References
- Aboobacker S, Karthikeyan K. Melasma and hypothyroidism: conflicting coexistence. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res. 2017;08(06):429–431.
- Tamega AA, Miot LD, Bonfietti C, et al. Clinical patterns and epidemiological characteristics of facial melasma in Brazilian women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(2):151–156.
- Sonthalia S, Sarkar R. Etiopathogenesis of melasma. Pigment Int. 2015;2(1):21–27.
- Geddes ER, Li JY, Robinson DM, et al. A review of melasma treatment focusing on laser and light devices. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2016;35(4):223–232.
- Kim EH, Kim YC, Lee ES, et al. The vascular characteristics of melasma. J Dermatol Sci. 2007;46(2):111–116.
- Kwon SH, Hwang YJ, Lee SK, et al. Heterogeneous pathology of melasma and its clinical implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(6):824.
- Ogbechie-Godec OA, Elbuluk N. Melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review. Dermatol Ther. 2017;7(3):305–318.
- McCormack PL. Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in the treatment of hyperfibrinolysis. Drugs. 2012;72(5):585–617.
- George A. Tranexamic acid: an emerging depigmenting agent. Pigment Int. 2016;3(2):66–71.
- Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM. The roles of vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients. 2017;8:866–893.
- Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)-a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19(3):210–216.
- Lee A. Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2015;28(6):648–660.
- Chan YH. Biostatistics102: quantitative data – parametric & non-parametric tests. Singapore Med J. 2003;44(8):391–396.
- Chan YH. Biostatistics qualitative data –tests of independence. Singapore Med J. 2003;103(10):498–503.
- Chan YH. Biostatistics 104: correlational analysis. Singapore Med J. 2003;44(12):614–619.
- Rodrigues M, Pandya AG. Melasma: clinical diagnosis and management options. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56(3):151.
- Sarkar R, Arora P, Garg KV. Cosmeceuticals for hyperpigmentation: what is available? J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2013;6(1):4–11.
- Achar A, Rathi SK. Melasma: a clinico-epidemiological study of 312 cases. Indian J Dermatol. 2011;56(4):380–382.
- Chatterjee M, Vasudevan B. Recent advances in melasma. Pigment Int. 2014;1(2):70–80.
- Handel AC, Lima PB, Tonolli VM, et al. Risk factors for facial melasma in women: a case-control study. Br J Dermatol. 2014b;171(3):588–594.
- Alves GF, Nogueira LSC, Varella TCN. Dermatologia e gestacao. An Bras Dermatol. 2005;80(2):179–186.
- Ortonne JP, Arellano I, Berneburg M, et al. A global survey of the role of ultraviolet radiation and hormonal influences in the development of melasma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(11):1254–1262.
- Guinot C, Cheffai S, Latreille J, et al. Aggravating factors for melasma: a prospective study in 197 Tunisian patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol. 2010;24(9):1060–1069.
- Hughes BR. Melasma occurring in twin sisters. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17(5):841.
- Regazzetti C, Sormani L, Debayle D, et al. Melanocytes sense blue light and regulate pigmentation through Opsin-3. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(1):171–178.
- Sarkar R, Ailawadi P, Sh G. Melasma in men: a review of clinical, etiological, and management issues. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(2):53–59.
- Kanechorn Na Ayuthaya P, Niumphradit N, Manosroi A, et al. Topical 5% tranexamic acid for the treatment of melasma in Asians: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2012;14(3):150–154.
- Taraz M, Niknam S, Ehsani AH. Tranexamic acid in treatment of melasma: a comprehensive review of clinical studies. Dermatol Ther. 2017;30(3):1–8.
- Ebrahimi B, Naeini FF. Topical tranexamic acid as a promising treatment for melasma. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19(8):753–757.
- Banihashemi M, Zabolinejad N, Jaafari MR, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effects of liposomal tranexamic acid and conventional hydroquinone on melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015;14(3):174–177.
- Telang PS. Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013;4(2):143–146.
- Morgaonkar M, Gupta S, Vijay A, et al. Melasma: its impact on quality of life. Pigment Int. 2017;4(1):39–44.