290
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Unmet needs in treating itch: reaching beyond eczema

&
Article: 2351487 | Received 01 Apr 2024, Accepted 29 Apr 2024, Published online: 30 Jun 2024

References

  • Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, et al. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(6):1–23. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.446.
  • Pereira MP, Ständer S. Assessment of severity and burden of pruritus. Allergology International. 2017;66(1):3–7. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2016.08.009.
  • Lobefaro F, Gualdi G, Di Nuzzo S, et al. Atopic dermatitis: clinical aspects and unmet needs. Biomedicines. 2022;10(11):2927. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10112927.
  • Silverberg JI, Mohawk JA, Cirulli J, et al. Burden of disease and unmet needs in atopic dermatitis: results from a patient survey. Dermatitis. 2023;34(2):135–144. doi:10.1089/derm.2022.29015.jsi.
  • Buhl T, Werfel T. Atopic dermatitis - perspectives and unmet medical needs. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2023;21(4):349–353.
  • Kolkhir P, Akdis CA, Akdis M, et al. Type 2 chronic inflammatory diseases: targets, therapies and unmet needs. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023;22(9):743–767. doi:10.1038/s41573-023-00750-1.
  • Ujiie H, Rosmarin D, Schön MP, et al. Unmet medical needs in chronic, non-communicable inflammatory skin diseases. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:875492. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.875492.
  • Ständer S, Stumpf A, Osada N, et al. Gender differences in chronic pruritus: women present different morbidity, more scratch lesions and higher burden. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168(6):1273–1280. doi:10.1111/bjd.12267.
  • Kursewicz C, Fowler E, Rosen J, et al. Sex differences in the perception of itch and quality of life in patients with chronic pruritus in the United States. Itch. 2020;5(3):e41–e41. doi:10.1097/itx.0000000000000041.
  • Peters MG, Di Bisceglie AM, Kowdley KV, et al. Differences between Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic patients with primary biliary cirrhosis in the United States. Hepatology. 2007;46(3):769–775. doi:10.1002/hep.21759.
  • Nzerue CM, Demissochew H, Tucker JK. Race and kidney disease: role of social and environmental factors. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94(8 Suppl):28s–38s.
  • Galderma announces regulatory filing acceptance for its investigational treatment in prurigo nodularis and atopic dermatitis in the U.S. and EU; February 14, 2024 [press release].
  • Han Y, Woo YR, Cho SH, et al. Itch and Janus Kinase Inhibitors. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023;103:adv00869. doi:10.2340/actadv.v103.5346.
  • Fourzali K, Yosipovitch G. Safety considerations when using drugs to treat pruritus. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020;19(4):467–477. doi:10.1080/14740338.2020.1728252.
  • Farrah G, Spruijt O, McCormack C, et al. A systematic review on the management of pruritus in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Itch. 2021;6(2):e55–e55. doi:10.1097/itx.0000000000000055.
  • Kim BS, Berger TG, Yosipovitch G. Chronic pruritus of unknown origin (CPUO): uniform nomenclature and diagnosis as a pathway to standardized understanding and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(5):1223–1224. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.07.080.
  • Roh YS, Choi J, Sutaria N, et al. Itch: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic workup. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(1):1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.076.
  • Okano M, Hirahara K, Kiuchi M, et al. Interleukin-33-activated neuropeptide CGRP-producing memory Th2 cells cooperate with somatosensory neurons to induce conjunctival itch. Immunity. 2022;55(12):2352–2368.e2357. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.09.016.
  • Wang F, Kim BS. Itch: a paradigm of neuroimmune crosstalk. Immunity. 2020;52(5):753–766. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.008.
  • Wang F, Trier AM, Li F, et al. A basophil-neuronal axis promotes itch. Cell. 2021;184(2):422–440.e417. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.033.
  • Nattkemper LA, Kim BS, Yap QV, et al. Increased systemic levels of centrally acting B-type Natriuretic Peptide are associated with chronic Itch of different types. J Invest Dermatol. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2024.02.026.
  • Ju T, Labib A, Vander Does A, et al. Therapeutics in chronic pruritus of unknown origin. Itch. 2023;8(1):e64–e64. doi:10.1097/itx.0000000000000064.
  • Kwatra S, Bordeaux Z, Pritchard T, et al. Efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action of abrocitinib in the treatment of prurigo nodularis and chronic pruritus of unknown origin. Presented at: European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Congress 2023; 2023 October 11-14, Berlin, Germany.
  • Valdes-Rodriguez R, Mollanazar NK, González-Muro J, et al. Itch prevalence and characteristics in a Hispanic geriatric population: a comprehensive study using a standardized itch questionnaire. Acta Derm Venereol. 2015;95(4):417–421.
  • Gunalan P, Indradevi R, Oudeacoumar P, et al. Pattern of skin diseases in geriatric patients attending tertiary care centre. jemds. 2017;6(20):1566–1570. +. doi:10.14260/Jemds/2017/344.
  • Yalçin B, Tamer E, Toy GG, et al. The prevalence of skin diseases in the elderly: analysis of 4099 geriatric patients. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45(6):672–676. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02607.x.
  • Silverberg JI, Hinami K, Trick WE, et al. Itch in the general internal medicine setting: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and quality-of-life effects. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17(6):681–690. doi:10.1007/s40257-016-0215-3.
  • Chung BY, Um JY, Kim JC, et al. Pathophysiology and treatment of pruritus in elderly. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(1):174. doi:10.3390/ijms22010174.
  • Garibyan L, Chiou AS, Elmariah SB. Advanced aging skin and itch: addressing an unmet need. Dermatol Ther. 2013;26(2):92–103. doi:10.1111/dth.12029.
  • Bellinato F, Maurelli M, Gisondi P, et al. Clinical features and treatments of transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover’s disease): a systematic review. J Deutsche Derma Gesell. 2020;18(8):826–833. doi:10.1111/ddg.14202.
  • Aldana PC, Khachemoune A. Grover disease: review of subtypes with a focus on management options. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(5):543–550. doi:10.1111/ijd.14700.
  • Gantz M, Butler D, Goldberg M, et al. Atypical features and systemic associations in extensive cases of Grover disease: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(5):952–957.e951. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.06.041.
  • Fourzali KM, Yosipovitch G. Management of itch in the elderly: a review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2019;9(4):639–653. doi:10.1007/s13555-019-00326-1.
  • Shevchenko A, Valdes-Rodriguez R, Yosipovitch G. Causes, pathophysiology, and treatment of pruritus in the mature patient. Clin Dermatol. 2018;36(2):140–151. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.10.005.
  • Pisoni RL, Wikström B, Elder SJ, et al. Pruritus in haemodialysis patients: international results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(12):3495–3505. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfl461.
  • Schut C, Mollanazar NK, Kupfer J, et al. Psychological interventions in the treatment of chronic itch. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016;96(2):157–161. doi:10.2340/00015555-2177.
  • Bin Saif GA, Ericson ME, Yosipovitch G. The itchy scalp–scratching for an explanation. Exp Dermatol. 2011;20(12):959–968. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01389.x.
  • Rattanakaemakorn P, Suchonwanit P. Scalp pruritus: review of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:1268430–1268411. doi:10.1155/2019/1268430.
  • Misery L, Ständer S, Szepietowski JC, et al. Definition of sensitive skin: an expert position paper from the special interest group on sensitive skin of the international forum for the study of itch. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97(1):4–6.
  • Misery L, Rahhali N, Ambonati M, et al. Evaluation of sensitive scalp severity and symptomatology by using a new score. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(11):1295–1298. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03968.x.
  • Choragudi S, Andrade L, Yosipovitch G. Genital pruritus is associated with longer hospital stays, higher costs and increased odds of psychiatric hospitalization among inpatient adults with pruritus in the United States—National inpatient sample (2012–2015). JEADV Clinical Practice. 2023;3(1):233–238. doi:10.1002/jvc2.281.
  • Hadasik K, Arasiewicz H, Brzezińska-Wcisło L. Assessment of the anxiety and depression among patients with idiopathic pruritus ani. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2021;38(4):689–693. doi:10.5114/ada.2021.108906.
  • Schubert MC, Sridhar S, Schade RR, et al. What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(26):3201–3209. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.3201.
  • Swamiappan M. Anogenital pruritus - an overview. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(4):We01-03–WE03. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/18440.7703.
  • Parés D, Abcarian H. Management of common benign anorectal disease: what all physicians need to know. Am J Med. 2018;131(7):745–751. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.01.050.
  • Daniel GL, Longo WE, Vernava AM.3rd. Pruritus ani. Causes and concerns. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37(7):670–674. doi:10.1007/BF02054410.
  • Jakubauskas M, Dulskas A. Evaluation, management and future perspectives of anal pruritus: a narrative review. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):57. doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01018-5.
  • Rosen JD, Fostini AC, Yosipovitch G. Diagnosis and management of neuropathic itch. Dermatol Clin. 2018;36(3):213–224. doi:10.1016/j.det.2018.02.005.
  • Cohen AD, Vander T, Medvendovsky E, et al. Neuropathic scrotal pruritus: anogenital pruritus is a symptom of lumbosacral radiculopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(1):61–66. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.04.039.
  • Felemovicius I, Ganz RA, Saremi M, et al. SOOTHER TRIAL: observational study of an over-the-counter ointment to heal anal itch. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:890883. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.890883.
  • Weichert GE. An approach to the treatment of anogenital pruritus. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(1):129–133. doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04013.x.
  • Albuquerque A. Anal pruritus: don’t look away. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2024;16(3):112–116. doi:10.4253/wjge.v16.i3.112.
  • Jia W, Li Q, Ni J, et al. Efficacy and safety of methylene blue injection for intractable idiopathic pruritus ani: a single-arm metaanalysis and systematic review. Tech Coloproctol. 2023;27(10):813–825. doi:10.1007/s10151-023-02825-y.
  • Yang EJ, Murase JE. Recalcitrant anal and genital pruritus treated with dupilumab. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018;4(4):223–226. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.08.010.
  • Ryan C, Sadlier M, De Vol E, et al. Genital psoriasis is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and sexual functioning. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(6):978–983. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1127.
  • Woelber L, Prieske K, Mendling W, et al. Vulvar pruritus-causes, diagnosis and therapeutic approach. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;116(8):126–133. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2020.0126.
  • Harlow BL, Wise LA, Stewart EG. Prevalence and predictors of chronic lower genital tract discomfort. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(3):545–550. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.116748.
  • Savas JA, Pichardo RO. Female genital itch. Dermatol Clin. 2018;36(3):225–243. doi:10.1016/j.det.2018.02.006.
  • Alani A, McDonald L, Abdelrahman W, et al. Vulvar itch. BMJ. 2019;364:l83. doi:10.1136/bmj.l83.
  • Corazza M, Borghi A, Minghetti S, et al. Effectiveness of silk fabric underwear as an adjuvant tool in the management of vulvar lichen simplex chronicus: results of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2015;22(8):850–856. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000410.
  • van der Meijden WI, Boffa MJ, Ter Harmsel WA, et al. 2016 European guideline for the management of vulval conditions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(6):925–941. doi:10.1111/jdv.14096.
  • Robinson C, Downs E, De la Caridad Gomez Y, et al. Notalgia paresthetica review: update on presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment. Clin Pract. 2023;13(1):315–325. doi:10.3390/clinpract13010029.
  • Kavanagh KJ, Mattei PL, Lawrence R, et al. Brachioradial pruritus: an etiologic review and treatment summary. Cutis. 2023;112(2):84–87. doi:10.12788/cutis.0828.
  • Howard M, Sahhar L, Andrews F, et al. Notalgia paresthetica: a review for dermatologists. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(4):388–392. doi:10.1111/ijd.13853.
  • Mülkoğlu C, Nacır B. Notalgia paresthetica: clinical features, radiological evaluation, and a novel therapeutic option. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):191. doi:10.1186/s12883-020-01773-6.
  • Ellis C. Notalgia paresthetica: the unreachable itch. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2013;3(1):3–6. doi:10.5826/dpc.0301a02.
  • Kim BS, Bissonnette R, Nograles K, et al. Phase 2 trial of difelikefalin in notalgia paresthetica. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(6):511–517. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2210699.
  • Bacci ED, Currie BM, Wilson R, et al. Understanding the patient experience of living with notalgia paresthetica: a qualitative interview study. JAAD Int. 2022;8:94–101. doi:10.1016/j.jdin.2022.04.003.
  • Lipman ZM, Ven Yap Q, Nattkemper L, et al. Association of neuropathic itch with patients’ quality of life. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;157(8):997–998. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.2010.
  • Burshtein A, Burshtein J, Rekhtman S. Extragenital lichen sclerosus: a comprehensive review of clinical features and treatment. Arch Dermatol Res. 2023;315(3):339–346. doi:10.1007/s00403-022-02397-1.
  • Marfatia Y, Surani A, Baxi R. Genital lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in females: an update. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2019;40(1):6–12. doi:10.4103/ijstd.IJSTD_23_19.
  • De Luca DA, Papara C, Vorobyev A, et al. Lichen sclerosus: the 2023 update. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1106318. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1106318.
  • Vulvar lichen sclerosus with evolution to squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(4):AB160. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.11.672.
  • Lee A, Fischer G. Diagnosis and treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: an update for dermatologists. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19(5):695–706. doi:10.1007/s40257-018-0364-7.
  • Wehbe-Alamah H, Kornblau BL, Haderer J, et al. Silent no more! The lived experiences of women with lichen sclerosis. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2012;24(8):499–505. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2012.00715.x.
  • Yalici-Armagan B, Bostan E, Akdogan N, et al. Paediatric lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: a retrospective analysis of 38 paediatric patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(10):e14661. doi:10.1111/ijcp.14661.
  • Lewis FM, Tatnall FM, Velangi SS, et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus, 2018. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(4):839–853. doi:10.1111/bjd.16241.
  • Charifa ABT, Harris BW. Lichen simplex chronicus. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)StatPearls Publishing; 2024; [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499991/
  • Ju T, Vander Does A, Mohsin N, et al. Lichen simplex chronicus itch: an update. Acta Derm Venereol. 2022;102:adv00796. doi:10.2340/actadv.v102.4367.
  • Juarez MC, Kwatra SG. A systematic review of evidence based treatments for lichen simplex chronicus. J Dermatolog Treat. 2021;32(7):684–692. doi:10.1080/09546634.2019.1708856.
  • Barak SL, Michel D, Brener E, et al. 629 Evaluating the safety and efficacy of topical KM-001, a TRPV3 inhibitor, for treatment of pruritus in patients with Lichen Simplex Chronicus (LSC): a first in human, double-blind, randomized vehicle-controlled study. J Invest Dermatol. 2023;143(5):S108. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.636.
  • Weyers W, Weyers I, Bonczkowitz M, et al. Lichen amyloidosus: a consequence of scratching. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(6):923–928. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(97)70066-5.
  • Soriano LF, McGrath C, Hawthorne M, et al. An intensely pruritic pebbled presentation. Dermatol Online J. 2018;24(2):13030/qt6tp6f9c4.
  • Pálla S, Kuroli E, Tóth EA, et al. Primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis in central Europe: a retrospective monocentric study on epidemiology and therapy. J Clin Med. 2023;12(24):7672. doi:10.3390/jcm12247672.
  • Salim T, Shenoi SD, Balachandran C, et al. Lichen amyloidosus: a study of clinical, histopathologic and immunofluorescence findings in 30 cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2005;71(3):166–169. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.16230.
  • Tey HL, Cao T, Nattkemper LA, et al. Pathophysiology of pruritus in primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174(6):1345–1350. doi:10.1111/bjd.14391.
  • Maddison B, Namazi MR, Samuel LS, et al. Unexpected diminished innervation of epidermis and dermoepidermal junction in lichen amyloidosus. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(2):403–406. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08685.x.
  • Chia B, Tan A, Tey HL. Primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis: association with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(6):810–813. doi:10.1111/jdv.12144.
  • Hashimoto T, Kursewicz CD, Fayne RA, et al. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of itch in bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):53–62. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.07.060.
  • Kridin K, Ludwig RJ. The growing incidence of bullous pemphigoid: overview and potential explanations. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;5:220. doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00220.
  • Briand C, Gourier G, Poizeau F, et al. Characteristics of pruritus in bullous pemphigoid and impact on quality of life: a prospective cohort study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(18):adv00320. doi:10.2340/00015555-3683.
  • Ständer S, Hammers CM, Vorobyev A, et al. The impact of lesional inflammatory cellular infiltrate on the phenotype of bullous pemphigoid. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(8):1702–1711. doi:10.1111/jdv.17303.
  • Limberg MM, Weihrauch T, Gray N, et al. Eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils in bullous pemphigoid. Biomolecules. 2023;13(7):1019. doi:10.3390/biom13071019.
  • Messingham KN, Crowe TP, Fairley JA. The intersection of IgE autoantibodies and eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2331. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02331.
  • Lamberts A, Kotnik N, Diercks GFH, et al. IgE autoantibodies in serum and skin of non-bullous and bullous pemphigoid patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(4):973–980. doi:10.1111/jdv.16996.
  • Chebani R, Lombart F, Chaby G, et al. Omalizumab in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid resistant to first-line therapy: a French national multicentre retrospective study of 100 patients. British Journal of Dermatology. 2023;190(2):258–265. doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad369.
  • Meijer J, Lamberts A, Luijendijk D, et al. Prevalence of pruritus and pemphigoid in nursing home residents (SSENIOR): a cross-sectional study of an unmet need. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(5):S48. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.286.
  • Meijer JM, Lamberts A, Luijendijk HJ, et al. Prevalence of pemphigoid as a potentially unrecognized cause of pruritus in nursing home residents. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155(12):1423–1424. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3308.
  • Lamberts A, Meijer JM, Jonkman MF. Nonbullous pemphigoid: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(5):989–995.e982. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.10.035.
  • Meijer JM, Diercks GFH, de Lang EWG, et al. Assessment of diagnostic strategy for early recognition of bullous and nonbullous variants of pemphigoid. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155(2):158–165. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.4390.
  • Ujiie H, Iwata H, Yamagami J, et al. Japanese guidelines for the management of pemphigoid (including epidermolysis bullosa acquisita). J Dermatol. 2019;46(12):1102–1135. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.15111.
  • Borradori L, Van Beek N, Feliciani C, et al. Updated S2 K guidelines for the management of bullous pemphigoid initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV). Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(10):1689–1704. doi:10.1111/jdv.18220.
  • Chalmers JR, Wojnarowska F, Kirtschig G, et al. A randomised controlled trial to compare the safety, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of doxycycline (200 mg/day) with that of oral prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) for initial treatment of bullous pemphigoid: the Bullous Pemphigoid Steroids and Tetracyclines (BLISTER) trial. Health Technol Assess. 2017;21(10):1–90. doi:10.3310/hta21100.
  • Ujiie I, Iwata H, Yoshimoto N, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of bullous pemphigoid patients with versus without oral prednisolone treatment. J Dermatol. 2021;48(4):502–510. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.15816.
  • Fichel F, Barbe C, Joly P, et al. Clinical and immunologic factors associated with bullous pemphigoid relapse during the first year of treatment: a multicenter, prospective study. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(1):25–33. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.5757.
  • Oren-Shabtai M, Mimouni D, Nosrati A, et al. Biological treatment for bullous pemphigoid. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1157250. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157250.
  • Abduelmula A, Mufti A, Chong DHY, et al. Biologic treatment outcomes in refractory bullous pemphigoid: an evidence-based review. JAAD Int. 2022;9:142–145. doi:10.1016/j.jdin.2022.09.001.
  • Bolotin D, Petronic-Rosic V. Dermatitis herpetiformis: part I. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(6):1017–1024. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.09.777.
  • Salmi TT, Hervonen K, Kautiainen H, et al. Prevalence and incidence of dermatitis herpetiformis: a 40-year prospective study from Finland. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(2):354–359. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10385.x.
  • Singh P, Arora A, Strand TA, et al. Global prevalence of celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(6):823–836.e822. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.037.
  • Graziano M, Rossi M. An update on the cutaneous manifestations of coeliac disease and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Int Rev Immunol. 2018;37(6):291–300. doi:10.1080/08830185.2018.1533008.
  • Nguyen CN, Kim SJ. Dermatitis herpetiformis: an update on diagnosis, disease monitoring, and management. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(8):843. doi:10.3390/medicina57080843.
  • Antiga E, Maglie R, Quintarelli L, et al. Dermatitis herpetiformis: novel perspectives. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1290. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01290.
  • Bonciani D, Quintarelli L, Del Bianco E, et al. Serum levels and tissue expression of interleukin-31 in dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;87(2):210–212. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.04.008.
  • Yahya A, Gideon PS. Characterizing pruritus in autoimmune connective tissue diseases. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(10):995–998.
  • Kim HJ, Zeidi M, Bonciani D, et al. Itch in dermatomyositis: the role of increased skin interleukin-31. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(3):669–678. doi:10.1111/bjd.16498.
  • Wong LS, Yen YT. Autoimmune connective tissue diseases-related pruritus: proper diagnosis and possible mechanisms. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(7):1772. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12071772.
  • Razykov I, Levis B, Hudson M, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of pruritus in patients with systemic sclerosis: an updated analysis of 959 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(11):2056–2061. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket275.
  • Stull CM, Weaver LA, Valdes-Rodriguez R, et al. Characteristics of chronic itch in systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional survey. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98(8):793–794. doi:10.2340/00015555-2966.
  • Théréné C, Brenaut E, Sonbol H, et al. Itch and systemic sclerosis: frequency, clinical characteristics and consequences. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(5):1392–1393. doi:10.1111/bjd.14998.
  • Razykov I, Thombs BD, Hudson M, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of pruritus in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(12):1765–1770. doi:10.1002/art.25010.
  • Racine M, Hudson M, Baron M, et al. The impact of pain and itch on functioning and health-related quality of life in systemic sclerosis: an exploratory study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2016;52(1):43–53. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.314.
  • Akhmetshina A, Dees C, Busch N, et al. The cannabinoid receptor CB2 exerts antifibrotic effects in experimental dermal fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(4):1129–1136. doi:10.1002/art.24395.
  • Kim HJ. Pruritus in autoimmune connective tissue diseases. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(5):441–441. doi:10.21037/atm-20-4894.
  • Meridor K, Berookhim J, Levy Y. Low dose naloxone for pruritus in systemic sclerosis: case series and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(4):e28653. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028653.
  • Frech T, Novak K, Revelo MP, et al. Low-dose naltrexone for pruritus in systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheumatol. 2011;2011:804296–804295. doi:10.1155/2011/804296.
  • Stull C, Lavery MJ, Yosipovitch G. Advances in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pruritus. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(5):671–687. doi:10.1517/14656566.2016.1127355.
  • Herrick AL, Assassi S, Denton CP. Skin involvement in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: an unmet clinical need. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18(5):276–285. doi:10.1038/s41584-022-00765-9.
  • Pope JE, Denton CP, Johnson SR, et al. State-of-the-art evidence in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2023;19(4):212–226. doi:10.1038/s41584-023-00909-5.
  • Khanna D, Lescoat A, Roofeh D, et al. Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: how to incorporate two food and drug administration-approved therapies in clinical practice. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022;74(1):13–27. doi:10.1002/art.41933.
  • Kowal-Bielecka O, Fransen J, Avouac J, et al. Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(8):1327–1339. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209909.
  • Denton CP, Hughes M, Gak N, et al. BSR and BHPR guideline for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology. 2016;55(10):1906–1910. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew224.
  • Hundley JL, Carroll CL, Lang W, et al. Cutaneous symptoms of dermatomyositis significantly impact patients’ quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(2):217–220. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.12.015.
  • Robinson ES, Feng R, Okawa J, et al. Improvement in the cutaneous disease activity of patients with dermatomyositis is associated with a better quality of life. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172(1):169–174. doi:10.1111/bjd.13167.
  • Vleugels RA, Callen J, Ofori AO. Cutaneous dermatomyositis in adults: overview and initial management; 2022, October 12. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cutaneous-dermatomyositis-in-adults-overview-and-initial-management.
  • Anyanwu CO, Chansky PB, Feng R, et al. The systemic management of cutaneous dermatomyositis: results of a stepwise strategy. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2017;3(4):189–194. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.05.001.
  • Werth VP, Hejazi E, Pena SM, et al. Safety and efficacy of lenabasum, a cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist, in patients with dermatomyositis with refractory skin disease: a randomized clinical trial. J Invest Dermatol. 2022;142(10):2651–2659.e2651. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2022.03.029.
  • Spiera R, Hummers L, Chung L, et al. Safety and efficacy of lenabasum in a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in adults with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(8):1350–1360.
  • Gerami P, Rosen S, Kuzel T, et al. Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides: an aggressive variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(6):738–746. doi:10.1001/archderm.144.6.738.
  • Demierre MF, Gan S, Jones J, et al. Significant impact of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma on patients’ quality of life: results of a 2005 National Cutaneous Lymphoma Foundation Survey. Cancer. 2006;107(10):2504–2511. doi:10.1002/cncr.22252.
  • Misery L. Pruritus in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. In Carstens E, Akiyama T, editors. Itch: mechanisms and treatment. Chapter 8. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2014. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK200941/
  • Nattkemper LA, Martinez-Escala ME, Gelman AB, et al. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and pruritus: the expression of IL-31 and its receptors in the skin. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016;96(7):894–898. doi:10.2340/00015555-2417.
  • Abreu M, Miranda M, Castro M, et al. IL-31 and IL-8 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: looking for their role in itch. Adv Hematol. 2021;2021:5582581–5582512. doi:10.1155/2021/5582581.
  • Ohmatsu H, Sugaya M, Suga H, et al. Serum IL-31 levels are increased in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(3):282–283. doi:10.2340/00015555-1345.
  • van Santen S, Out JJ, Zoutman WH, et al. Serum and cutaneous transcriptional expression levels of IL31 are minimal in cutaneous T cell lymphoma variants. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2021;26:101007. doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101007.
  • Cedeno-Laurent F, Singer EM, Wysocka M, et al. Improved pruritus correlates with lower levels of IL-31 in CTCL patients under different therapeutic modalities. Clin Immunol. 2015;158(1):1–7. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2015.02.014.
  • Singer EM, Shin DB, Nattkemper LA, et al. IL-31 is produced by the malignant T-cell population in cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma and correlates with CTCL pruritus. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(12):2783–2785. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.227.
  • Hu M, Scheffel J, Elieh-Ali-Komi D, et al. An update on mechanisms of pruritus and their potential treatment in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Exp Med. 2023;23(8):4177–4197. doi:10.1007/s10238-023-01141-x.
  • Ottevanger R, van Beugen S, Evers AWM, et al. Quality of life in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients receiving mogamulizumab: important factors to consider. Cancers (Basel). 2022;15(1):32. doi:10.3390/cancers15010032.
  • Poligone B, Rubio-Gonzalez B, Querfeld C. Relief of intractable pruritus with romidepsin in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a series of four cases. Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(2):e12804. doi:10.1111/dth.12804.
  • Field H, Gao L, Motwani P, et al. Pruritus reduction with systemic anti-lymphoma treatments in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a narrative review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2016;6(4):579–595. doi:10.1007/s13555-016-0143-4.
  • Kabashima K, Irie H. Interleukin-31 as a clinical target for pruritus treatment. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:638325. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.638325.
  • Vitale M, Fields-Blache C, Luterman A. Severe itching in the patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1991;12(4):330–333.
  • Nedelec B, LaSalle L. Postburn itch: a review of the literature. Wounds. 2018;30(1):E118–e124.
  • Zachariah JR, Rao AL, Prabha R, et al. Post burn pruritus—a review of current treatment options. Burns. 2012;38(5):621–629. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2011.12.003.
  • Holavanahalli RK, Helm PA, Kowalske KJ. Long-term outcomes in patients surviving large burns: the skin. J Burn Care Res. 2010;31(4):631–639. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181e4ca62.
  • Santos FX, Arroyo C, García I, et al. Role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of postburn inflammatory response: reactive oxygen species as mast cell stimulators. Burns. 2000;26(2):145–147. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(99)00021-2.
  • Brooks JP, Malic CC, Judkins KC. Scratching the surface—managing the itch associated with burns: a review of current knowledge. Burns. 2008;34(6):751–760. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2007.11.015.
  • Shimizu S, Tanaka H, Sakaki S, et al. Burn depth affects dermal interstitial fluid pressure, free radical production, and serum histamine levels in rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2002;52(4):683–687.
  • Goutos I, Eldardiri M, Khan AA, et al. Comparative evaluation of antipruritic protocols in acute burns. The emerging value of gabapentin in the treatment of burns pruritus. J Burn Care Res. 2010;31(1):57–63. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181cb8ecf.
  • Kaul I, Amin A, Rosenberg M, et al. Use of gabapentin and pregabalin for pruritus and neuropathic pain associated with major burn injury: A retrospective chart review. Burns. 2018;44(2):414–422. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2017.07.018.
  • Ahuja RB, Gupta R, Gupta G, et al. A comparative analysis of cetirizine, gabapentin and their combination in the relief of post-burn pruritus. Burns. 2011;37(2):203–207. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2010.06.004.
  • Goutos I, Clarke M, Upson C, et al. Review of therapeutic agents for burns pruritus and protocols for management in adult and paediatric patients using the GRADE classification. Indian J Plast Surg. 2010;43(Suppl):S51–S62. doi:10.4103/0970-0358.70721.
  • Andrade LF, Abdi P, Kooner A, et al. Treatment of post-burn pruritus - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns. 2024;50(2):293–301. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2023.09.012.
  • Finnerty CC, Jeschke MG, Branski LK, et al. Hypertrophic scarring: the greatest unmet challenge after burn injury. Lancet. 2016;388(10052):1427–1436. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31406-4.
  • Hultman CS, Edkins RE, Lee CN, et al. Shine on: review of laser- and light-based therapies for the treatment of burn scars. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:243651–243659. doi:10.1155/2012/243651.
  • Hawash AA, Ingrasci G, Nouri K, et al. Pruritus in keloid scars: mechanisms and treatments. Acta Derm Venereol. 2021;101(10):adv00582. doi:10.2340/00015555-3923.
  • Lee SS, Yosipovitch G, Chan YH, et al. Pruritus, pain, and small nerve fiber function in keloids: a controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51(6):1002–1006. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.07.054.
  • Kouotou EA, Nansseu JR, Omona Guissana E, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of keloids in Black Africans: a nested case-control study from Yaoundé, Cameroon. Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(10):1135–1140. doi:10.1111/ijd.14610.
  • Kassi K, Kouame K, Kouassi A, et al. Quality of life in black African patients with keloid scars. Dermatol Reports. 2020;12(2):8312. doi:10.4081/dr.2020.8312.
  • Ingrasci G, El-Kashlan N, Alexis A, et al. Chronic itch in African Americans: an unmet need. Arch Dermatol Res. 2022;314(5):405–415. doi:10.1007/s00403-021-02255-6.
  • Biazus Soares G, Mahmoud O, Yosipovitch G. Pruritus in keloid scars: mechanisms and treatments. Ital J Dermatol Venerol. 2023;158(5):401–407. doi:10.23736/S2784-8671.23.07554-0.
  • Ekstein SF, Wyles SP, Moran SL, et al. Keloids: a review of therapeutic management. Int J Dermatol. 2021;60(6):661–671. doi:10.1111/ijd.15159.
  • Hoang D, Reznik R, Orgel M, et al. Surgical excision and adjuvant brachytherapy vs external beam radiation for the effective treatment of keloids: 10-year institutional retrospective analysis. Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(2):212–225. doi:10.1093/asj/sjw124.
  • Ma Q-Y, Yang Y-T, Chen Z-A, et al. Laser combined with radiotherapy for keloid treatment: a novel and efficient comprehensive therapy with a lower recurrence rate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2023;152(6):1022e–1029e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000010376.
  • Hung Y-T, Lin S-M, Tzeng IS, et al. Optimizing surgical outcome of auricular keloid with a novel multimodal approach. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3533. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07255-8.
  • Yosipovitch G, Widijanti Sugeng M, Goon A, et al. A comparison of the combined effect of cryotherapy and corticosteroid injections versus corticosteroids and cryotherapy alone on keloids: a controlled study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2001;12(2):87–90. doi:10.1080/095466301317085363.
  • Kim HS, Hashimoto T, Fischer K, et al. Scabies itch: an update on neuroimmune interactions and novel targets. Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(9):1765–1776. doi:10.1111/jdv.17334.
  • Jannic A, Bernigaud C, Brenaut E, et al. Scabies itch. Dermatol Clin. 2018;36(3):301–308. doi:10.1016/j.det.2018.02.009.
  • Shin K, Jin H, You HS, et al. Clinical characteristics of pruritus in scabies. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2017;83(4):492–493. doi:10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_1136_16.
  • Lavery MJ, Stull C, Kinney MO, et al. Nocturnal pruritus: the battle for a peaceful night’s sleep. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(3):425. doi:10.3390/ijms17030425.
  • Rosumeck S, Nast A, Dressler C. Ivermectin and permethrin for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;4(4):Cd012994. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012994.
  • Sanders KM, Nattkemper LA, Rosen JD, et al. Non-histaminergic itch mediators elevated in the skin of a porcine model of scabies and of human scabies patients. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139(4):971–973. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.032.
  • Zagoras T, Inci R, Kantere D, et al. Incidence and prevalence of 73 different genodermatoses: a nationwide study in Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023;103:adv12404. doi:10.2340/actadv.v103.12404.
  • Kridin K, Kneiber D, Kowalski EH, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: a comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(8):786–795. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.06.007.
  • Wally V, Reisenberger M, Kitzmüller S, et al. Small molecule drug development for rare genodermatoses – evaluation of the current status in epidermolysis bullosa. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2020;15(1):292. doi:10.1186/s13023-020-01467-9.
  • Pabón-Carrasco M, Caceres-Matos R, Roche-Campos M, et al. Management of skin lesions in patients with epidermolysis bullosa by topical treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(2):261. doi:10.3390/healthcare12020261.
  • Danial C, Adeduntan R, Gorell ES, et al. Prevalence and characterization of pruritus in epidermolysis bullosa. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015;32(1):53–59. doi:10.1111/pde.12391.
  • Mellerio JE, Pillay EI, Ledwaba-Chapman L, et al. Itch in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: findings of PEBLES, a prospective register study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2023;18(1):235. doi:10.1186/s13023-023-02817-z.
  • Understanding itch in epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Br J Dermatol. 2021;184(5):e177–e177.
  • Jeon IK, On HR, Kim SC. Quality of life and economic burden in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Ann Dermatol. 2016;28(1):6–14. doi:10.5021/ad.2016.28.1.6.
  • Kern JS, Sprecher E, Fernandez MF, et al. Efficacy and safety of Oleogel-S10 (birch triterpenes) for epidermolysis bullosa: results from the phase III randomized double-blind phase of the EASE study. Br J Dermatol. 2023;188(1):12–21. doi:10.1093/bjd/ljac001.
  • Dhillon S. Beremagene geperpavec: first approval. Drugs. 2023;83(12):1131–1135. doi:10.1007/s40265-023-01921-5.
  • Guide SV, Gonzalez ME, Bağcı IS, et al. Trial of beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC) for dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(24):2211–2219. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206663.
  • Niazi M, Parvizi MM, Saki N, et al. Efficacy of a topical formulation of henna (Lawsonia inermis Linnaeus) on the itch and wound healing in patients with epidermolysis bullosa: a pilot single-arm clinical trial. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2022;12(3):e2022115. doi:10.5826/dpc.1203a115.
  • Paller AS, Browning J, Nikolic M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the investigational topical cream SD-101 (6% allantoin) in patients with epidermolysis bullosa: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial (ESSENCE study). Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2020;15(1):158. doi:10.1186/s13023-020-01419-3.
  • Prodinger C, Reichelt J, Bauer JW, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa: advances in research and treatment. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(10):1176–1189. doi:10.1111/exd.13979.
  • Papanikolaou M, Nattkemper L, Benzian-Olsson N, et al. Th2 response drives itch in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa: a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2024.01.088.
  • Shehadeh W, Sarig O, Bar J, et al. Treatment of epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa-associated pruritus with dupilumab. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182(6):1495–1497. doi:10.1111/bjd.18855.
  • Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Vahlquist A, Traupe H, et al. Management of congenital ichthyoses: european guidelines of care, part one. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180(2):272–281. doi:10.1111/bjd.17203.
  • Butala S, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Paller AS. Ichthyosis: presentation and management. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2023;35(4):467–474. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000001264.
  • De Palma AM, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Giehl K, et al. Burden of itch in ichthyosis: a multicentre study in 94 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(11):2095–2100. doi:10.1111/jdv.15613.
  • Rabinowitz LG, Esterly NB. Atopic dermititis and ichthyosis vulgaris. Pediatr Rev. 1994;15(6):220–226; quiz 226. doi:10.1542/pir.15-6-220.
  • Benintende C, Boscaglia S, Dinotta F, et al. Treatment of ichthyosis vulgaris with a urea-based emulsion: videodermatoscopy and confocal microscopy evaluation. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2017;152(6):555–559. doi:10.23736/S0392-0488.17.05743-1.
  • Dorf ILH, Lunen MS, Koppelhus U. Effect of topical treatment with 7.5% urea in Ichthyosis Vulgaris: A randomized, controlled, double blinded, split body study evaluating the effect of urea cream compared to the vehicle (moisturizing) cream. Skin Health Dis. 2021;1(4):e65.
  • Vahlquist A, Gånemo A, Virtanen M. Congenital ichthyosis: an overview of current and emerging therapies. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(1):4–14. doi:10.2340/00015555-0415.
  • Barbati F, Giovannini M, Oranges T, et al. Netherton syndrome in children: management and future perspectives. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:645259. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.645259.
  • Cortés H, Del Prado-Audelo ML, Urbán-Morlán Z, et al. Pharmacological treatments for cutaneous manifestations of inherited ichthyoses. Arch Dermatol Res. 2020;312(4):237–248. doi:10.1007/s00403-019-01994-x.
  • Peña-Corona SI, Gutiérrez-Ruiz SC, Echeverria M, et al. Advances in the treatment of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, a look towards the repositioning of drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1274248. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1274248.
  • Joosten MDW, Clabbers JMK, Jonca N, et al. New developments in the molecular treatment of ichthyosis: review of the literature. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2022;17(1):269. doi:10.1186/s13023-022-02430-6.
  • Dev T, Mahajan VK, Sethuraman G. Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma: a practical approach to the diagnosis. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2019;10(4):365–379. doi:10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_367_18.
  • Bodemer C, Steijlen P, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, et al. Treatment of hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma: a review by analysis of the literature*. Br J Dermatol. 2021;184(3):393–400. doi:10.1111/bjd.19144.
  • Huang Y-Y, Li J-H. Olmsted syndrome. JAMA Dermatol. 2024;160(2):218–219. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.4152.
  • Kataria V, Grover C, Pandhi D. Palmo-plantar keratoderma with debilitating pruritus. Indian J Paediatr Dermatol. 2020;21(3):187–190. doi:10.4103/ijpd.IJPD_4_20.
  • Duchatelet S, Hovnanian A. Olmsted syndrome: clinical, molecular and therapeutic aspects. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10(1):33. doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0246-5.
  • Greco C, Leclerc-Mercier S, Chaumon S, et al. Use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib to treat palmoplantar keratoderma in patients with olmsted syndrome caused by TRPV3 mutations. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156(2):191–195. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.4126.