Possible health effects on the human brain by various generations of mobile telecommunication: a review based estimation of 5G impact

References

• Augner C, Florian M, Pauser G, Oberfeld G, Hacker GW. 2009. GSM base stations: short-term effects on well-being. Bioelectromagnetics. 30(1):73–80.
   Google Scholar
• Auvinen A, Feychting M, Ahlbom A, Hillert L, Elliott P, Schüz J, Kromhout H, Toledano MB, Johansen C, Poulsen AH, et al. 2019. Headache, tinnitus and hearing loss in the International Cohort Study of Mobile Phone Use and Health (COSMOS) in Sweden and Finland. Int J Epidemiol. 48(5):1567–1579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann M, Hinrikus H, Aadamsoo K, Vohma U, Lass J, Rubljova J, Suhhova A, Tuulik V. 2007. Modulated microwave effects on individuals with depressive disorder. Environmentalist. 27(4):505–510.
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann M, Tomson R, Kalda J, Säkki M, Lass J, Tuulik V, Hinrikus H. 2007. Individual changes in human EEG caused by 450 MHz microwave modulated at 40 and 70 Hz. Environmentalist. 27(4):511–517.
   Google Scholar
• Bardasano JL, Alvarez-Ude J, Gutierrez I, Raposo M, Goya R. 2007. EEG bioeffects on cochlear deaf from cellular phones. Environmentalist. 27(4):519–523.
   Google Scholar
• Belpoggi, F. 2021. Health impact of 5G, 175 p. Panel for the future of science and technology (STOA). European Parliament, Brussels, European Union. 2021. EPRS_STU(2021)690012_EN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bueno-Lopez A, Eggert T, Dorn H, Schmid G, Hirtl R, Danker-Hopfe H. 2020. Effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on sleep-dependent memory consolidation. J Sleep Res. 30:e13224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinel C, Boldini A, Fox E, Russo R. 2008. Does the use of mobile phones affect human short-term memory or attention? Appl Cognit Psychol. 22(8):1113–1125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft RJ, Hamblin DL, Spong J, Wood AW, McKenzie RJ, Stough C. 2008. The effect of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on the alpha rhythm of human electroencephalogram. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft RJ, Leung S, McKenzie RJ, Loughran SP, Iskra S, Hamblin DL, Cooper NR. 2010. Effects of 2G and 3G mobile phones on human alpha rhythms: resting EEG in adolescents, young adults, and the elderly. Bioelectromagnetics. 31(6):434–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio G, Ferrara M, Limongi T, Tempesta D, Di Sante G, De Gennaro L, Quaresima V, Ferrari M. 2009. Acute mobile phones exposure affects frontal cortex hemodynamics as evidenced by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 29(5):903–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio G, Mazzucchi E, Della Marca G, Vollono C, Rossini PM. 2015. Electromagnetic fields and EEG spiking rate in patients with focal epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol. 126(4):659–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio G, Valentini E, Moroni F, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L, Bertini M. 2008. Psychomotor performance is not influenced by brief repeated exposures to mobile phones. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(3):237–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalecki A, Loughran SP, Verrender A, Burdon CA, Taylor NAS, Croft RJ. 2018. Does acute radio-frequency electromagnetic field exposure affect visual event-related potentials in healthy adults? Clin Neurophysiol. 129(5):901–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danker-Hopfe H, Dorn H, Bahr A, Anderer P, Sauter C. 2011. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones (GSM 900 and WCDMA/UMTS) on the macrostructure of sleep. J Sleep Res. 20(1 Pt 1):73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danker-Hopfe H, Dorn H, Bornkessel C, Sauter C. 2010. Do mobile phone base stations affect sleep of residents? Results from an experimental double-blind sham-controlled field study. Am J Hum Biol. 22(5):613–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danker-Hopfe H, Dorn H, Bolz T, Peter A, Hansen ML, Eggert T, Sauter C. 2016. Effects of mobile phone exposure (GSM 900 and WCDMA/UMTS) on polysomnography based sleep quality: an intra- and inter-individual perspective. Environ Res. 145:50–60.
   Google Scholar
• Danker-Hopfe H, Bueno-Lopez A, Dorn H, Schmid G, Hirtl R, Eggert T. 2020. Spending the night next to a router – results from the first human experimental study investigating the impact of Wi-Fi exposure on sleep. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 228:113550.
   Google Scholar
• de Tommaso M, Rossi P, Falsaperla R, Francesco VDV, Santoro R, Federici A. 2009. Mobile phones exposure induces changes of contingent negative variation in humans. Neurosci Lett. 464(2):79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dongus S, Jalilian H, Schürmann D, Röösli M. 2021. Health effects of WiFi radiation: a review based on systematic quality evaluation. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2021:1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Eggert T, Dorn H, Sauter C, Marasanov A, Hansen ML, Peter A, Schmid G, Bolz T, Danker-Hopfe H. 2015. Terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA) exposure and its impact on slow cortical potentials. Environ Res. 143(Pt A):112–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eltiti S, Wallace D, Ridgewell A, Zougkou K, Russo R, Sepulveda F, Fox E. 2009. Short-term exposure to mobile phone base station signals does not affect cognitive functioning or physiological measures in individuals who report sensitivity to electromagnetic fields and controls. Bioelectromagnetics. 30(7):556–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson Mobility Report. 2020. https://www.ericsson.com/en/mobility-report/reports.
   Google Scholar
• Foster KR, Schwan H. 1995. Dielectric properties of tissues. In: Polk C, Postow E, editors. Handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; p. 25–102.
   Google Scholar
• Fritzer G, Göder R, Friege L, Wachter J, Hansen V, Hinze-Selch D, Aldenhoff JB. 2007. Effects of short- and long-term pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on night sleep and cognitive functions in healthy subjects. Bioelectromagnetics. 28(4):316–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel C, Gabriel S, Corthout E. 1996. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey. Phys Med Biol. 41(11):2231–2249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C. 1996. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Phys Med Biol. 41(11):2251–2269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosn R, Yahia-Cherif L, Hugueville L, Ducorps A, Lemarechal JD, Thuroczy G, de Seze R, Selmaoui B. 2015. Radiofrequency signal affects alpha band in resting electroencephalogram. J Neurophysiol. 113(7):2753–2759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haarala C, Takio F, Rintee T, Laine M, Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Hämäläinen H. 2007. Pulsed and continuous wave mobile phone exposure over left versus right hemisphere: effects on human cognitive function. Bioelectromagnetics. 28(4):289–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasted JB. 1973. Aqueous dielectrics. London: Chapman and Hall; p. 302.
   Google Scholar
• Hillert L, Akerstedt T, Lowden A, Wiholm C, Kuster N, Ebert S, Boutry C, Moffat SD, Berg M, Arnetz BB. 2008. The effects of 884 MHz GSM wireless communication signals on headache and other symptoms: an experimental provocation study. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(3):185–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Karai D, Klonowski W, Lass J, Stepien P, Stepien R, Tuulik V. 2011. Higuchi's fractal dimension for analysis of the effect of external periodic stressor on electrical oscillations in the brain. Med Biol Eng Comput. 49(5):585–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J. 2017. Mechanism of low-level microwave radiation effect on nervous system. Electromagn Biol Med. 36(2):202–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J. 2011. Parametric mechanism of excitation of the electroencephalographic rhythms by modulated microwave radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 87(11):1077–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J. 2018. Understanding physical mechanism of low-level microwave radiation effect. Int J Radiat Biol. 94(10):877–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J. 2021. Threshold of radiofrequency electromagnetic field effect on human brain. Int J Radiat Biol. 97:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. 2008. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(7):527–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Tomson R, Tuulik V. 2008. Effect of 7, 14 and 21 Hz modulated 450 MHz microwave radiation on human electroencephalographic rhythms. Int J Radiat Biol. 84(1):69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Tuulik V. 2009. Effect of modulated at different low frequencies microwave radiation on human EEG. Environmentalist. 29(2):215–219.
   Google Scholar
• Hosseini MA, Hosseini A, Jarideh S, Argasi H, Shekoohi-Shooli F, Zamani A, Taeb S, Haghani M. 2019. Evaluating short-term exposure to Wi-Fi signals on students' reaction time, short-term memory and reasoning ability. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 187(3):279–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung CS, Anderson C, Horne JA, McEvoy PD. 2007. Mobile phone 'talk-mode' signal delays EEG-determined sleep onset. Neurosci Lett. 421(1):82–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC. 2013. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Nonionizing radiation, part 2: radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Vol. 102. Lyon, France: IARC Press; p. 1–406.
   Google Scholar
• [ICNIRP] International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. 2020. Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). Health Phys. 118(5):483–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juutilainen J, Höytö A, Kumlin T, Naarala J. 2011. Review of possible modulation-dependent biological effects of radiofrequency fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 32(7):511–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinlogel H, Dierks T, Koenig T, Lehmann H, Minder A, Berz R. 2008a. Effects of weak mobile phone – electromagnetic fields (GSM, UMTS) on well-being and resting EEG. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(6):479–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinlogel H, Dierks T, Koenig T, Lehmann H, Minder A, Berz R. 2008b. Effects of weak mobile phone – electromagnetic fields (GSM, UMTS) on event related potentials and cognitive functions. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(6):488–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause CM, Pesonen M, Haarala Björnberg C, Hämäläinen H. 2007. Effects of pulsed and continuous wave 902 MHz mobile phone exposure on brain oscillatory activity during cognitive processing. Bioelectromagnetics. 28(4):296–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon MS, Hämäläinen H. 2011. Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields: critical evaluation of behavioral and neurophysiological studies. Bioelectromagnetics. 32(4):253–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon MS, Huotilainen M, Shestakova A, Kujala T, Näätänen R, Hämäläinen H. 2010. No effects of mobile phone use on cortical auditory change-detection in children: an ERP study. Bioelectromagnetics. 31(3):191–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon MS, Kujala T, Huotilainen M, Shestakova A, Naatanen R, Hämäläinen H. 2009. Preattentive auditory information processing under exposure to the 902 MHz GSM mobile phone electromagnetic field: a mismatch negativity (MMN) study. Bioelectromagnetics. 30(3):241–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Kännälä S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, Johansson J, Teras M, Lindholm H, Alanko T, et al. 2011. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 31(12):2293–2301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitgeb N, Schröttner J, Cech R, Kerbl R. 2008. EMF-protection sleep study near mobile phone base stations. Somnologie. 12(3):234–243.
   Google Scholar
• Leung S, Croft RJ, McKenzie RJ, Iskra S, Silber B, Cooper NR, O'Neill B, Cropley V, Diaz-Trujillo A, Hamblin D, et al. 2011. Effects of 2G and 3G mobile phones on performance and electrophysiology in adolescents, young adults and older adults. Clin Neurophysiol. 122(11):2203–2216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughran SP, Benz DC, Schmid MR, Murbach M, Kuster N, Achermann P. 2013. No increased sensitivity in brain activity of adolescents exposed to mobile phone-like emissions. Clin Neurophysiol. 124(7):1303–1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughran SP, McKenzie RJ, Jackson ML, Howard ME, Croft RJ. 2012. Individual differences in the effects of mobile phone exposure on human sleep: rethinking the problem. Bioelectromagnetics. 33(1):86–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughran SP, Verrender A, Dalecki A, Burdon CA, Tagami K, Park J, Taylor NAS, Croft RJ. 2019. Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure and the resting EEG: exploring the thermal mechanism hypothesis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(9):e1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowden A, Akerstedt T, Ingre M, Wiholm C, Hillert L, Kuster N, Nilsson JP, Arnetz B. 2011. Sleep after mobile phone exposure in subjects with mobile phone-related symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics. 32(1):4–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowden A, Nagai R, Åkerstedt T, Hansson Mild K, Hillert L. 2019. Effects of evening exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by 3G mobile phones on health and night sleep EEG architecture. J Sleep Res. 28(4):e12813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luria R, Eliyahu I, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N. 2009. Cognitive effects of radiation emitted by cellular phones: the influence of exposure side and time. Bioelectromagnetics. 30(3):198–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustenberger C, Murbach M, Dürr R, Schmid MR, Kuster N, Achermann P, Huber R. 2013. Stimulation of the brain with radiofrequency electromagnetic field pulses affects sleep-dependent performance improvement. Brain Stimul. 6(5):805–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustenberger C, Murbach M, Tushaus L, Wehrle F, Kuster N, Achermann P, Huber R. 2015. Inter-individual and intra-individual variation of the effects of pulsed RF EMF exposure on the human sleep EEG. Bioelectromagnetics. 36(3):169–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv B, Chen Z, Wu T, Shao Q, Yan D, Ma L, Lu K, Xie Y. 2014. The alteration of spontaneous low frequency oscillations caused by acute electromagnetic fields exposure. Clin Neurophysiol. 125(2):277–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino AA, Carrubba S. 2009. The effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on brain electrical activity: a critical analysis of the literature. Electromagn Biol Med. 28(3):250–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meo SA, Almahmoud M, Alsultan Q, Alotaibi N, Alnajashi I, Hajjar WM. 2019. Mobile phone base station tower settings adjacent to school buildings: impact on students' cognitive health. Am J Mens Health. 13(1):1557988318816914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudgett E. 1985. Dielectric properties of foods. In: De Careau RV, editor. Microwaves in the food processing industry. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, Simba AY, Wake K, Watanabe SI, Nishikawa M, et al. 2013. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Bioelectromagnetics. 34(8):589–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatani-Enomoto S, Yamazaki M, Nishiura K, Enomoto H, Ugawa Y. 2020. Effects of electromagnetic fields from long-term evolution on awake electroencephalogram in healthy humans. Neurosci Res. 156:102–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou CC, Hountala CD, Maganioti AE, Kyprianou MA, Rabavilas AD, Papadimitriou GN, Capsalis CN. 2011. Effects of Wi-Fi signals on the p300 component of event-related potentials during an auditory hayling task. J Integr Neurosci. 10(2):189–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pethig R. 1979. Dielectric and electronic properties of biological materials. New York: John Wiley & Sons; p. 376.
   Google Scholar
• Radzievsky AA, Gordiienko OV, Alekseev S, Szabo I, Cowan A, Ziskin MC. 2008. Electromagnetic millimeter wave induced hypoalgesia: frequency dependence and involvement of endogenous opioids. Bioelectromagnetics. 29(4):284–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radzievsky AA, Rojavin MA, Cowan A, Alekseev SI, Ziskin MC. 2000. Hypoalgesic effect of millimeter waves in mice: dependence on the site of exposure. Life Sci. 66(21):2101–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radzievsky AA, Rojavin MA, Cowan A, Alekseev SI, Radzievsky AA Jr, Ziskin MC. 2001. Peripheral neural system involvement in hypoalgesic effect of electromagnetic millimeter waves. Life Sci. 68(10):1143–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regel SJ, Gottselig JM, Schuderer J, Tinguely G, Retey JV, Kuster N, Landolt HP, Achermann P. 2007. Pulsed radio frequency radiation affects cognitive performance and the waking electroencephalogram. NeuroReport. 18(8):803–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regel SJ, Tinguely G, Schuderer J, Adam M, Kuster N, Landolt HP, Achermann P. 2007. Pulsed radio-frequency electromagnetic fields: dose-dependent effects on sleep, the sleep EEG and cognitive performance. J Sleep Res. 16(3):253–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddervold IS, Kjaergaard SK, Pedersen GF, Andersen NT, Franek O, Pedersen AD, Sigsgaard T, Zachariae R, Molhave L, Andersen JB. 2010. No effect of TETRA hand portable transmission signals on human cognitive function and symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics. 31(5):380–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggeveen S, van Os J, Lousberg R. 2015. Does the brain detect 3G mobile phone radiation peaks? An explorative in-depth analysis of an experimental study. PLoS One. 10(5):e0125390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggeveen S, van Os J, Viechtbauer W, Lousberg R. 2015. EEG changes due to experimentally induced 3G mobile phone radiation. PLoS One. 10(6):e0129496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki K, Mizuno M, Wake K, Watanabe S. 2017. Monte Carlo simulations of skin exposure to electromagnetic field from 10 GHz to 1 THz. Phys Med Biol. 62(17):6993–7010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki K, Wake K, Watanabe S. 2014. Measurement of the dielectric properties of the epidermis and dermis at frequencies from 0.5 GHz to 110 GHz. Phys Med Biol. 59(16):4739–4747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter C, Dorn H, Bahr A, Hansen ML, Peter A, Bajbouj M, Danker-Hopfe H. 2011. Effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM 900 and WCDMA mobile phones on cognitive function in young male subjects. Bioelectromagnetics. 32(3):179–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter C, Eggert T, Dorn H, Schmid G, Bolz T, Marasanov A, Hansen ML, Peter A, Danker-Hopfe H. 2015. Do signals of a hand-held TETRA transmitter affect cognitive performance, well-being, mood or somatic complaints in healthy young men? Results of a randomized double-blind cross-over provocation study. Environ Res. 140:85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid MR, Loughran SP, Regel SJ, Murbach M, Bratic Grunauer A, Rusterholz T, Bersagliere A, Kuster N, Achermann P. 2012. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of different pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. J Sleep Res. 21(1):50–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, Loughran SP. 2012. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. J Sleep Res. 21(6):620–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuermann D, Mevissen M. 2021. Manmade electromagnetic fields and oxidative stress—biological effects and consequences for health. Int J Mol Sci. 22(7):3772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simkó M, Mattsson M-O. 2019. 5G wireless communication and health effects—a pragmatic review based on available studies regarding 6 to 100 GHz. J Environ Res Public Health. 16:3406.
   Google Scholar
• Soubere Mahamoud Y, Aite M, Martin C, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Habauzit D. 2016. Additive effects of millimeter waves and 2-deoxyglucose co-exposure on the human keratinocyte transcriptome. PLoS One. 11(8):e0160810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanics G, Thuroczy G, Kellenyi L, Hernadi I. 2008. Effects of twenty-minute 3G mobile phone irradiation on event related potential components and early gamma synchronization in auditory oddball paradigm. Neuroscience. 157(2):453–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. 2013. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 34(4):264–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Hinrikus H. 2009. Effect of modulated microwave radiation on human EEG asymmetry. Environmentalist. 29(2):210–214.
   Google Scholar
• Szabo I, Kappelmayer J, Alekseev SI, Ziskin MC. 2006. Millimeter wave induced reversible externalization of phosphatidylserine molecules in cells exposed in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics. 27(3):233–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tettamanti G, Auvinen A, Åkerstedt T, Kojo K, Ahlbom A, Heinävaara S, Elliott P, Schüz J, Deltour I, Kromhout H, et al. 2020. Long-term effect of mobile phone use on sleep quality: results from the cohort study of mobile phone use and health (COSMOS). Environ Int. 140:105687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thielens A. 2021. Environmental impacts of 5G. A literature review of effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic field exposure of non-human vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA). European Parliament, Brussels, European Union; p. 136. EPRS_STU(2021)690021_EN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Trunk A, Stefanics G, Zentai N, Bacskay I, Felinger A, Thuroczy G, Hernadi I. 2015. Effects of concurrent caffeine and mobile phone exposure on local target probability processing in the human brain. Sci Rep. 5:14434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trunk A, Stefanics G, Zentai N, Kovács-Bálint Z, Thuróczy G, Hernádi I. 2013. No effects of a single 3G UMTS mobile phone exposure on spontaneous EEG activity, ERP correlates, and automatic deviance detection. Bioelectromagnetics. 34(1):31–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentini E, Curcio G, Moroni F, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L, Bertini M. 2007. Neurophysiological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on humans: a comprehensive review. Bioelectromagnetics. 28(6):415–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Ferreri F, Buffo P, Cibelli G, Curcio G, van Dijkman S, Melgari JM, Giambattistelli F, Rossini PM. 2010. Mobile phone emission modulates inter-hemispheric functional coupling of EEG alpha rhythms in elderly compared to young subjects. Clin Neurophysiol. 121(2):163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Ferreri F, Curcio G, Fini R, Del Percio C, Rossini PM. 2007. Mobile phone emission modulates interhemispheric functional coupling of EEG alpha rhythms. Eur J Neurosci. 25(6):1908–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchio F, Buffo P, Sergio S, Iacoviello D, Rossini PM, Babiloni C. 2012. Mobile phone emission modulates event-related desynchronization of α rhythms and cognitive-motor performance in healthy humans. Clin Neurophysiol. 123(1):121–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecsei Z, Csatho A, Thuroczy G, Hernadi I. 2013. Effect of a single 30 min UMTS mobile phone-like exposure on the thermal pain threshold of young healthy volunteers. Bioelectromagnetics. 34(7):530–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecsei Z, Knakker B, Juhász P, Thuróczy G, Trunk A, Hernádi I. 2018. Short-term radiofrequency exposure from new generation mobile phones reduces EEG alpha power with no effects on cognitive performance. Sci Rep. 8(1):18010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrender A, Loughran SP, Dalecki A, McKenzie R, Croft RJ. 2016. Pulse modulated radiofrequency exposure influences cognitive performance. Int J Radiat Biol. 92(10):603–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Vaska P, Fowler JS, Telang F, Alexoff D, Logan J, Wong C. 2011. Effects of cell phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose metabolism. JAMA. 305(8):808–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiholm C, Lowden A, Kuster N, Hillert L, Arnetz BB, Akerstedt T, Moffat SD. 2009. Mobile phone exposure and spatial memory. Bioelectromagnetics. 30(1):59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Chen Q, Lv B, Wu T. 2017. Long-term evolution electromagnetic fields exposure modulates the resting state EEG on alpha and beta bands. Clin EEG Neurosci. 48(3):168–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentai N, Csatho A, Trunk A, Fiocchi S, Parazzini M, Ravazzani P, Thuroczy G, Hernadi I. 2015. No effects of acute exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic fields on spontaneous EEG activity and psychomotor vigilance in healthy human volunteers. Radiat Res. 184(6):568–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhadobov M, Chahat N, Sauleau R, Le Quement C, Le Drean Y. 2011. Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances. Int J Microw Wirel Technol. 3(2):237–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziskin MC. 2006. Physiological mechanisms underlying millimeter wave therapy. In: Ayrapetyan SN, Markov MS, editors. Bioelectromagnetics current concepts. NATO security through science series. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar