinants, and user's awareness. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(4):414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersch J. Profiling the new immigrant worker: the effects of skin color and height. J Labor Economics. 2008;26(2):345–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank R, Akresh IR, Lu B. Latino immigrants and the U.S. racial order: how and where do they fit in? Am Sociol Rev. 2010;75(3):378–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersch J. Colorism against legal immigrants to the United States. Am Behav Sci. 2018;62(14):2117–2132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter ML. ‘If you're light you're alright’: light skin color as social capital for women of color. Gender Soc. 2002;16(2):175–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra T. Black immigrant women have harder time getting work. The Atlantic. 2015 Sep 10.
   Google Scholar
• Hoshaw RA, Zimmerman KG, Menter A. Ochronosislike pigmentation from hydroquinone bleaching creams in American blacks. Arch Dermatol. 1985;121(1):105–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verma SB. Obsession with light skin-shedding some light on use of skin lightening products in India. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(4):464–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahe A. The practice of skin-bleaching for a cosmetic purpose in immigrant communities. J Travel Med. 2014;21(4):282–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebajo SB. An epidemiological survey of the use of cosmetic skin lightening cosmetics among traders in Lagos, Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2002;21(1):51–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahe A, Perret JL, Ly F, et al. The cosmetic use of skin-lightening products during pregnancy in Dakar, Senegal: a common and potentially hazardous practice. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101(2):183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit A, Cohen-Ludmann C, Clevenbergh P, et al. Skin lightening and its complications among African people living in Paris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(5):873–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagoe D, Pallesen S, Dlova NC, et al. The global prevalence and correlates of skin bleaching: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(1):24–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Giudice P, Yves P. The widespread use of skin lightening creams in Senegal: a persistent public health problem in West Africa. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(2):69–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shroff H, Diedrichs PC, Craddock N. Skin color, cultural capital, and beauty products: an investigation of the use of skin fairness products in Mumbai, India. Front Public Health. 2017;5:365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olumide YM, Akinkugbe AO, Altraide D, et al. Complications of chronic use of skin lightening cosmetics. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47(4):344–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benn EKT, Alexis A, Mohamed N, et al. Skin bleaching and dermatologic health of African and Afro-Caribbean populations in the US: new directions for methodologically rigorous, multidisciplinary, and culturally sensitive research. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2016;6(4):453–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SC. Skin of color: biology, structure, function, and implications for dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2 Suppl Understanding):S41–S62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skin lightening products market size, share & trends analysis report by product (Cream, Cleanser, Mask), by nature (Synthetic, Natural, Organic), by region, and segment forecasts, 2019–2025. Grand View Research; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• McKelvey W, Jeffery N, Clark N, et al. Population-based inorganic mercury biomonitoring and the identification of skin care products as a source of exposure in New York City. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(2):203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blay Y. Dencia wants to set the record straight on whitenicious. Ebony Magazine. 2014 Feb 3.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattar PA, Zawar VP, Godse KV, et al. Exogenous ochronosis. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60(6):537–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellew SG, Alster TS. Treatment of exogenous ochronosis with a Q-switched alexandrite (755 nm) laser. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(4 Pt 1):555–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin CY, Maibach H. Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2001;2(4):213–217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim GH, Cheong KA, Lee A-Y. Increased skin irritation by hydroquinone and rsetinoic acid used in combination. Ann Dermatol. 2017;29(6):715–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollick EJ, Igwe C, Papamichael E, et al. Corneal and Scleral problems caused by skin-lightening creams. Cornea. 2019;38(10):1332–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazer A, Sofen BD, Gallo ES. Nail discoloration after use of hydroquinone. JAAD Case Rep. 2016;2(1):57–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maneli MH, Wiesner L, Tinguely C, et al. Combinations of potent topical steroids, mercury and hydroquinone are common in internationally manufactured skin-lightening products: a spectroscopic study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2016;41(2):196–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristaudo A, D'Ilio S, Gallinella B, et al. Use of potentially harmful skin-lightening products among immigrant women in Rome, Italy: a pilot study. Dermatology. 2013;226(3):200–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skin Bleaching Drug Products For Over-the-Counter Human Use: Proposed Rule by the Food and Drug Administration. Docket No 1978N-0065. 2006 Aug 29. Available from: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2006/08/29/E6-14263/skin-bleaching-drug-products-for-over-the-counter-human-use-proposed-rule.
   Google Scholar
• Bernhoft RA. Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature. J Environ Public Health. 2012;2012:460508.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliveira DB, Foster G, Savill J, et al. Membranous nephropathy caused by mercury-containing skin lightening cream. Postgrad Med J. 1987;63(738):303–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercury exposure among household users and nonusers of skin-lightening creams produced in Mexico – California and Virginia, 2010. Centers for Disease Control; 2012. Contract No.: 2.
   Google Scholar
• Drescher O, Dewailly E, Krimholtz M, et al. 'Fishy' make-up on the hook for mercury exposure: a case series. West Indian Med J. 2013;62(8):770–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dadzie OE, Petit A. Skin bleaching: highlighting the misuse of cutaneous depigmenting agents. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(7):741–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladizinski B, Mistry N, Kundu RV. Widespread use of toxic skin lightening compounds: medical and psychosocial aspects. Dermatol Clin. 2011;29(1):111–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonthalia S, Jha AK, Lallas A, et al. Glutathione for skin lightening: a regnant myth or evidence-based verity? Dermatol Pract Concept. 2018;8(1):15–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pattani A. A new skin lightening procedure is short on evidence. The New York Times. 2017 Aug 28.
   Google Scholar
• Draelos ZD. Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20(5):308–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeedi M, Eslamifar M, Khezri K. Kojic acid applications in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;110:582–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra-Baldrich E, Tribó MJ, Camarasa JG. Allergic contact dermatitis from kojic acid. Contact Dermatitis. 1998;39(2):86–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, et al. Final report of the safety assessment of Kojic acid as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2010;29(6 Suppl):244S–2473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar R, Arora P, Garg KV. Cosmeceuticals for hyperpigmentation: what is available? J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2013;6(1):4–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Numata T, Tobita R, Tsuboi R, et al. Contact dermatitis caused by arbutin contained in skin-whitening cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75(3):187–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Gavin J, Gonzalez-Vilas D, Fernandez-Redondo V, et al. Pigmented contact dermatitis due to kojic acid. A paradoxical side effect of a skin lightener. Contact Dermatitis. 2010;62(1):63–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar