1,289
Views
98
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Mechanisms of inflammatory responses to radiation and normal tissues toxicity: clinical implications

ORCID Icon, , , , , , & show all
Pages 335-356 | Received 05 Apr 2017, Accepted 31 Jan 2018, Published online: 07 Mar 2018

References

  • Abderrazak A, Syrovets T, Couchie D, El Hadri K, Friguet B, Simmet T, Rouis M. 2015. NLRP3 inflammasome: from a danger signal sensor to a regulatory node of oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol. 4:296–307.
  • Abdollahi H. 2014. Probiotic-based protection of normal tissues during radiotherapy. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif). 30:495–496.
  • Abdollahi H, Atashzar M, Amini M. 2015. The potential use of biogas producing microorganisms in radiation protection. J Med Hypotheses Ideas. 9:67–71.
  • Abrunhosa-Branquinho A, Barata P, Vitorino E, Oliveira E, Bujor L, Jorge M. 2015. A case of post-radiotherapy gastritis: radiation does not explain everything. Case Rep Oncol. 8:9–14.
  • Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sethi G. 2006. Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link? Biochem Pharmacol. 72:1605–1621.
  • Aghazadeh S, Azarnia M, Shirazi A, Mahdavi SR, Zangii BM. 2007. Melatonin as a protective agent in spinal cord damage after gamma irradiation. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 12:95–99.
  • Aicher A, Heeschen C, Mildner-Rihm C, Urbich C, Ihling C, Technau-Ihling K, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. 2003. Essential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for mobilization of stem and progenitor cells. Nat Med. 9:1370–1376.
  • Allam R, Lawlor KE, Yu ECW, Mildenhall AL, Moujalled DM, Lewis RS, Ke F, Mason KD, White MJ, Stacey KJ. 2014. Mitochondrial apoptosis is dispensable for NLRP3 inflammasome activation but non‐apoptotic caspase‐8 is required for inflammasome priming. EMBO Rep. 15:982–990.
  • Arora A, Bhuria V, Soni R, Singh S, Hazari PP, Bhatt AN, Dwarakanath BS, Pathak U, Mathur S, Sandhir R. (2014). Effects of an Amifostine analogue on radiation induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Radiation Biology: Frontiers in Radiobiology-Immunomodulation, Countermeasures and Therapeutics: Abstract Book, Souvenir and Scientific Programme. India: Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences.
  • Arron S. 2016. Anatomy of the skin and pathophysiology of radiation dermatitis. In: Fowble B, Yom SS, Yuen F, Arron S, editors, Skin care in radiation oncology. Switzerland: Springer; p. 9–14.
  • Ashcroft GS, Roberts AB. 2000. Loss of Smad3 modulates wound healing. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 11:125–131.
  • Athanassiou H, Antonadou D, Coliarakis N, Kouveli A, Synodinou M, Paraskevaidis M, Sarris G, Georgakopoulos GR, Panousaki K, Karageorgis P. 2003. Protective effect of amifostine during fractionated radiotherapy in patients with pelvic carcinomas: results of a randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 56:1154–1160.
  • Atiba A, Nishimura M, Kakinuma S, Hiraoka T, Goryo M, Shimada Y, Ueno H, Uzuka Y. 2011. Aloe vera oral administration accelerates acute radiation-delayed wound healing by stimulating transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor production. Am J Surg. 201:809–818.
  • Ballardin M, Gemignani F, Bodei L, Mariani G, Ferdeghini M, Rossi AM, Migliore L, Barale R. 2002. Formation of micronuclei and of clastogenic factor(s) in patients receiving therapeutic doses of iodine-131. Mutat Res. 514:77–85.
  • Bataller R, Brenner DA. 2005. Liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 115:209–218.
  • Batar B, Guven G, Eroz S, Bese NS, Guven M. 2016. Decreased DNA repair gene XRCC1 expression is associated with radiotherapy-induced acute side effects in breast cancer patients. Gene. 582:33–37.
  • Bauersachs J, Widder JD. 2008. Endothelial dysfunction in heart failure. Pharmacol Rep. 60:119–126.
  • Beetz GM, Van Beuningen OD, Peter RU, Kind A. 1997. Induction of interleukin 6 by ionizing radiation in a human epithelial cell line: control by corticosteroids. Int J Radiat Biol. 72:33–43.
  • Bestor TH. 2000. The DNA methyltransferases of mammals. Hum Mol Genet. 9:2395–2402.
  • Bird A. 2009. On the track of DNA methylation: an interview with Adrian Bird by Jane Gitschier. PLoS Genet. 5:e1000667.
  • Boerma M, Wang J, Wondergem J, Joseph J, Qiu X, Kennedy RH, Hauer-Jensen M. 2005. Influence of mast cells on structural and functional manifestations of radiation-induced heart disease. Cancer Res. 65:3100–3107.
  • Bogdan C. 2015. Nitric oxide synthase in innate and adaptive immunity: an update. Trends Immunol. 36:161–178.
  • Bonasio R, Tu S, Reinberg D. 2010. Molecular signals of epigenetic states. Science. 330:612–616.
  • Borger JH, Kemperman H, Smitt HS, Hart A, van Dongen J, Lebesque J, Bartelink H. 1994. Dose and volume effects on fibrosis after breast conservation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 30:1073–1081.
  • Boström Å, Lindman H, Swartling C, Berne B, Bergh J. 2001. Potent corticosteroid cream (mometasone furoate) significantly reduces acute radiation dermatitis: results from a double-blind, randomized study. Radiother Oncol. 59:257–265.
  • Bourgier C, Haydont V, Milliat F, Francois A, Holler V, Lasser P, Bourhis J, Mathe D, Vozenin-Brotons M. 2005. Inhibition of Rho kinase modulates radiation induced fibrogenic phenotype in intestinal smooth muscle cells through alteration of the cytoskeleton and connective tissue growth factor expression. Gut. 54:336–343.
  • Bourhis J, De Crevoisier R, Abdulkarim B, Deutsch E, Lusinchi A, Luboinski B, Wibault P, Eschwege F. 2000. A randomized study of very accelerated radiotherapy with and without amifostine in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 46:1105–1108.
  • Bours V, Bonizzi G, Bentires-Alj M, Bureau F, Piette J, Lekeux P, Merville M-P. 2000. NF-κB activation in response to toxical and therapeutical agents: role in inflammation and cancer treatment. Toxicology. 153:27–38.
  • Brizel DM, Wasserman TH, Henke M, Strnad V, Rudat V, Monnier A, Eschwege F, Zhang J, Russell L, Oster W. 2000. Phase III randomized trial of amifostine as a radioprotector in head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol. 18:3339–3345.
  • Brown SL, Kolozsvary A, Liu J, Jenrow KA, Ryu S, Kim JH. 2010. Antioxidant diet supplementation starting 24 hours after exposure reduces radiation lethality. Radiat Res. 173:462–468.
  • Burdelya LG, Gleiberman AS, Toshkov I, Aygun-Sunar S, Bapardekar M, Manderscheid-Kern P, Bellnier D, Krivokrysenko VI, Feinstein E, Gudkov AV. 2012. Toll-like receptor 5 agonist protects mice from dermatitis and oral mucositis caused by local radiation: implications for head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 83:228–234.
  • Calo V, Migliavacca M, Bazan V, Macaluso M, Buscemi M, Gebbia N, Russo A. 2003. STAT proteins: from normal control of cellular events to tumorigenesis. J Cell Physiol. 197:157–168.
  • Calveley VL, Khan MA, Yeung IW, Vandyk J, Hill RP. 2005. Partial volume rat lung irradiation: temporal fluctuations of in-field and out-of-field DNA damage and inflammatory cytokines following irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 81:887–899.
  • Calvo W, Hopewell J, Reinhold H, Yeung T. 1988. Time- and dose-related changes in the white matter of the rat brain after single doses of X rays. Br J Radiol. 61:1043–1052.
  • Chacon JA, Schutsky K, Powell DJ. 2016. The impact of chemotherapy, radiation and epigenetic modifiers in cancer cell expression of immune inhibitory and stimulatory molecules and anti-tumor efficacy. Vaccines. 4:43.
  • Chai J, Shi Y. 2014. Apoptosome and inflammasome: conserved machineries for caspase activation. Natl Sci Rev. 1:101–118.
  • Chai Y, Calaf GM, Zhou H, Ghandhi SA, Elliston CD, Wen G, Nohmi T, Amundson SA, Hei TK. 2013a. Radiation induced COX-2 expression and mutagenesis at non-targeted lung tissues of gpt delta transgenic mice. Br J Cancer. 108:91–98. eng.
  • Chai Y, Lam R, Calaf G, Zhou H, Amundson S, Hei T. 2013b. Radiation-induced non-targeted response in vivo: role of the TGFβ-TGFBR1-COX-2 signalling pathway. Br J Cancer. 108:1106–1112.
  • Chamberlain MC, Eaton KD, Fink J. 2011. Radiation-induced myelopathy: treatment with bevacizumab. Arch Neurol. 68:1608–1609.
  • Cheki M, Yahyapour R, Farhood B, Rezaeyan A, Shabeeb D, Amini P, Rezapoor S, Najafi M. 2018. COX-2 in radiotherapy; a potential target for radioprotection and radiosensitization. Curr Mol Pharmacol. [accessed 2018 Feb 18]. DOI:10.2174/1874467211666180219102520
  • Chen M-F, Chen W-C, Lai C-H, Hung C-H, Liu K-C, Cheng Y-H. 2010. Predictive factors of radiation-induced skin toxicity in breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer. 10:508.
  • Chevillard S, Radicella JP, Levalois C, Lebeau J, Poupon M-F, Oudard S, Dutrillaux B, Boiteux S. 1998. Mutations in OGG1, a gene involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage, are found in human lung and kidney tumours. Oncogene. 16:3083–3086.
  • Chien Y-H, Bau D-T, Jan K-Y. 2004. Nitric oxide inhibits DNA-adduct excision in nucleotide excision repair. Free Radic Biol Med. 36:1011–1017.
  • Cho YJ, Yi CO, Jeon BT, Jeong YY, Kang GM, Lee JE, Roh GS, Lee JD. 2013. Curcumin attenuates radiation-induced inflammation and fibrosis in rat lungs. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 17:267–274.
  • Chon YE, Seong J, Kim BK, Cha J, Kim SU, Park JY, Ahn SH, Han K-H, Chon CY, Shin SK. 2011. Gastroduodenal complications after concurrent chemoradiation therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: endoscopic findings and risk factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 81:1343–1351.
  • Chung EY, Kim SJ, Ma XJ. 2006. Regulation of cytokine production during phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Cell Res. 16:154–161.
  • Chung SI, Horton JA, Ramalingam TR, White AO, Chung EJ, Hudak KE, Scroggins BT, Arron JR, Wynn TA, Citrin DE. 2016. IL-13 is a therapeutic target in radiation lung injury. Sci Rep. 6:39714.
  • Ciampi R, Knauf JA, Kerler R, Gandhi M, Zhu Z, Nikiforova MN, Rabes HM, Fagin JA, Nikiforov YE. 2005. Oncogenic AKAP9-BRAF fusion is a novel mechanism of MAPK pathway activation in thyroid cancer. J Clin Invest. 115:94–101.
  • Cohen EP, Fish BL, Moulder JE. 2010. Mitigation of radiation injuries via suppression of the renin-angiotensin system: emphasis on radiation nephropathy. Curr Drug Targets. 11:1423–1429.
  • Crowder CD, Grabowski C, Inampudi S, Sielaff T, Sherman CA, Batts KP. 2009. Selective internal radiation therapy-induced extrahepatic injury: an emerging cause of iatrogenic organ damage. Am J Surg Pathol. 33:963–975.
  • Das PM, Singal R. 2004. DNA methylation and cancer. J Clin Oncol. 22:4632–4642.
  • Datta K, Suman S, Kallakury BV, Fornace AJ, Jr. 2012. Exposure to heavy ion radiation induces persistent oxidative stress in mouse intestine. PLoS One. 7:e42224.
  • Dedon PC, Tannenbaum SR. 2004. Reactive nitrogen species in the chemical biology of inflammation. Arch Biochem Biophys. 423:12–22.
  • Ding NH, Li JJ, Sun LQ. 2013. Molecular mechanisms and treatment of radiation-induced lung fibrosis. Curr Drug Targets. 14:1347–1356.
  • Do NL, Nagle D, Poylin VY. 2011. Radiation proctitis: current strategies in management. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011:917941.
  • Donnelly JP, Bellm LA, Epstein JB, Sonis ST, Symonds RP. 2003. Antimicrobial therapy to prevent or treat oral mucositis. Lancet Infect Dis. 3:405–412.
  • Elhammali A, Patel M, Weinberg B, Verma V, Liu J, Olsen JR, Gay HA. 2015. Late gastrointestinal tissue effects after hypofractionated radiation therapy of the pancreas. Radiat Oncol. 10:186.
  • Emerit I, Arutyunyan R, Oganesian N, Levy A, Cernjavsky L, Sarkisian T, Pogossian A, Asrian K. 1995. Radiation-induced clastogenic factors: anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Free Radic Biol Med. 18:985–91.
  • Enoch T, Norbury C. 1995. Cellular responses to DNA damage: cell-cycle checkpoints, apoptosis and the roles of p53 and ATM. Trends Biochem Sci. 20:426–430.
  • Erbil Y, Öztezcan S, Olgaç V, Barbaros U, Deveci U, Kirgiz B, Uysal M, Toker GA. 2006. The effect of heme oxygenase-1 induction by glutamine on radiation-induced intestinal damage: the effect of heme oxygenase-1 on radiation enteritis. Am J Surg. 191:503–509.
  • Ermakov AV, Konkova MS, Kostyuk SV, Izevskaya VL, Baranova A, Veiko NN. 2013. Oxidized extracellular DNA as a stress signal in human cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013:649747.
  • Ermolaeva M, Schumacher B. 2013. The innate immune system as mediator of systemic DNA damage responses. Commun Integr Biol. 6:e26926.
  • Erol FS, Topsakal C, Ozveren MF, Kaplan M, Ilhan N, Ozercan IH, Yildiz OG. 2004. Protective effects of melatonin and vitamin E in brain damage due to gamma radiation: an experimental study. Neurosurg Rev. 27:65–69.
  • Ertekin MV, Tekin SB, Erdoğan F, Karslioğlu I, Gepdiremen A, Sezen O, Balci E, Gündoğdu C. 2004. The effect of zinc sulphate in the prevention of radiation-induced dermatitis. J Radiat Res. 45:543–548.
  • Fajardo LF. 2005. The pathology of ionizing radiation as defined by morphologic patterns. Acta Oncol (Stockholm, Sweden). 44:13–22.
  • Fajardo LF, Berthrong M. 1988. Vascular lesions following radiation. Pathol Annu. 23 Pt 1:297–330.
  • Fardid R, Najafi M, Salajegheh A, Kazemi E, Rezaeyan A. 2017a. Radiation-induced non-targeted effect in vivo: evaluation of cyclooygenase-2 and endothelin-1 gene expression in rat heart tissues. J Can Res Ther. 13:51–55.
  • Fardid RSA, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Sharifzadeh S, Okhovat MA, Najafi M, Rezaeyan A, Abaszadeh A. 2017b. Melatonin ameliorates the production of COX-2, iNOS, and the formation of 8-OHdG in non-targeted lung tissue after pelvic irradiation. Cell J. 19:324–331.
  • Flanders KC, Ho BM, Arany PR, Stuelten C, Mamura M, Paterniti MO, Sowers A, Mitchell JB, Roberts AB. 2008. Absence of Smad3 induces neutrophil migration after cutaneous irradiation: possible contribution to subsequent radioprotection. Am J Pathol. 173:68–76.
  • Flanders KC, Major CD, Arabshahi A, Aburime EE, Okada MH, Fujii M, Blalock TD, Schultz GS, Sowers A, Anzano MA. 2003. Interference with transforming growth factor-beta/Smad3 signaling results in accelerated healing of wounds in previously irradiated skin. Am J Pathol. 163:2247–2257.
  • Flanders KC, Sullivan CD, Fujii M, Sowers A, Anzano MA, Arabshahi A, Major C, Deng C, Russo A, Mitchell JB. 2002. Mice lacking Smad3 are protected against cutaneous injury induced by ionizing radiation. Am J Pathol. 160:1057–1068.
  • Filippin LI, Vercelino R, Marroni NP, Xavier RM. 2008. Redox signalling and the inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 152:415–422.
  • Fliss H, Menard M. 1994. Rapid neutrophil accumulation and protein oxidation in irradiated rat lungs. J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, MD: 1985). 77:2727–2733.
  • Flour M. 2009. The pathophysiology of vulnerable skin. World Wide Wounds 11; [accessed 2009 Sept 29]. http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2009/September/Flour/vulnerable-skin-1.html
  • François A, Milliat F, Guipaud O, Benderitter M. 2013. Inflammation and immunity in radiation damage to the gut mucosa. BioMed Res Int. 2013:123241.
  • Frey N, Katus HA, Olson EN, Hill JA. 2004. Hypertrophy of the heart: a new therapeutic target? Circulation. 109:1580–1589.
  • Gangoiti P, Granado MH, Arana L, Ouro A, Gómez-Muñoz A. 2008. Involvement of nitric oxide in the promotion of cell survival by ceramide 1-phosphate. FEBS Lett. 582:2263–2269.
  • Gao L, Li FS, Chen XH, Liu QW, Feng JB, Liu QJ, Su X. 2014. Radiation induces phosphorylation of STAT3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 15:6161–6164.
  • Garg UC, Hassid A. 1989. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 83:1774.
  • Gaugler M-H, Vereycken-Holler V, Squiban C, Vandamme M, Vozenin-Brotons M-C, Benderitter M. 2005. Pravastatin limits endothelial activation after irradiation and decreases the resulting inflammatory and thrombotic responses. Radiat Res. 163:479–487.
  • Gaugler M. 2014. A unifying system: does the vascular endothelium have a role to play in multi-organ failure following radiation exposure? Br J Radiol. 27:100–105.
  • Gauter-Fleckenstein B, Fleckenstein K, Owzar K, Jiang C, Rebouças JS, Batinic-Haberle I, Vujaskovic Z. 2010. Early and late administration of MnTE-2-PyP5+ in mitigation and treatment of radiation-induced lung damage. Free Radic Biol Med. 48:1034–1043.
  • Gehrke N, Mertens C, Zillinger T, Wenzel J, Bald T, Zahn S, Tüting T, Hartmann G, Barchet W. 2013. Oxidative damage of DNA confers resistance to cytosolic nuclease TREX1 degradation and potentiates STING-dependent immune sensing. Immunity 39:482–495.
  • Ghafoori P, Marks LB, Vujaskovic Z, Kelsey C. 2008. Radiation-induced lung injury-assessment, management, and prevention. Oncology 22:37.
  • Ghobadi A, Shirazi A, Najafi M, Kahkesh MH, Rezapoor S. 2017. Melatonin ameliorates radiation-induced oxidative stress at targeted and nontargeted lung tissue. J Med Phys. 42:241.
  • Giovagnoli AR, Boiardi A. 1994. Cognitive impairment and quality of life in long-term survivors of malignant brain tumors. Ital J Neuro Sci. 15:481–488.
  • Golden EB, Apetoh L. 2015. Radiotherapy and immunogenic cell death. Semin Radiat Oncol. 25:11–17.
  • Green DR, Ferguson T, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. 2009. Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death. Nature Rev Immunol. 9:353.
  • Greene-Schloesser D, Robbins ME. 2012. Radiation-induced cognitive impairment-from bench to bedside. Neuro-oncology. 14:iv37–iv44.
  • Grover N, Johnson A. 1997. Case report: aminocaproic acid used to control upper gastrointestinal bleeding in radiation gastritis. Dig Dis Sci. 42:982–984.
  • Groves AM, Johnston CJ, Misra RS, Williams JP, Finkelstein JN. 2016. Effects of IL-4 on pulmonary fibrosis and the accumulation and phenotype of macrophage subpopulations following thoracic irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 92:754–765.
  • Gudkov AV, Gurova KV, Komarova EA. 2011. Inflammation and p53: a tale of two stresses. Genes Cancer. 2:503–516.
  • Gudkov AV, Komarova EA. 2016. p53 and the carcinogenicity of chronic inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 6:a026161.
  • Gurova KV, Hill JE, Guo C, Prokvolit A, Burdelya LG, Samoylova E, Khodyakova AV, Ganapathi R, Ganapathi M, Tararova ND, et al. 2005. Small molecules that reactivate p53 in renal cell carcinoma reveal a NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism of p53 suppression in tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102:17448–17453.
  • Gurses I, Ozeren M, Serin M, Yucel N, Erkal HS. 2014. Histopathological evaluation of melatonin as a protective agent in heart injury induced by radiation in a rat model. Pathol Res Pract. 210:863–871.
  • Ha CT, Li X-H, Fu D, Moroni M, Fisher C, Arnott R, Srinivasan V, Xiao M. 2014. Circulating interleukin-18 as a biomarker of total-body radiation exposure in mice, minipigs, and nonhuman primates (NHP). PLoS One. 9:e109249.
  • Haddadi G, Shirazi A, Sepehrizadeh Z, Mahdavi S, Haddadi M. 2013. Radioprotective effect of melatonin on the cervical spinal cord in irradiated rats. Cell J. 14:246–253.
  • Haddadi GHRA, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Hosseinzadeh M, Fardid R, Najafi M, et al. 2017. Hesperidin as radioprotector against radiation-induced lung damage in rat: a histopathological study. J Med Phys. 42:25–32.
  • Hallahan D, Kuchibhotla J, Wyble C. 1996. Cell adhesion molecules mediate radiation-induced leukocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Cancer Res. 56:5150–5155.
  • Hallahan DE, Virudachalam S. 1997. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 knockout abrogates radiation induced pulmonary inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:6432–6437.
  • Hallahan DE, Virudachalam S. 1999. Accumulation of P-selectin in the lumen of irradiated blood vessels. Radiat Res. 152:6–13.
  • Halle M, Ekström M, Farnebo F, Tornvall P. 2010. Endothelial activation with prothrombotic response in irradiated microvascular recipient veins. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 63:1910–1916.
  • Halle M, Gabrielsen A, Paulsson-Berne G, Gahm C, Agardh HE, Farnebo F, Tornvall P. 2010. Sustained inflammation due to nuclear factor-kappa B activation in irradiated human arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 55:1227–1236.
  • Halperin EC, Gaspar L, George S, Darr D, Pinnell S. 1993. A double-blind, randomized, prospective trial to evaluate topical vitamin C solution for the prevention of radiation dermatitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 26:413–416.
  • Han G, Zhang H, Xie CH, Zhou YF. 2011. Th2-like immune response in radiation-induced lung fibrosis. Oncol Rep. 26:383–388. eng.
  • Haneklaus M, O’Neill LA, Coll RC. 2013. Modulatory mechanisms controlling the NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammation: recent developments. Curr Opin Immunol. 25:40–45.
  • Hansson GK. 2005. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 352:1685–1695.
  • Hayashi T, Morishita Y, Kubo Y, Kusunoki Y, Hayashi I, Kasagi F, Hakoda M, Kyoizumi S, Nakachi K. 2005. Long-term effects of radiation dose on inflammatory markers in atomic bomb survivors. Am J Med. 118:83–86.
  • Haydont V, Mathé D, Bourgier C, Abdelali J, Aigueperse J, Bourhis J, Vozenin-Brotons M-C. 2005. Induction of CTGF by TGF-beta1 in normal and radiation enteritis human smooth muscle cells: Smad/Rho balance and therapeutic perspectives. Radiother Oncol. 76:219–225.
  • Heckmann M, Douwes K, Peter R, Degitz K. 1998. Vascular activation of adhesion molecule mRNA and cell surface expression by ionizing radiation. Exp Cell Res. 238:148–154.
  • Hei TK, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Ivanov V. 2011. Mechanism of radiation carcinogenesis: role of the TGFBI gene and the inflammatory signaling cascade. Adv Exp Med Biol. 720:163–170.
  • Hei TK, Zhou H, Ivanov VN, Hong M, Lieberman HB, Brenner DJ, Amundson SA, Geard CR. 2008. Mechanism of radiation-induced bystander effects: a unifying model. J Pharm Pharmacol. 60:943–950.
  • Hellweg CE. 2015. The nuclear factor κB pathway: a link to the immune system in the radiation response. Cancer Lett. 368:275–289.
  • Hill A, Hanson M, Bogle MA, Duvic M. 2004. Severe radiation dermatitis is related to Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Clin Oncol. 27:361–363.
  • Hillman GG, Singh-Gupta V, Lonardo F, Hoogstra DJ, Abernathy LM, Yunker CK, Rothstein SE, Rakowski J, Sarkar FH, Gadgeel S, et al. 2013. Radioprotection of lung tissue by soy isoflavones. J Thorac Oncol. 8:1356–1364.
  • Hogquist KA, Nett MA, Unanue ER, Chaplin DD. 1991. Interleukin 1 is processed and released during apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 88:8485–8489.
  • Holler V, Buard V, Gaugler M-H, Guipaud O, Baudelin C, Sache A, del R, Perez M, Squiban C, Tamarat R, Milliat F. 2009. Pravastatin limits radiation-induced vascular dysfunction in the skin. J Investig Dermatol. 129:1280–1291.
  • Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Hui JJ, Chang KC, Swanson PE, Drewry AM, Buchman TG, Karl IE. 2000. p53-dependent and -independent pathways of apoptotic cell death in sepsis. J Immunol. 164:3675–3680.
  • Hoving S, Heeneman S, Gijbels MJJ, te Poele JAM, Russell NS, Daemen MJAP, Stewart FA. 2008. Single-dose and fractionated irradiation promote initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and induce an inflammatory plaque phenotype in ApoE-/- mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 71:848–857.
  • Hu ZP, Fang XL, Fang N, Wang XB, Qian HY, Cao Z, Cheng Y, Wang BN, Wang Y. 2013. Melatonin ameliorates vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and atherosclerosis by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB system in high-fat-fed rabbits. J Pineal Res. 55:388–398.
  • Hudson JD, Shoaibi MA, Maestro R, Carnero A, Hannon GJ, Beach DH. 1999. A proinflammatory cytokine inhibits p53 tumor suppressor activity. J Exp Med. 190:1375–1382.
  • Hussain SP, Hofseth LJ, Harris CC. 2003. Radical causes of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 3:276–285.
  • Hymes SR, Strom EA, Fife C. 2006. Radiation dermatitis: clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment 2006. J Am Acad Dermatol. 54:28–46.
  • Indaram AV, Visvalingam V, Locke M, Bank S. 2000. Mucosal cytokine production in radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis compared with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 95:1221–1225.
  • Ito Y, Kinoshita M, Yamamoto T, Sato T, Obara T, Saitoh D, Seki S, Takahashi Y. 2013. A combination of pre- and post-exposure ascorbic acid rescues mice from radiation-induced lethal gastrointestinal damage. Int J Mol Sci. 14:19618–19635.
  • Iyer R, Jhingran A. 2006. Radiation injury: imaging findings in the chest, abdomen and pelvis after therapeutic radiation. Can Imaging. 6:S131–S139.
  • Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Burgart LJ, Gores GJ. 2000. Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res. 60:184–190.
  • Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Gores GJ. 2001a. Nitric oxide in gastrointestinal epithelial cell carcinogenesis: linking inflammation to oncogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 281:G626–G634.
  • Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Nishioka N, Nakabeppu Y, Gores GJ. 2001b. Human Ogg1, a protein involved in the repair of 8-oxoguanine, is inhibited by nitric oxide. Cancer Res. 61:6388–6393.
  • Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR, Gores GJ. 2001c. Nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of DNA repair potentiates oxidative DNA damage in cholangiocytes. Gastroenterology. 120:190–199.
  • Jakubzick C, Kunkel SL, Puri RK, Hogaboam CM. 2004. Therapeutic targeting of IL-4- and IL-13-responsive cells in pulmonary fibrosis. Immunol Res. 30:339–349.
  • Janko M, Ontiveros F, Fitzgerald TJ, Deng A, DeCicco M, Rock KL. 2012. IL-1 generated subsequent to radiation-induced tissue injury contributes to the pathogenesis of radiodermatitis. Radiat Res. 178:166–172.
  • Jeremy JY, Rowe D, Emsley AM, Newby AC. 1999. Nitric oxide and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res. 43:580–594.
  • Jia D, Koonce NA, Griffin RJ, Jackson C, Corry PM. 2010. Prevention and mitigation of acute death of mice after abdominal irradiation by the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Radiat Res. 173:579–589.
  • Jiang Y, Chen X, Tian W, Yin X, Wang J, Yang H. 2014. The role of TGF-β1-miR-21-ROS pathway in bystander responses induced by irradiated non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 111:772–780.
  • Kalinich JF, Catravas GN, Snyder SL. 1989. The effect of gamma radiation on DNA methylation. Radiat Res. 117:185–197.
  • Kannan V, Bapsy PP, Anantha N, Doval DC, Vaithianathan H, Banumathy G, Reddy KB, Kumaraswamy SV, Shenoy AM. 1997. Efficacy and safety of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the frequency and severity of radiation mucositis in patients with head and neck carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 37:1005–1010.
  • Karki R, Igwe OJ. 2013. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated nuclear factor kappa B activation is essential for sensing exogenous oxidants to propagate and maintain oxidative/nitrosative cellular stress. PloS One. 8:e73840.
  • Kaur P, Asea A. 2012. Radiation-induced effects and the immune system in cancer. Front Oncol. 2:191.
  • Keefe DM. 2007. Intestinal mucositis: mechanisms and management. Curr Opin Oncol. 19:323–327.
  • Keime-Guibert F, Napolitano M, Delattre JY. 1998. Neurological complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J Neurol. 245:695–708.
  • Kennedy M, Bruninga K, Mutlu EA, Losurdo J, Choudhary S, Keshavarzian A. 2001. Successful and sustained treatment of chronic radiation proctitis with antioxidant vitamins E and C. Am J Gastroenterol. 96:1080–1084.
  • Keskek M, Gocmen E, Kilic M, Gencturk S, Can B, Cengiz M, Okten RM, Koc M. 2006. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in radiation-induced small bowel injury in rats. J Surg Res. 135:76–84.
  • Khan R, Sheppard R. 2006. Fibrosis in heart disease: understanding the role of transforming growth factor-beta in cardiomyopathy, valvular disease and arrhythmia. Immunology. 118:10–24.
  • Kidane D, Chae WJ, Czochor J, Eckert KA, Glazer PM, Bothwell ALM, Sweasy JB. 2014. Interplay between DNA repair and inflammation, and the link to cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 49:116–139.
  • Klune JR, Dhupar R, Cardinal J, Billiar TR, Tsung A. 2008. HMGB1: endogenous danger signaling. Mol Med. 14:476–484.
  • Konda A, Savin MA, Cappell MS, Duffy MC. 2009. Radiation microsphere-induced GI ulcers after selective internal radiation therapy for hepatic tumors: an underrecognized clinical entity. Gastrointest Endosc. 70:561–567.
  • Kong FM, Hayman JA, Griffith KA, Kalemkerian GP, Arenberg D, Lyons S, Turrisi A, Lichter A, Fraass B, Eisbruch A, et al. 2006. Final toxicity results of a radiation-dose escalation study in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): predictors for radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 65:1075–1086.
  • Köstler WJ, Hejna M, Wenzel C, Zielinski CC. 2001. Oral mucositis complicating chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: options for prevention and treatment.Cancer J Clin. 51:290–315.
  • Koturbash I, Loree J, Kutanzi K, Koganow C, Pogribny I, Kovalchuk O. 2008. In vivo bystander effect: cranial X-irradiation leads to elevated DNA damage, altered cellular proliferation and apoptosis, and increased p53 levels in shielded spleen. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 70:554–562.
  • Kouvaris J, Kouloulias V, Kokakis J, Matsopoulos G, Myrsini B, Vlahos L. 2002. The cytoprotective effect of amifostine in acute radiation dermatitis: a retrospective analysis. Eur J Dermatol. 12:458–462.
  • Kouvaris JR, Kouloulias VE, Plataniotis GA, Balafouta EJ, Vlahos LJ. 2001. Dermatitis during radiation for vulvar carcinoma: prevention and treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor impregnated gauze. Wound Repair Regen. 9:187–193.
  • Kovalchuk O, Baulch JE. 2008. Epigenetic changes and nontargeted radiation effects – is there a link? Environ Mol Mutagen. 49:16–25.
  • Krstić J, Trivanović D, Mojsilović S, Santibanez JF. 2015. Transforming growth factor-beta and oxidative stress interplay: implications in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015:654594.
  • Krysko DV, Garg AD, Kaczmarek A, Krysko O, Agostinis P, Vandenabeele P. 2012. Immunogenic cell death and DAMPs in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 12:860–875.
  • Kubes P, McCafferty D-M. 2000. Nitric oxide and intestinal inflammation. Am J Med. 109:150–158.
  • Kusunoki Y, Hayashi T. 2008. Long-lasting alterations of the immune system by ionizing radiation exposure: implications for disease development among atomic bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol. 84:1–14.
  • Kyrkanides S, Moore AH, Olschowka JA, Daeschner JC, Williams JP, Hansen JT, O’Banion MK. 2002. Cyclooxygenase-2 modulates brain inflammation-related gene expression in central nervous system radiation injury. Mol Brain Res. 104:159–169.
  • Lau J, Ilkhanizadeh S, Wang S, Miroshnikova YA, Salvatierra NA, Wong RA, Schmidt C, Weaver VM, Weiss WA, Persson AI. 2015. STAT3 blockade inhibits radiation-induced malignant progression in glioma. Cancer Res. 75:4302–4311.
  • Lee JC, Kinniry PA, Arguiri E, Serota M, Kanterakis S, Chatterjee S, Solomides CC, Javvadi P, Koumenis C, Cengel KA, et al. 2010. Dietary curcumin increases antioxidant defenses in lung, ameliorates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and improves survival in mice. Radiat Res. 173:590–601.
  • Lee JY, Kim HS, Choi HY, Oh TH, Ju BG, Yune TY. 2012. Valproic acid attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption by inhibiting matrix metalloprotease-9 activity and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurochem. 121:818–829.
  • Lee C-L, Blum JM, Kirsch DG. 2013. Role of p53 in regulating tissue response to radiation by mechanisms independent of apoptosis. Transl Can Res. 2:412–421.
  • Li GQ, Xia HH-X, Chen MH, Gu Q, Wang JD, Peng JZ, Chan AO, Cho CH, So HL, Lam SK. 2006. Effects of cyclooxygenase-1 and-2 gene disruption on helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation. J Infect Dis. 193:1037–1046.
  • Li YQ, Ballinger JR, Nordal RA, Su ZF, Wong CS. 2001. Hypoxia in radiation-induced blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown. Cancer Res. 61:3348–3354.
  • Liang L, Hu D, Liu W, Williams JP, Okunieff P, Ding I. 2003. Celecoxib reduces skin damage after radiation: selective reduction of chemokine and receptor mRNA expression in irradiated skin but not in irradiated mammary tumor. Am J Clin Oncol. 26:S114–S121.
  • Lin R, Xiao D, Guo Y, Tian D, Yun H, Chen D, Su M. 2015. Chronic inflammation-related DNA damage response: a driving force of gastric cardia carcinogenesis. Oncotarget. 6:2856–2864.
  • Lips IM, Dehnad H, van Gils CH, Boeken Kruger AE, van der Heide UA, van Vulpen M. 2008. High-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer using daily fiducial marker-based position verification: acute and late toxicity in 331 patients. Radiat Oncol. 3:15.
  • Liu R-M, Pravia KG. 2010. Oxidative stress and glutathione in TGF-beta-mediated fibrogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med. 48:1–15.
  • Liu S, Jin S, Liu X-D. 2004. Radiation-induced bystander effect in immune response. Biomed Environ Sci. 17:40–46.
  • Liu S, Sammons V, Fairhall J, Reddy R, Tu J, Hong Duong TT, Stoodley M. 2012. Molecular responses of brain endothelial cells to radiation in a mouse model. J Clin Neurosci. 19:1154–1158.
  • Liu T, Liu Y, He S, Zhang Z, Kligerman M. 1992. Use of radiation with or without WR-2721 in advanced rectal cancer. Cancer. 69:2820–2825.
  • Liu W, Ding I, Chen K, Olschowka J, Xu J, Hu D, Morrow GR, Okunieff P. 2006. Interleukin 1beta (IL1B) signaling is a critical component of radiation-induced skin fibrosis. Radiat Res. 165:181–191.
  • Logan RM, Stringer AM, Bowen JM, Yeoh AS-J, Gibson RJ, Sonis ST, Keefe DM. 2007. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cancer treatment-induced alimentary tract mucositis: pathobiology, animal models and cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Treat Rev. 33:448–460.
  • Lomax M, Folkes L, O’Neill P. 2013. Biological consequences of radiation-induced DNA damage: relevance to radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 25:578–585.
  • Lyudmila G, Burdelya VIK, Tallant TC, Strom E, Gleiberman AS, Gupta D, et al. 2008. An agonist of toll-like receptor 5 has radioprotective activity in mouse and primate models. Science. 320:226–230.
  • MacNaughton W. 1998. Expression, activity and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat ileum and colon post-irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 74:255–264.
  • MacVittie TJ, Bennett AW, Farese AM, Taylor-Howell C, Smith CP, Gibbs AM, Prado K, Jackson W, 3rd. 2015. The effect of radiation dose and variation in Neupogen(R) initiation schedule on the mitigation of myelosuppression during the concomitant GI-ARS and H-ARS in a nonhuman primate model of high-dose exposure with marrow sparing. Health Phys. 109:427–439.
  • Mahmood J, Jelveh S, Calveley V, Zaidi A, Doctrow SR, Hill RP. 2011. Mitigation of lung injury after accidental exposure to radiation. Radiat Res. 176:770–780.
  • Mahmood J, Jelveh S, Zaidi A, Doctrow SR, Medhora M, Hill RP. 2014. Targeting the Renin-angiotensin system combined with an antioxidant is highly effective in mitigating radiation-induced lung damage. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 89:722–728.
  • Mancini ML, Sonis ST. 2014. Mechanisms of cellular fibrosis associated with cancer regimen-related toxicities. Front Pharmacol. 5:51.
  • Marozik P, Mothersill C, Seymour CB, Mosse I, Melnov S. 2007. Bystander effects induced by serum from survivors of the Chernobyl accident. Exp Hematol. 35(4 Suppl 1):55–63.
  • Martin M, Lefaix J-L, Delanian S. 2000. TGF-β1 and radiation fibrosis: a master switch and a specific therapeutic target? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 47:277–290.
  • Martinon F. 2010. Signaling by ROS drives inflammasome activation. Eur J Immunol. 40:616–619.
  • Medhora M, Gao F, Jacobs ER, Moulder JE. 2012. Radiation damage to the lung: mitigation by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Respirology (Carlton, VIC). 17:66–71.
  • Meira LB, Bugni JM, Green SL, Lee C-W, Pang B, Borenshtein D, Rickman BH, Rogers AB, Moroski-Erkul CA, McFaline JL. 2008. DNA damage induced by chronic inflammation contributes to colon carcinogenesis in mice. J Clin Invest. 118:2516–2525.
  • Meirovitz A, Kuten M, Billan S, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Sharon A, Peretz T, Sela M, Schaffer M, Barak V. 2010. Cytokines levels, severity of acute mucositis and the need of PEG tube installation during chemo-radiation for head and neck cancer – a prospective pilot study. Radiat Oncol. 5:16.
  • Mendonca MS, Farrington DL, Mayhugh BM, Qin Y, Temples T, Comerford K, Chakrabarti R, Zainabadi K, Redpath JL, Stanbridge EJ, et al. 2004. Homozygous deletions within the 11q13 cervical cancer tumor-suppressor locus in radiation-induced, neoplastically transformed human hybrid cells. Genes Chromosom Cancer. 39:277–287.
  • Mendonca MS, Fasching CL, Srivatsan ES, Stanbridge EJ, Redpath JL. 1995. Loss of a putative tumor suppressor locus after gamma-ray-induced neoplastic transformation of HeLa x skin fibroblast human cell hybrids. Radiat Res. 143:34–44.
  • Mendonca MS, Howard K, Fasching CL, Farrington DL, Desmond LA, Stanbridge EJ, Redpath JL. 1998. Loss of suppressor loci on chromosomes 11 and 14 may be required for radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of HeLa x skin fibroblast human cell hybrids. Radiat Res. 149:246–255.
  • Meyers CA, Brown PD. 2006. Role and relevance of neurocognitive assessment in clinical trials of patients with CNS tumors. J Clin Oncol. 24:1305–1309.
  • Michurina T, Krasnov P, Balazs A, Nakaya N, Vasilieva T, Kuzin B, Khrushchov N, Mulligan RC, Enikolopov G. 2004. Nitric oxide is a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell activity. Mol Ther. 10:241–248.
  • Mikhailenko V, Diomina E, Muzalov I, Gerashchenko B. 2013. Nitric oxide coordinates development of genomic instability in realization of combined effect with ionizing radiation. Exp Oncol. 35:58–64.
  • Mikhailenko V, Muzalov I. 2013. Exogenous nitric oxide potentiate DNA damage and alter DNA repair in cells exposed to ionising radiation. Exp Oncol. 35:318–324.
  • Milliat F, François A, Isoir M, Deutsch E, Tamarat R, Tarlet G, Atfi A, Validire P, Bourhis J, Sabourin J-C, et al. 2006. Influence of endothelial cells on vascular smooth muscle cells phenotype after irradiation: implication in radiation-induced vascular damages. Am J Pathol. 169:1484–1495.
  • Minshall EM, Leung DY, Martin RJ, Song YL, Cameron L, Ernst P, Hamid Q. 1997. Eosinophil-associated TGF-beta1 mRNA expression and airways fibrosis in bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 17:326–333.
  • Mishra A, Chaudhary A, Sethi S. 2004. Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids inhibit NF-κB activation via a PPARα-dependent pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 24:1621–1627.
  • Miyaguchi M, Takashima H, Kubo T. 1997. Laryngeal necrosis after combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy. J Laryngol Otol. 111:763–765.
  • Mollà M, Gironella M, Miquel R, Tovar V, Engel P, Biete A, Piqué JM, Panés J. 2003. Relative roles of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the pathogenesis of experimental radiation-induced intestinal inflammation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 57:264–273.
  • Montecucco F, Mach F. 2009. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Semin Immunopathol. 31:1–3.
  • Montezano AC, Touyz RM. 2012. Reactive oxygen species and endothelial function-role of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and Nox family nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 110:87–94.
  • Morgan MJ, Liu Z-G. 2011. Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling. Cell Res. 21:103–115.
  • Moslemi NM, Motevalizadeh AA. 2009. Noncoding RNAs and cancer. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 1:55–70.
  • Mothersill C, Seymour C. 2012. Are epigenetic mechanisms involved in radiation-induced bystander effects? Front Genet. 3:74.
  • Mul VE, de Jong JM, Murrer LH, van den Ende PL, Houben RM, Lacko M, Lambin P, Baumert BG. 2012. Lhermitte sign and myelopathy after irradiation of the cervical spinal cord in radiotherapy treatment of head and neck cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 188:71–76.
  • Müller K, Meineke V. 2007. Radiation-induced alterations in cytokine production by skin cells. Exp Hematol. 35:96–104.
  • Muralidharan S, Mandrekar P. 2013. Cellular stress response and innate immune signaling: integrating pathways in host defense and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol. 94:1167–1184.
  • Murakami A, Ohigashi H. 2007. Targeting NOX, INOS and COX-2 in inflammatory cells: chemoprevention using food phytochemicals. Int J Cancer. 121:2357–2363.
  • Najafi M, Cheki M, Rezapoor S, Geraily G, Motevaseli E, Carnovale C, Clementi E, Shirazi A. 2018. Metformin: prevention of genomic instability and cancer: a review. Mutat Res Gen Tox En. 827:1–8.
  • Najafi M, Fardid R, Hadadi G, Fardid M. 2014. The mechanisms of radiation-induced bystander effect. J Biomed Phys Eng. 4:163–172.
  • Najafi M, Fardid R, Takhshid MA. 2016. Radiation-induced oxidative stress at out-of-field lung tissues after pelvis irradiation in rats. Cell J. 18:340–345.
  • Najafi M, Shirazi A, Motevaseli E, Geraily G, Norouzi F, Heidari M, Rezapoor S. 2017a. The melatonin immunomodulatory actions in radiotherapy. Biophys Rev. 9:139–148.
  • Najafi M, Shirazi A, Motevaseli E, Rezaeyan A, Salajegheh A, Rezapoor S. 2017b. Melatonin as an anti-inflammatory agent in radiotherapy. Inflammopharmacology. 25:403–413.
  • Najafi M, Shirazi A, Rezaeyan A. 2017c. Bystander effect and second primary cancers following radiotherapy: what are its significances? J Med Phys. 42:55–56.
  • Nathan C. 1992. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J. 6:3051–3064.
  • Naymagon S, Warner RR, Patel K, Harpaz N, Machac J, Weintraub JL, Kim MK. 2010. Gastroduodenal ulceration associated with radioembolization for the treatment of hepatic tumors: an institutional experience and review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci. 55:2450–2458.
  • Nguyen NP, Antoine JE, Dutta S, Karlsson U, Sallah S. 2002. Current concepts in radiation enteritis and implications for future clinical trials. Cancer. 95:1151–1163.
  • Nikitaki Z, Mavragani IV, Laskaratou DA, Gika V, Moskvin VP, Theofilatos K, Vougas K, Stewart RD, Georgakilas AG. 2016. Systemic mechanisms and effects of ionizing radiation: a new 'old' paradigm of how the bystanders and distant can become the players. Semin Cancer Biol. 37–38:77–95.
  • Nishiura H, Iwamoto S, Kido M, Aoki N, Maruoka R, Ikeda A, Chiba T, Watanabe N. 2013. Interleukin-21 and tumor necrosis factor-α are critical for the development of autoimmune gastritis in mice . J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 28:982–991.
  • Nordal RA, Wong CS. 2004. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in central nervous system radiation injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 63:474–483.
  • Nowsheen S, Yang ES. 2012. The intersection between DNA damage response and cell death pathways. Experiment Oncol. 34:243–254.
  • Ogawa Y, Kobayashi T, Nishioka A, Kariya S, Hamasato S, Seguchi H, Yoshida S. 2003. Radiation-induced reactive oxygen species formation prior to oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral T cells. Int J Mol Med. 11:149–152.
  • Ohnishi S, Ma N, Thanan R, Pinlaor S, Hammam O, Murata M, Kawanishi S. 2013. DNA damage in inflammation-related carcinogenesis and cancer stem cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013:387014.
  • Okada F. 2014. Inflammation-related carcinogenesis: current findings in epidemiological trends. Yonago Acta Med. 57:65–72.
  • Okunieff P, Cornelison T, Mester M, Liu W, Ding I, Chen Y, Zhang H, Williams JP, Finkelstein J. 2005. Mechanism and modification of gastrointestinal soft tissue response to radiation: role of growth factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 62:273–278.
  • Omed A, Lawrance JA, Murphy G, Laasch H-U, Wilson G, Illidge T, Tipping J, Zivanovic M, Jeans S. 2010. A retrospective analysis of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) with yttrium-90 microspheres in patients with unresectable hepatic malignancies. Clin Radiol. 65:720–728.
  • Ong ZY, Gibson RJ, Bowen JM, Stringer AM, Darby JM, Logan RM, Yeoh AS, Keefe DM. 2010. Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a key role in the development of radiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. Radiat Oncol. 5:22–29.
  • Opferman JT. 2008. Apoptosis in the development of the immune system. Cell Death Differ. 15:234–42.
  • Ortiz F, Acuña‐Castroviejo D, Doerrier C, Dayoub JC, López LC, Venegas C, García JA, López A, Volt H, et al. 2015. Melatonin blunts the mitochondrial/NLRP3 connection and protects against radiation-induced oral mucositis. J Pineal Res. 58:34–49.
  • Park B, Yee C, Lee KM. 2014. The effect of radiation on the immune response to cancers. IJMS. 15:927–943.
  • Patel P, Subhas G, Gupta A, Chang Y-J, Mittal VK, McKendrick A. 2009. Oral vitamin A enhances the effectiveness of formalin 8% in treating chronic hemorrhagic radiation proctopathy. Dis Colon Rectum. 52:1605–1609.
  • Pateras IS, Havaki S, Nikitopoulou X, Vougas K, Townsend PA, Panayiotidis MI, Georgakilas AG, Gorgoulis VG. 2015. The DNA damage response and immune signaling alliance: is it good or bad? Nature decides when and where. Pharmacol Ther. 154:36–56.
  • Pazhanisamy SK, Li H, Wang Y, Batinic-Haberle I, Zhou D. 2011. NADPH oxidase inhibition attenuates total body irradiation-induced haematopoietic genomic instability. Mutagenesis. 26:431–435.
  • Pétrilli V, Dostert C, Muruve DA, Tschopp J. 2007. The inflammasome: a danger sensing complex triggering innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 19:615–622.
  • Piccinini A, Midwood K. 2010. DAMPening inflammation by modulating TLR signalling. Mediat Inflamm. 2010:672395.
  • Piccoli C, D’Aprile A, Ripoli M, Scrima R, Lecce L, Boffoli D, Tabilio A, Capitanio N. 2007. Bone-marrow derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells express multiple isoforms of NADPH oxidase and produce constitutively reactive oxygen species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 353:965–972.
  • Piccoli C, Ria R, Scrima R, Cela O, D'Aprile A, Boffoli D, Falzetti F, Tabilio A, Capitanio N. 2005. Characterization of mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial oxygen consuming reactions in human hematopoietic stem cells. Novel evidence of the occurrence of NAD(P)H oxidase activity. J Biol Chem. 280:26467–26476.
  • Pohlers D, Brenmoehl J, Löffler I, Müller CK, Leipner C, Schultze-Mosgau S, Stallmach A, Kinne RW, Wolf G. 2009. TGF-β and fibrosis in different organs – molecular pathway imprints. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1792:746–756.
  • Poon IK, Lucas CD, Rossi AG, Ravichandran KS. 2014. Apoptotic cell clearance: basic biology and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Immunol. 14:166–180.
  • Pos F, Horenblas S, Dom P, Moonen L, Bartelink H. 2005. Organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: brachytherapy, an alternative to cystectomy and combined modality treatment? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 61:678–686.
  • Psimaras D, Tafani C, Ducray F, Leclercq D, Feuvret L, Delattre JY, Ricard D. 2016. Bevacizumab in late-onset radiation-induced myelopathy. Neurology 86:454–457.
  • Punjabi C, Laskin J, Hwang S, MacEachern L, Laskin D. 1994. Enhanced production of nitric oxide by bone marrow cells and increased sensitivity to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF after benzene treatment of mice. Blood. 83:3255–3263.
  • Qi F, Sugihara T, Hattori Y, Yamamoto Y, Kanno M, Abe K. 1998. Functional and morphological damage of endothelium in rabbit ear artery following irradiation with cobalt60. Br J Pharmacol. 123:653–660.
  • Raber-Durlacher JE, von Bültzingslöwen I, Logan RM, Bowen J, Al-Azri AR, Everaus H, Gerber E, Gomez JG, Pettersson BG, Soga Y. 2013. Systematic review of cytokines and growth factors for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 21:343–355.
  • Raffetto JD, Khalil RA. 2008. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in vascular remodeling and vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 75:346–359.
  • Ramanan S, Kooshki M, Zhao W, Hsu F-C, Robbins ME. 2008. PPARalpha ligands inhibit radiation-induced microglial inflammatory responses by negatively regulating NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways. Free Radic Biol Med. 45:1695–1704.
  • Randall K, Coggle JE. 1996. Long-term expression of transforming growth factor TGF beta 1 in mouse skin after localized beta-irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 70:351–360.
  • Rath M, Müller I, Kropf P, Closs EI, Munder M. 2014. Metabolism via arginase or nitric oxide synthase: two competing arginine pathways in macrophages. Front Immunol. 5:532.
  • Regimbeau J-M, Panis Y, Gouzi J-L, Fagniez P-L, Research FUAfS. 2001. Operative and long term results after surgery for chronic radiation enteritis. Am J Surg. 182:237–242.
  • Reinhold H, Calvo W, Hopewell J, Van den Berg A. 1990. Development of blood vessel-related radiation damage in the fimbria of the central nervous system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 18:37–42.
  • Reuter J, Jocher A, Stump J, Grossjohann B, Franke G, Schempp C. 2008. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Aloe vera gel (97.5%) in the ultraviolet erythema test. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 21:106–110.
  • Rezaeyan A, Fardid R, Haddadi GH, Takhshid MA, Hosseinzadeh M, Najafi M, Salajegheh A. 2016a. Evaluating radioprotective effect of hesperidin on acute radiation damage in the lung tissue of rats. J Biomed Phys Eng. 6:165–174.
  • Rezaeyan A, Haddadi GH, Hosseinzadeh M, Moradi M, Najafi M. 2016b. Radioprotective effects of hesperidin on oxidative damages and histopathological changes induced by X-irradiation in rats heart tissue. J Med Phys. 41:182–191.
  • Rezapoor S, Shirazi A, Abbasi S, Bazzaz JT, Izadi P, Rezaeejam H, Valizadeh M, Soleimani-Mohammadi F, Najafi M. 2017. Modulation of radiation-induced base excision repair pathway gene expression by melatonin. J Med Phys. 42:245–250.
  • Ricarte-Filho JC, Li S, Garcia-Rendueles ME, Montero-Conde C, Voza F, Knauf JA, Heguy A, Viale A, Bogdanova T, Thomas GA. 2013. Identification of kinase fusion oncogenes in post-Chernobyl radiation-induced thyroid cancers. J Clin Invest. 123:4935–4944.
  • Richardson J, Smith JE, McIntyre M, Thomas R, Pilkington K. 2005. Aloe vera for preventing radiation-induced skin reactions: a systematic literature review. Clin Oncol. 17:478–484.
  • Robbins M, Greene-Schloesser D, Peiffer AM, Shaw E, Chan MD, Wheeler KT. 2012. Radiation-induced brain injury: a review. Front Oncol. 2:73.
  • Robbins M, Zhao W. 2004. Chronic oxidative stress and radiation-induced late normal tissue injury: a review. Int J Radiat Biol. 80:251–259.
  • Rock KL, Kono H. 2008. The inflammatory response to cell death. Annu Rev Pathol. 3:99–126.
  • Rock KL, Lai JJ, Kono H. 2011. Innate and adaptive immune responses to cell death. Immunol Rev. 243:191–205.
  • Rodríguez-Lago I, Carretero C, Herráiz M, Subtil JC, Betés M, Rodríguez-Fraile M, Sola JJ, Bilbao JI, Muñoz-Navas M, Sangro B. 2013. Long-term follow-up study of gastroduodenal lesions after radioembolization of hepatic tumors. World J Gastroenterol. 19:2935–2940.
  • Rosso M, Blasi G, Gherlone E, Rosso R. 1997. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on prevention of mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with chemo-radiotherapy. J Chemother. 9:382–385.
  • Russell NS, Hoving S, Heeneman S, Hage JJ, Woerdeman LA, de Bree R, Lohuis PJ, Smeele L, Cleutjens J, Valenkamp A, et al. 2009. Novel insights into pathological changes in muscular arteries of radiotherapy patients. Radiother Oncol. 92:477–483.
  • Ryan JL. 2012. Ionizing radiation: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J Invest Dermatol. 132:985–993.
  • Ryan JL, Heckler CE, Ling M, Katz A, Williams JP, Pentland AP, Morrow GR. 2013. Curcumin for radiation dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of thirty breast cancer patients. Radiat Res. 180:34–43.
  • Salame MY, Verheye S, Mulkey SP, Chronos NA, King SB, Crocker IR, Robinson KA. 2000. The effect of endovascular irradiation on platelet recruitment at sites of balloon angioplasty in pig coronary arteries. Circulation. 101:1087–1090.
  • Salvo N, Barnes E, Van Draanen J, Stacey E, Mitera G, Breen D, Giotis A, Czarnota G, Pang J, De Angelis C. 2010. Prophylaxis and management of acute radiation-induced skin reactions: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Oncol. 17:94.
  • Sandoval RL, Koga DH, Buloto LS, Suzuki R, Dib LL. 2003. Management of chemo-and radiotherapy induced oral mucositis with low-energy laser: initial results of AC Camargo Hospital. J Appl Oral Sci. 11:337–341.
  • Santos J, Ladeira M, Pedrazzoli J, Jr, Ribeiro M. 2012. Relationship of IL-1 and TNF-α polymorphisms with Helicobacter pylori in gastric diseases in a Brazilian population. Braz J Med Biol Res. 45:811–817.
  • Sato K, Ozaki K, Oh I, Meguro A, Hatanaka K, Nagai T, Muroi K, Ozawa K. 2007. Nitric oxide plays a critical role in suppression of T-cell proliferation by mesenchymal stem cells. Blood. 109:228–234.
  • Sato T, Kinoshita M, Yamamoto T, Ito M, Nishida T, Takeuchi M, Saitoh D, Seki S, Mukai Y. 2015. Treatment of irradiated mice with high-dose ascorbic acid reduced lethality. PLoS One. 10:e0117020.
  • Savarese DM, Savy G, Vahdat L, Wischmeyer PE, Corey B. 2003. Prevention of chemotherapy and radiation toxicity with glutamine. Cancer Treat Rev. 29:501–513.
  • Schallenkamp JM, Miller RC, Brinkmann DH, Foote T, Garces YI. 2007. Incidence of radiation pneumonitis after thoracic irradiation: dose-volume correlates. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 67:410–416.
  • Sciubba JJ, Goldenberg D. 2006. Oral complications of radiotherapy. Lancet Oncol. 7:175–183.
  • Seyyednejad F, Rezaee A, Haghi S, Goldust M. 2012. Survey of pre-inflammation cytokines levels in radiotherapy-induced-mucositis. Pak J Biol Sci. 15:1098.
  • Shadad AK, Sullivan FJ, Martin JD, Egan LJ. 2013a. Gastrointestinal radiation injury: symptoms, risk factors and mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol. 19:185–198.
  • Shadad AK, Sullivan FJ, Martin JD, Egan LJ. 2013b. Gastrointestinal radiation injury: prevention and treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 19:199.
  • Sharma S, Haldar C. 2006. Melatonin prevents X-ray irradiation induced oxidative damagein peripheral blood and spleen of the seasonally breeding rodent, Funambulus pennanti during reproductively active phase. Int J Radiat Biol. 82:411–419.
  • Shiboski CH, Hodgson TA, Ship JA, Schiødt M. 2007. Management of salivary hypofunction during and after radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol. 103:S66.e1–S66.e19.
  • Shih A, Miaskowski C, Dodd MJ, Stotts NA, MacPhail L. 2003. Mechanisms for radiation-induced oral mucositis and the consequences. Cancer Nurs. 26:222–229.
  • Shimada K, Crother TR, Karlin J, Dagvadorj J, Chiba N, Chen S, Ramanujan VK, Wolf AJ, Vergnes L, Ojcius DM. 2012. Oxidized mitochondrial DNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during apoptosis. Immunity. 36:401–414.
  • Shinmura K, Kohno T, Kasai H, Koda K, Sugimura H, Yokota J. 1998. Infrequent mutations of the hOGG1 gene, that is involved in the excision of 8‐hydroxyguanine in damaged DNA, in human gastric cancer. Cancer Sci. 89:825–828.
  • Shirazi A, Haddadi GH, Ghazi-Khansari M, Abolhassani F, Mahdavi SR, Eshraghyan MR. 2009. Evaluation of melatonin for prevention of radiation myelopathy in irradiated cervical spinal cord. Cell J. 11:43–48.
  • Shirazi A, Mihandoost E, Ghobadi G, Mohseni M, Ghazi-khansari M. 2013. Evaluation of radio-protective effect of melatonin on whole body irradiation induced liver tissue damage. Cell J (Yakhteh). 14:292–297.
  • Shukuwa K, Kume K, Yamasaki M, Yoshikawa I, Otsuki M. 2007. Argon plasma coagulation therapy for a hemorrhagic radiation-induced gastritis in patient with pancreatic cancer. Intern Med. 46:975–977.
  • Silva MT. 2010. Secondary necrosis: the natural outcome of the complete apoptotic program. FEBS Lett. 584:4491–4499.
  • Siva S, MacManus M, Kron T, Best N, Smith J, Lobachevsky P, Ball D, Martin O. 2014. A pattern of early radiation-induced inflammatory cytokine expression is associated with lung toxicity in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One. 9:e109560.
  • Soloviev AI, Tishkin SM, Parshikov AV, Ivanova IV, Goncharov EV, Gurney AM. 2003. Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction after ionized radiation: selective impairment of the nitric oxide component of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Br J Pharmacol. 138:837–844.
  • Son Y, Lee HJ, Rho JK, Chung SY, Lee CG, Yang K, Kim SH, Lee M, Shin IS, Kim JS. 2015. The ameliorative effect of silibinin against radiation-induced lung injury: protection of normal tissue without decreasing therapeutic efficacy in lung cancer. BMC Pulm Med. 15:68.
  • Song W, Wang X. 2015. The role of TGFβ1 and LRG1 in cardiac remodelling and heart failure. Biophys Rev. 7:91–104.
  • Sonis ST. 2004. The pathobiology of mucositis. Nat Rev Cancer. 4:277–284.
  • Sonis ST. 2007. Pathobiology of oral mucositis: novel insights and opportunities. J Support Oncol. 5:3–11.
  • Sorbara MT, Girardin SE. 2011. Mitochondrial ROS fuel the inflammasome. Cell Res. 21:558
  • Soussain C, Ricard D, Fike JR, Mazeron J-J, Psimaras D, Delattre J-Y. 2009. CNS complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Lancet 374:1639–1651.
  • Springer IN, Niehoff P, Warnke PH, Böcek G, Kovács G, Suhr M, Wiltfang J, Açil Y. 2005. Radiation caries-radiogenic destruction of dental collagen. Oral Oncol. 41:723–728.
  • Sprung CN, Forrester HB, Siva S, Martin OA. 2015. Immunological markers that predict radiation toxicity. Cancer Lett. 368:191–197.
  • Stacey R, Green JT. 2013. Radiation-induced small bowel disease: latest developments and clinical guidance. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 5:15–29.
  • Stewart F, Hoving S, Russell N. 2010. Vascular damage as an underlying mechanism of cardiac and cerebral toxicity in irradiated cancer patients. Radiat Res. 174:865–869.
  • Stoecklein VM, Osuka A, Ishikawa S, Lederer MR, Wanke-Jellinek L, Lederer JA. 2015. Radiation exposure induces inflammasome pathway activation in immune cells. J Immunol. 194:1178–1189.
  • Stokman M, Oude Nijhuis C, Spijkervet F, De Bont E, Dijkstra P, Daenen S, Gietema J, van der Graaf W, Groen H, Vellenga E. 2006. The role of oral mucositis on the systemic inflammation parameter IL-8 in febrile neutropenic cancer patients. Cancer Invest. 24:479–483.
  • Sugihara T, Hattori Y, Yamamoto Y, Qi F, Ichikawa R, Sato A, Liu M-Y, Abe K, Kanno M. 1999. Preferential impairment of nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation in human cervical arteries after irradiation. Circulation 100:635–641.
  • Suman S, Maniar M, Fornace AJ Jr, Datta K. 2012. Administration of ON 01210.Na after exposure to ionizing radiation protects bone marrow cells by attenuating DNA damage response. Radiat Oncol. 7:6.
  • Sun Y. 2002. The renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system and vascular remodeling. Congest Heart Fail. 8:11–16.
  • Sun Y, Cheng MK, Griffiths TR, Mellon JK, Kai B, Kriajevska M, Manson MM. 2013. Inhibition of STAT signalling in bladder cancer by diindolylmethane: relevance to cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 13:57–68.
  • Symonds R, McIlroy P, Khorrami J, Paul J, Pyper E, Alcock S, McCallum I, Speekenbrink A, McMurray A, Lindemann E. 1996. The reduction of radiation mucositis by selective decontamination antibiotic pastilles: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Br J Cancer. 74:312.
  • Tahamtan R, Shabestani Monfared A, Tahamtani Y, Tavassoli A, Akmali M, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Naghizadeh MM, Ghasemi D, Keshavarz M, Haddadi GH. 2015. Radioprotective effect of melatonin on radiation-induced lung injury and lipid peroxidation in rats. Cell J (Yakhteh). 17:111–120.
  • Tamir S, Burney S, Tannenbaum SR. 1996. DNA damage by nitric oxide. Chem Res Toxicol. 9:821–827.
  • Theis V, Sripadam R, Ramani V, Lal S. 2010. Chronic radiation enteritis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 22:70–83.
  • Tian W, Yin X, Wang L, Wang J, Zhu W, Cao J, Yang H. 2015. The key role of miR-21-regulated SOD2 in the medium-mediated bystander responses in human fibroblasts induced by alpha-irradiated keratinocytes. Mutat Res. 780:77–85.
  • Tsao MN, Li YQ, Lu G, Xu Y, Wong CS. 1999. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with radiation-induced blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 58:1051–1060.
  • Tsatsanis CS, Demetrios A. 2000. The role of oncogenic kinases in human cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med. 5:583–590.
  • Tsihlis ND, Oustwani CS, Vavra AK, Jiang Q, Keefer LK, Kibbe MR. 2011. Nitric oxide inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia by increasing the ubiquitination and degradation of UbcH10. Cell Biochem Biophys. 60:89–97.
  • Tsoutsou PG, Koukourakis MI. 2006. Radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis: mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and implications for future research. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 66:1281–1293.
  • Tyldesley S, Boyd C, Schulze K, Walker H, Mackillop WJ. 2001. Estimating the need for radiotherapy for lung cancer: an evidence-based, epidemiologic approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 49:973–985.
  • Ulff E, Maroti M, Serup J, Falkmer U. 2013. A potent steroid cream is superior to emollients in reducing acute radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. A randomised study of betamethasone versus two moisturizing creams. Radiother Oncol. 108:287–292.
  • Vissink A, Burlage F, Spijkervet F, Jansma J, Coppes R. 2003a. Prevention and treatment of the consequences of head and neck radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 14:213–225.
  • Vissink A, Jansma J, Spijkervet F, Burlage F, Coppes R. 2003b. Oral sequelae of head and neck radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 14:199–212.
  • Von Bültzingslöwen I, Brennan MT, Spijkervet FK, Logan R, Stringer A, Raber-Durlacher JE, Keefe D. 2006. Growth factors and cytokines in the prevention and treatment of oral and gastrointestinal mucositis. Support Care Cancer. 14:519–527.
  • Wambi C, Sanzari J, Wan XS, Nuth M, Davis J, Ko Y-H, Sayers CM, Baran M, Ware JH, Kennedy AR. 2008. Dietary antioxidants protect hematopoietic cells and improve animal survival after total-body irradiation. Radiat Res. 169:384–396.
  • Wang S, Liao Z, Wei X, Liu HH, Tucker SL, Hu C-S, Mohan R, Cox JD, Komaki R. 2006. Analysis of clinical and dosimetric factors associated with treatment-related pneumonitis (TRP) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with concurrent chemotherapy and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 66:1399–1407.
  • Wang TJC, Wu C-C, Chai Y, Lam RKK, Hamada N, Kakinuma S, Uchihori Y, Yu PKN, Hei TK. 2015. Induction of non-targeted stress responses in mammary tissues by heavy ions. PLoS One. 10:e0136307.
  • Wang XS, Shi Q, Williams LA, Mao L, Cleeland CS, Komaki RR, Mobley GM, Liao Z. 2010. Inflammatory cytokines are associated with the development of symptom burden in patients with NSCLC undergoing concurrent chemoradiation therapy. Brain Behav Immun. 24:968–974.
  • Wang Y, Liu L, Pazhanisamy SK, Li H, Meng A, Zhou D. 2010. Total body irradiation causes residual bone marrow injury by induction of persistent oxidative stress in murine hematopoietic stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 48:348–356.
  • Ward PA, Hunninghake GW. 1998. Lung inflammation and fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157:S123–S129.
  • Ward WF, Molteni A, Hinz JM. 1990. Captopril reduces collagen and mast cell accumulation in irradiated rat lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 19:1405–1409.
  • Watters D. 1999. Molecular mechanisms of ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. Immunol Cell Biol. 77:263–271.
  • Weaver DA, Hei TK, Hukku B, McRaven JA, Willey JC. 1997. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis of tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells induced by radon alpha particles. Carcinogenesis. 18:1251–1257.
  • Weber C, Erl W, Pietsch A, Weber PC. 1995. Aspirin inhibits nuclear factor–κB mobilization and monocyte adhesion in stimulated human endothelial cells. Circulation. 91:1914–1917.
  • Weintraub NL, Jones WK, Manka D. 2010. Understanding radiation-induced vascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 55:1237–1239.
  • Willey JC, Hei TK, Piao CQ, Madrid L, Willey JJ, Apostolakos MJ, Hukku B. 1993. Radiation-induced deletion of chromosomal regions containing tumor suppressor genes in human bronchial epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 14:1181–1188.
  • Williams MS, Burk M, Loprinzi CL, Hill M, Schomberg PJ, Nearhood K, O'Fallon JR, Laurie JA, Shanahan TG, Moore RL. 1996. Phase III double-blind evaluation of an aloe vera gel as a prophylactic agent for radiation-induced skin toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 36:345–349.
  • Wink DA, Laval J. 1994. The Fpg protein, a DNA repair enzyme, is inhibited by the biomediator nitric oxide in vitro and in vivo. Carcinogenesis. 15:2125–2129.
  • Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. 2016. The role of lymphocytes in radiotherapy-induced adverse late effects in the lung. Front Immunol. 7:591.
  • Wolf G. 2004. New insights into the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy: from haemodynamics to molecular pathology. Eur J Clin Invest. 34:785–796.
  • Wong CS, Van der Kogel AJ. 2004. Mechanisms of radiation injury to the central nervous system: implications for neuroprotection. Mol Interv. 4:273.
  • Wong CS, Van Dyk J, Milosevic M, Laperriere NJ. 1994. Radiation myelopathy following single courses of radiotherapy and retreatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 30:575–581.
  • Wynn T. 2008. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. J Pathol. 214:199–210.
  • Wynn TA. 2007. Common and unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases. J Clin Invest. 117:524.
  • Wynn TA, Ramalingam TR. 2012. Mechanisms of fibrosis: therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease. Nat Med. 18:1028–1040.
  • Xu S, Ding N, Pei H, Hu W, Wei W, Zhang X, Zhou G, Wang J. 2014. MiR-21 is involved in radiation-induced bystander effects. RNA Biol. 11:1161–1170.
  • Yagi A, Kabash A, Okamura N, Haraguchi H, Moustafa S, Khalifa T. 2002. Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects of aloesin derivatives in Aloe vera. Planta Med. 68:957–960.
  • Yahyapour R, Amini P, Rezapoor S, Rezaeyan A, Farhood B, Cheki M, Fallah H, Najafi M. 2017a. Targeting of inflammation for radiation protection and mitigation. Curr Mol Pharmacol. [accessed 2017 Nov 8]. DOI:10.2174/1874467210666171108165641.
  • Yahyapour R, Motevaseli E, Rezaeyan A, Abdollahi H, Farhood B, Cheki M, Najafi M, Villa V. 2017b. Mechanisms of radiation bystander and non-targeted effects: implications to radiation carcinogenesis and radiotherapy. Curr Radiopharm. [accessed 2017 Dec 29]. DOI:10.2174/1874471011666171229123130
  • Yahyapour R, Motevaseli E, Rezaeyan A, Abdollahi H, Farhood B, Cheki M, Rezapoor S, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Najafi M, et al. 2018. Reduction-oxidation (redox) system in radiation-induced normal tissue injury: molecular mechanisms and implications in radiation therapeutics. Clin Transl Oncol. [accessed 2018 Jan 9]. DOI:10.1007/s12094-017-1828-6
  • Yamada M, Kubo H, Ota C, Takahashi T, Tando Y, Suzuki T, Fujino N, Makiguchi T, Takagi K, Suzuki T. 2013. The increase of microRNA-21 during lung fibrosis and its contribution to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary epithelial cells. Respir Res. 14:95.
  • Yarnold J, Brotons M-CV. 2010. Pathogenetic mechanisms in radiation fibrosis. Radiother Oncol. 97:149–161.
  • Yeoh A, Gibson R, Yeoh E, Bowen J, Stringer A, Giam K, Logan R, Keefe D. 2006. Radiation therapy-induced mucositis: relationships between fractionated radiation, NF-kappaB, COX-1, and COX-2. Cancer Treat Rev. 32:645–651.
  • Yi C, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Xiao Y, Wang J, Qiu H, Yu W, Tang R, Yuan Y, Guo W. 2014. Melatonin enhances the anti-tumor effect of fisetin by inhibiting COX-2/iNOS and NF-κB/p300 signaling pathways. PLoS One. 9:e99943.
  • Yonish-Rouach E, Resnitzky D, Lotem J, Sachs L, Kimchi A, Oren M. 1991. Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6. Nature 352:345–347.
  • Yu H, Pardoll D, Jove R. 2009. STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer. 9:798–809.
  • Yuan H, Gaber MW, McColgan T, Naimark MD, Kiani MF, Merchant TE. 2003. Radiation-induced permeability and leukocyte adhesion in the rat blood-brain barrier: modulation with anti-ICAM-1 antibodies. Brain Res. 969:59–69.
  • Yun HG, Kim HY, Kim DY, Lim, YJ 2015. Successful treatment of intractable bleeding caused by radiation-induced hemorrhagic gastritis using oral prednisolone: a case report. Cancer Res Treat. 47:334.
  • Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ôunpuu S, Anand S. 2001. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part II: variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies. Circulation. 104:2855–2864.
  • Zaratiegui M, Irvine DV, Martienssen RA. 2007. Noncoding RNAs and gene silencing. Cell 128:763–776.
  • Zhang L, Xia W-J, Zhang Z-S, Lu X-L. 2015. Growth hormone used to control intractable bleeding caused by radiation-induced gastritis. World J Gastroenterol. 21:9453.
  • Zhang L, Xie X-Y, Wang Y, Wang Y-H, Chen Y, Ren Z-G. 2012. Treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic gastritis with prednisolone: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 18:7402.
  • Zhao W, Diz D, Robbins M. 2014. Oxidative damage pathways in relation to normal tissue injury. Br J Radiol. 80:S23–S31.
  • Zhao W, Robbins ME. 2009. Inflammation and chronic oxidative stress in radiation-induced late normal tissue injury: therapeutic implications. Curr Med Chem. 16:130–143.
  • Zhou H, Ivanov VN, Lien Y-C, Davidson M, Hei TK. 2008. Mitochondrial function and nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated signaling in radiation-induced bystander effects. Cancer Res. 68:2233–2240.
  • Zhou R, Yazdi AS, Menu P, Tschopp J. 2011. A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nature. 469:221–225.
  • Zhu Y, Zhou J, Tao G. 2011. Molecular aspects of chronic radiation enteritis. Clin Invest Med. 34:119–124.
  • Zimmermann L, Dudeck O, Schmitt J, Ricke J, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P, Mönkemüller K. 2009. Duodenal ulcer due to yttrium microspheres used for selective internal radiation therapy of hepatocellular cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 69:977–978.
  • Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ. 2006. Mitochondrial ROS-induced ROS release: an update and review. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1757:509–517.
  • Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ. 2014. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release. Physiol Rev. 94:909–950.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.