The behavioural logics of international public servants: the case of African Union Commission staff

References

• Acharya, Amitav, and Barry Buzan. 2019. The Making of Global International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• African Union. 2019. “Restructuring the African Union Commission.” Report of the Chairperson of the African Union (AU) Commission to the PRC Sub-Committee on Structural Reforms on a Proposed Departmental Structure for the AU Commission Pursuant to Assembly Decision Ext/Assembly/AU/Dec.1–4(XI). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, May 27, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ansell, Christopher K. 2004. “Territoriality, Authority and Democracy.” In Restructuring Territoriality, edited by Christopher K. Ansell and Giuseppe Di Palma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Asher, William. 1983. “New Development Approaches and the Adaptability of International Agencies: The Case of the World Bank.” International Organization 37 (3): 415–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayebare, Adonia. 2018. “The Africa Group at the United Nations: Pan-Africanism on the Retreat.” In The African Union, edited by Tony Karbo and Tim Murithi. New York: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, Michael, and Martha Finnemore. 2004. Rules for the World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, Michael W., Christoph Knill, and Steffen Eckhard, eds. 2017. International Bureaucracy. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, Michael. W., Jörn Ege, and Rahel Schomaker. 2019. “The Challenge of Administrative Internationalization: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead.” International Journal of Public Administration 42 (11): 904–917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, A. Leroy, and James K. Oliver. 2002. International Organizations. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Benz, Arthur, and Klaus Goetz. 2021. “Tents, Not Palaces: International Politics and Administrative Organization.” Paper Presented at the Online Conference “International Public Administrations: Global Public Policy between Technocracy and Democracy, Centre for Advanced Studies, LMU Munich, 18–19 March 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Beyers, Jan. 2010. “Conceptual and Methodological Challenges in the Study of European Socialization.” Journal of European Public Policy 17 (6): 909–920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biermann, Frank and Bernd Siebenhuner. 2009. Managers of Global Change. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Biermann, Frank, and Bernd Siebenhuner. 2013. “Problem Solving by International Bureaucracies: The Influence of International Secretariats on World Politics.” In Routledge Handbook of International Organization, edited byBob Reinalda. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline Anne. 2009. Institutions of the Global South. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Checkel, Jeffrey T., 2007. ed International Institutions and Socialization in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, Tom, and Per Laegreid. 2011. “Complexity and Hybrid Public Administration—Theoretical and Empirical Challenges.” Public Organization Review 11 (4): 407–423.
   Google Scholar
• Clapham, Christopher. 1996. Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coe, Brooke N. 2019. Sovereignty in the South: Intrusive Regionalism in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, Robert W., and Harold K. Jacobson. 1973. The Anatomy of Influence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Debre, Maria J., and Hylke Dijkstra. 2021. “Institutional Design for a Post-Liberal Order: Why Some International Organizations Live Longer than Others.” European Journal of International Relations 27 (1): 311–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, Karl W., Sidney A. Burrell, Robert A. Kann, Maurice Lee, Jr., Martin Lichterman, Raymond E. Lindgren, Francis L. Loewenheim, and Richard W. Van Wagenen. 1957. “Political Community and the North Atlantic Area.” In The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, edited by Brent F. Nelsen and Alexander Stubb. Boulder, CO; London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Eckhard, Steffen, and Hylke Dijkstra. 2017. “Contested Implementation: The Unilateral Influence of Member States on Peacebuilding Policy in Kosovo.” Global Policy 8: 102–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckhard, Steffen, and Jörn Ege. 2016. “International Bureaucracies and Their Influence on Policy-Making: A Review of Empirical Evidence.” Journal of European Public Policy 23 (7): 960–978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ege, Jörn. 2020. “What International Bureaucrats (Really) Want: Administrative Preferences in International Organization Research.” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 26 (4): 577–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeberg, Morten. 2003. “How Bureaucratic Structure Matters: An Organizational Perspective.” In Handbook of Public Administration, edited by B. Guy Peters and Jon Pierre, 77–87. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Egeberg, Morten. 2006. Multilevel Union Administration. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. 2009. “National Agencies in the European Administrative Space: Government Driven, Commission Driven, or Networked?” Public Administration 87 (4): 779–790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. 2018. An Organizational Approach to Public Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Federo, Ryan, Angel Saz-Carranza, and Marc Esteve. 2020. Management and Governance of Intergovernmental Organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-i-Marín, Xavier, Steffen Hurka, Christoph Knill, and Yves Steinebach. 2022. “Systemic Dynamics of Policy Change: Overcoming Some Blind Spots of Punctuated Equilibrium Theory.” Policy Studies Journal 50 (3): 527–552.
   Google Scholar
• Fleischer, Julia, and Nina Reiners. 2021. “Connecting International Relations and Public Administration: Toward a Joint Research Agenda for the Study of International Bureaucracy.” International Studies Review 23 (4): 1230–1247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gänzle, Stefan, Jarle Trondal, and Nadja. S. B. Kühn. 2018. “Not so Different after All’”: Governance and Behavioral Dynamics in the Commission of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).” Journal of International Organisation Studies 9 (1): 79–96.
   Google Scholar
• Gulick, L. 1937. “Notes on the Theory of Organizations. With Special References to Government in the United States.” In Papers on the Science of Administration, edited by L. Gulick and L. F. Urwick. New York: Institute of Public Administration, Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Haas, Ernst. 1958. The Uniting of Europe. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haas, Peter. M. 1992. “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination.” International Organization 46 (1): 1–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, Darren G., David A. Lake, Daniel L. Nielsen, and Michael J. Tierney, editors. 2006. Delegation and Agency in International Organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe, Liesbet, and Gary Marks. 2015. “Delegating and Pooling in International Organizations.” The Review of International Organizations 10 (3): 305–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupe, Peter, and Andrew Edwards. 2012. “The Accountability of Power: Democracy and Governance in Modern Times.” European Political Science Review 4 (2): 177–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, Alastair Iain. 2001. “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments.” International Studies Quarterly 45 (4): 487–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jörgens, Helge, Nina Kolleck, and Barbara Saerbeck. 2016. “Exploring the Hidden Influence of International Treaty Secretariats: Using Social Network Analysis to Analyse the Twitter Debate on the ‘Lima Work Programme on Gender.” Journal of European Public Policy 23 (7): 979–998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karbo, Tony, and Tim Murithi. 2018. The African Union: Autocracy, Diplomacy and Peacebuilding in Africa. London: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, Jonathan. 1970. “On the Influence of the Secretary-General: Can we Know What It is?” International Organization 24 (3): 594–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake Chad Basin Commission and African Union Commission. 2018. “Regional Strategy for the Stabilization, Recovery and Resilience of the Boko Haram-Affected Areas of the Lake Chad Basin Region.” https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/rss-ab-vers-en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• March, James. G, and Johan. P. Olsen. 1995. Democratic Governance. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marcussen, Martin. 2010. “Scientization.” In Ashgate Research Companion to New Public Management, edited by Tom Christensen and Per Laegreid. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Mayntz, Renate. 1999. “Organizations, Agents and Representatives.” In Organizing Political Institutions, edited by Morten Egeberg and Per Laegreid. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mele, Valentina, and Giulia Cappellaro. 2018. “Cross-Level Coordination among International Organizations: Dilemmas and Practices.” Public Administration 96 (4): 736–752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravcsik, Andrew. 1999. “A New Statecraft? Supranational Entrepreneurs and International Cooperation.” International Organization 53 (2): 267–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdoch, Zuzana, Magali Gravier, and Stefan Gänzle. 2021. “International Public Administration on the Tip of the Tongue: language as a Feature of Representative Bureaucracy in the Economic Community of West African States.” International Review of Administrative Science
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair, Deepak. 2020. “Emotional Labor and the Power of International Bureaucrats.” International Studies Quarterly 64 (3): 573–587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, Johan P. 2007. Europe in Search of Political Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, Johan P. 2008. “The Ups and Downs of Bureaucratic Organization.” Annual Review of Political Science 11 (1): 13–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, Johan P. 2010. Governing through Institution Building. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, Johan P. 2005. “Unity and Diversity – European Style.” ARENA working paper 24.
   Google Scholar
• Olsson, Eva-Karin, and Bertjan Verbeek. 2018. “International Organisations and Crisis Management: Do Crises Enable or Constrain IO Autonomy?” Journal of International Relations and Development 21 (2): 275–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, Edward C. 1992. Political Authority and Bureaucratic Power. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
   Google Scholar
• Page, Edward C. 1996. People Who Run Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reinalda, Bob. 2013. “International Organization as a Field of Research since 1910.” In Routledge Handbook of International Organization, edited byBob Reinalda. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Riddervold, Marianne, and Jarle Trondal. 2020. “The Commission’s Informal Agenda-Setting in the CFSP. Agenda Leadership, Coalition-Building, and Community Framing.” Comparative European Politics 18 (6): 944–962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein, Edgar. H. 1996. “Culture: The Missing Concept in Organization Studies.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (2): 229–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selznick, Philip. 1957. Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, Herbert. 1957. Administrative Behavior. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Söderbaum, Fredrik. 2004. The Political Economy of Regionalism: The Case of Southern Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Söderbaum, Fredrik. 2016. “Old, New, and Comparative Regionalism.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, 16–41. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Souaré, Issake. K. 2018. “The anti-Coup Norm.” In African Actors in International Security: shaping Contemporary Norm, edited by Katharina P. Coleman and Thomas K. Tieku. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, Diane and Kim Moloney, eds. 2019. The Oxford Handbook of Global Policy and Transnational Administration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tieku, Thomas. K. 2011. “The Evolution of the African Union Commission and Africrats: drivers of African Regionalism.” In The Ashgate Research Companion to Regionalism, edited by Timothy M. Shaw, J. Andrew Grant, and Scarlett Cornelissen. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Tieku, Thomas. K. 2018. Governing Africa: 3D Analysis of the African Union’s Performance. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Tieku, Thomas. K. 2021. “Punching above Weight: How the African Union Commission Exercises Agency in Politics.” Africa Spectrum 56 (3): 254–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tieku, Thomas. K., Stefan Gänzle, and Jarle Trondal. 2020. “People Who Run African Affairs. Staffing and Recruitment the African Union Commission.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 58 (3): 461–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trondal, Jarle. 2013. “International Bureaucracy: Organizational Structure and Behavioural Implications.” In Routledge Handbook of International Organization, edited byBob Reinalda. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Trondal, Jarle. 2016. “Advances to the Study of International Public Administration.” Journal of European Public Policy 23 (7): 1097–1108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trondal, Jarle, and Michael. W. Bauer. 2017. “Conceptualizing the European Multilevel Administrative Order: capturing Variation in the European Administrative System.” European Political Science Review 9 (1): 73–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trondal, Jarle, Martin Marcussen, Torbjörn Larsson, and Frode Veggeland. 2010. Unpacking International Organisations. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trondal, Jarle, and B. Guy Peters. 2013. “The Rise of European Administrative Space. Lessons Learned.” Journal of European Public Policy 20 (2): 295–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoest, Koen, Paul. G. Roness, Bram Verschuere, Kristin Rubecksen, and Muiris MacCarthaigh. 2010. Autonomy and Control of State Agencies. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, Max. 1924. “Legitimate Authority and Bureaucracy.” In Organization Theory, edited by Derek Salman Pugh. London: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, Max. 1983. On Capitalism, Bureaucracy and Religion. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Welz, Martin. 2020. “Reconsidering Lock-in Effects and Benefits from Delegation: The African Union’s Relations with Its Member States through a Principal–Agent Perspective.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 33 (2): 159–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, James Q. 1989. Bureaucracy. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Witt, Antonia. 2019. “Where Regional Norms Matter. Contestation and the Domestic Impact of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance.” Africa Spectrum 54 (2): 106–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, Matthew. 2019. Hyper-Active Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yi-Chong, Xu, and Patrich Weller. 2004. “The Governance of World Trade.” International Civil Servants and the GATT/WTO. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Yi-Chong, Xu, and Patrich Weller. 2008. “To Be, but Not to Be Seen: Exploring the Impact of Civil Servants.” Public Administration 86 (1): 35–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar