3,367
Views
122
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Ethnic inequalities in health: A review of UK epidemiological evidence

, , , &
Pages 375-408 | Published online: 01 Jul 2010

  • Engels , F. 1987 . The condition of the working class in England , 1st edn , Harmondsworth : Penguin . [1845]
  • Trask , JW . 1916 . The significance of the mortality rates of the coloured population of the United States . Am J Public Health , 6 : 254 – 260 .
  • Bhopal , R. 1997 . Is research into ethnicity and health racist, unsound, or important science? . BMJ , 314 : 1751 – 1756 .
  • Harding , S and Maxwell , R . 1997 . “ Differences in mortality of migrants ” . In Health Inequalities , Edited by: Drever , F and Whitehead , M . London : The Stationary Office .
  • Harding , S and Balarajan , R . 1996 . Patterns of mortality in second generation Irish living in England and Wales: longitudinal study . BMJ , 312 : 1389 – 1392 .
  • Harding , S. 1998 . The incidence of cancers among second-generation Irish living in England and Wales . Br J Cancer , 78 : 958 – 961 .
  • Abbotts , J , Williams , R , Ford , G , Hunt , K and West , P . 1998 . Morbidity and Irish Catholic descent in Britain: an ethnic and religious minority 150 years on . Soc Sci Med , 45 : 3 – 14 .
  • Balarajan , R , Soni Raleigh , V and Boning , B . 1989 . Sudden infant death syndrome and postneonatal mortality in immigrants in England and Wales . BMJ , 298 : 716 – 720 .
  • Farooqi , S. 1994 . Ethnic differences in infant care practices and in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in Birmingham . Early Human Development , 38 : 209 – 213 .
  • Raleigh , VS and Balarajan , R . 1995 . “ The health of infants and children among ethnic minorities ” . In The Health of our Children , Decennial Suppl 82 – 94 . London : The Stationery Office .
  • Pilgrim , S , Fenton , S , Hughes , T , Hine , C and Tibbs , N . 1993 . The Bristol Black and Ethnic Minorities Health Survey Report , Bristol : University of Bristol .
  • McKeigue , P. 1992 . Coronary heart disease in Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis: aetiology and possibilities for prevention . Br Heart y , 67 : 341 – 342 .
  • McKeigue , PM , Ferrie , JE , Pierpoint , T and Marmot , MG . 1993 . Association of early-onset coronary heart disease in South Asian men with glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia . Circulation , 87 : 152 – 161 .
  • Chaturvedi , N , McKeigue , PM and Marmot , MG . 1993 . Resting and ambulatory blood pressure differences in Afro-Caribbeans and Europeans . Hypertension , 22 : 90 – 96 .
  • Unwin , N , Harland , J , White , M , Bhopal , R , Winocour , P , Stephenson , P , Watson , W , Turner , C and Alberti , KG . 1997 . Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and glucose tolerance in Chinese and Europid adults in Newcastle . J Epidemiol Community Health , 51 : 160 – 166 .
  • Duran-Tauleria , E , Rona , RJ , Chinn , S and Burney , P . 1996 . Influence of ethnic group on asthma treatment in children in 1990-1: national cross sectional study . BMJ , 313 : 148 – 152 .
  • Watson , E. 1984 . Health of infants and use of health services by mothers of different ethnic groups in East London . Community Med , 6 : 127 – 35 .
  • Jackson , SHD , Barman , LT and Beevers , DG . 1981 . Ethnic differences in respiratory disease . Postgrad Med J , 57 : 777 – 778 .
  • Williams , R , Bhopal , R and Hunt , K . 1993 . The health of a Punjabi ethnic minority in Glasgow: the comparison with the general population . J Epidemiol Community Health , 47 : 96 – 102 .
  • McKeigue , PM , Shah , B and Marmot , MG . 1991 . Relation of central obesity and insulin resisitance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians . Lancet , 337 : 382 – 386 .
  • Harland , JO , Unwin , N , Bhopal , RS , White , M , Watson , B , Later , M and Alberti , KGMM . 1997 . Low levels of cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease in a UK Chinese population . J Epidemiol Community Health , 51 : 636 – 642 .
  • Williams , R , Bhopal , R and Hunt , K . 1994 . Coronary risk in a British Punjabi population: comparative profile of non-biochemical factors . Ira J Epidemiology , 23 : 28 – 37 .
  • Sorlie , P , Rogot , E , Anderson , R , Johnson , NJ and Backhund , E . 1992 . Black-white mortality differences by family income . Lancet , 340 : 346 – 350 .
  • Menchik , PL . 1993 . Economic status as a determinant of mortality among black and white older men: does poverty kill? . Population Studies , 47 : 427 – 436 .
  • Davey Smith , G , Neaton , JD , Wentworth , D , Stamler , R and Stamler , J . 1998 . Mortality differences between black and white men in the USA: contribution of income and other risk actors among men screened for the MRFIT . Lancet , 351 : 934 – 939 .
  • Marmot , MG , Adelstein , AM and Bulusu , L . 1984 . “ Immigrant mortality in England and Wales 1970-78 ” . In Immigrant mortality in England and Wales 1970-78 , OPCS Studies of Medical and Population Subjects No 47 London : HMSO .
  • Abbotts , J , Williams , R and Davey Smith , G . 1998 . Mortality in men of patrilineal Irish decent in Britain . Public Health , 112 : 229 – 232 .
  • Davey Smith , G , Bartley , M and Blane , D . 1994 . Explanations for socioeconomic differentials in mortality: evidence from Britain and elsewhere . Eur J Public Health , 4 : 131 – 144 .
  • Andrews , A and Jewson , N . 1993 . Ethnicity and infant deaths: the implications of recent statistical evidence for materialist explanations . Sociology of Health and Illness , 15 : 137 – 156 .
  • Chandola , T and Jenkinson , C . 2000 . Validating self-rated health in different ethnic groups . Ethnicity and Health , 5 : 151 – 159 .
  • Abraido-Lanza , AF , Dohrenwend , BP , Ng-Mak , DS and Turner , JB . 1999 . The Latino mortality paradox: a test of the 'salmon bias' and healthy migrant hypotheses . Am J Public Health , 89 ( 10 ) : 1543 – 1548 .
  • Williams , R and Ecob Ecob , R . 1999 . Regional mortality and the Irish in Britain . Sociology of Health and Illness , 21 : 344 – 367 .
  • Hull , D. 1979 . Migration, adaptation and illness . Soc Sci Med , 13A : 25 – 36 .
  • Nazroo , JY . 1997 . The health of Britain's ethnic minorities: findings from a national survey , London : PSI .
  • Townsend , P and Davison , N . 1982 . Inequalities in health: the Black Report , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
  • Smith , D . 1977 . Racial disadvantage in Britain , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
  • Heath , A and Ridge , J . 1983 . Social mobility of ethnic minorities . J Biosoc Sci (Suppl.) , 8 : 169 – 184 .
  • Davey Smith , G , Shipley , MJ and Rose , G . 1990 . The magnitude and causes of socio-economic differentials in mortality: further evidence from the Whitehall Study . J Epidemiol Community Health , 44 : 265 – 270 .
  • Beishon , S , Virdee , S and Hagell , A . 1995 . Nursing in a Multi-Ethnic NHS , London : Policy Studies Institute .
  • Lillie-Blanton , M and Laveist , T . 1996 . Race/ethnicity, the social environment, and health . Soc Sci Med , 43 : 83 – 91 .
  • Williams , DR , Lavizzo-Mourey , R and Warren , RC . 1994 . The concept of race and health status in America . Public Health Reports , 109 : 26 – 41 .
  • Williams , R , Wright , W and Hunt , K . 1998 . Social class and health: the puzzling counter-example of British South Asians . Soc Sci Med , 47 : 1277 – 1288 .
  • McKenzie , K and Crowcroft , NS . 1996 . Describing race, ethnicity, and culture in medical research . BMJ , 312 : 1054
  • Office for National Statistics . 1996 . Social focus on ethnic minorities , London : HMSO .
  • Rudat , K . 1994 . Black and ethnic minority groups in England: health and lifestyles , London : Health Education Authority .
  • Cochrane , R and Bal , S . 1990 . The drinking habits of Sikh, Hindu and white men in the West Midlands: a community survey . Br J Addict , 85 : 759 – 769 .
  • Balarajan , R and Yuen , P . 1986 . British smoking and drinking habits: variation by country of birth . Community Med , 8 : 237 – 239 .
  • Pearson , M , Madden , M and Greenslade , L . 1991 . Generations of an invisible minority , Liverpool : University of Liverpool, Institute of Irish Studies .
  • Mullen , K , Williams , R and Hunt , K . 1996 . Irish descent, religion and alcohol and tobacco use . Addiction , 91 : 243 – 254 .
  • Bush , H , Williams , R , Sharma , S and Cruickshank , K . Opportunities for and barriers to good nutritional health among ethnic minorities , London : Department of Health and Health Education Authority . in press
  • Owen , D . 1994 . Black people in Great Britain , census statistical paper no.6 Warwick : University of Warwick, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations .
  • Owen , D . 1994 . South Asian people in Great Britain , census statistical paper no.7 Warwick : University of Warwick, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations .
  • Owen , D . 1995 . Irish-bom people in Great Britain , census statistical paper no.7 Warwick : University of Warwick, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations .
  • Greeley , AM , McCready , WC and Theisen , G . 1980 . Ethnic drinking subcultures , New York : Praeger Scientific (Bergin) .
  • Williams , R and Hunt , K . 1997 . Psychological distress among British South Asians: the contribution of stressful situations and subcultural differences in the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study . Psychol Med , 27 : 1173 – 1181 .
  • Fenton , S and Sadiq-Sangster , A . 1996 . Culture, relativism and the expression of mental distress: South Asian women in Britain . Sociology of Health and Illness , 18 : 66 – 85 .
  • Kassam Khamis , T , Thomas , J and Judd , P . 1996 . Eating habits of second generation South Asians in the UK . Scandinavian J Nutrition , 40 : S84 – 86 .
  • Williams , R. 1994 . Britain's regional mortality: a legacy from disaster in the Celtic periphery? . Soc Sd Med , 39 : 189 – 199 .
  • Modood , T , Berthoud , R , Lakey , J , Nazroo , J , Smith , P , Virdee , S and Beishon , S . 1997 . Ethnic minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage , London : Policy Studies Institute .
  • Wilkinson , RG . 1996 . Unhealthy societies: the afflictions of inequality , London : Routledge .
  • Virdee , S . 1995 . Racial violence and harassment , London : Policy Studies Institute .
  • Hickman , M and Walter , B , eds. 1997 . Discrimination and the Irish community in Britain , London : Commission for Racial Equality .
  • Benzeval , M , Judge , K and Solomon , M . 1992 . The health status of Londoners , London : King's Fund Institute .
  • Krieger , N. 1990 . Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure? . Soc Sci Med , 30 : 1273 – 1281 .
  • Krieger , N and Sidney , S . 1996 . Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA study of young black and white adults . Am J Public Health , 86 (10) : 1370 – 1378 .
  • Herman , AA . 1996 . Toward conceptualisation of race in epidemiology research . Ethnicity and Disease , 6 : 7 – 20 .
  • Wild , S and McKeigue , P . 1997 . Cross sectional analysis of mortality by country of birth in England and Wales, 1970-92 . BMJ , 314 : 705 – 710 .
  • Cooper , R , Rotimi , C , Ataman , S , McGee , D , Osotimehin , B , Kadiri , S , Muna , W , Kingue , S , Fraser , H , Forrester , T , Bennett , F and Wilks , R . 1997 . The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of West African origin . Am J Public Health , 87 : 160 – 168 .
  • Balarajan , R , Yuen , P and Raleigh , VS . 1989 . Ethnic differences in general practitioner consultations . BMJ , 299 : 958 – 960 .
  • Gillam , SJ , Jarman , B , White , P and Law , R . 1989 . Ethnic differences in consultation rates in urban general practice . BMJ , 299 : 953 – 957 .
  • McCormick , A , Fleming , D and Charlton , J . 1995 . Morbidity statistics from general practice. Fourth national study 1991-1992 , London : HMSO .
  • Baker , MR , Bandaranayake , R and Schweiger , MS . 1984 . Differences in rate of uptake of immunisation among ethnic groups . BMJ , 288 : 1075 – 1079 .
  • Shaukat , N , de Bono , DP and Cruickshank , JK . 1993 . Clinical features, risk factors, and referral delay in British patients of Indian and European origin with angina matched for age and extent of coronary atheroma . BMJ , 307 : 717 – 718 .
  • Chaturvedi , N , Rai , H and Ben-Shlomo , Y . 1997 . Lay diagnosis and health care seeking behaviour for chest pain in South Asians and Europeans . Lancet , 350 : 1578 – 1583 .
  • Rashid , A and Jagger , C . 1992 . Attitudes to and perceived use of health care services among Asian and non-Asian patients in Leicester . Br J Gen Pract , 42 : 197 – 201 .
  • Badger , F , Atkin , K and Griffiths , R . 1989 . Why don't general practitioners refer their disabled Asian patients to district nurses? . Health Trends , 21 : 31 – 32 .
  • Ritch , AES , Ehtisham , M , Guthrie , S , Talbot , JM , Luck , M and Tinsley , RN . 1996 . Ethnic influence on health and dependency of elderly inner city residents . J R Coll Physicians Land. , 30 : 215 – 220 .
  • Lear , JT , Lawrence , IG , Pohl , JE and Burden , AC . 1994 . Myocardial infarction and thrombolysis: a comparison of the Indian and European populations on a coronary care unit . J R Coll Physicians Land , 28 : 143 – 47 .
  • Malcolm , PN , Chan , TYK , Li , P-L , Richards , J and Hately , W . 1995 . Management of dyspepsia among Asians by general practitioners in East London . BMJ , 10 : 910 – 911 .
  • Kaufman, , JS , Cooper , RS and McGee , DL . 1997 . Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: the problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race . Epidemiology , 8 ( 6 ) : 621 – 628 .
  • Davey Smith , G. 2000 . Learning to live with complexity: Ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and health in Britain and the United States . Am J Publ Health , 90 : 1694 – 1698 .
  • Nazroo , JY . 1998 . Genetic, cultural or socio-economic vulnurability? Explaining ethnic inequalities in health . Sociology of Health and Illness , 20 : 714 – 734 .
  • Stewart , JA , Dundas , R , Howard , RA , Rudd , AG and Woolfe , CDA . 1999 . Ethnic differences in incidence of stroke: prospective study with stroke register . BMJ , 318 : 967 – 971 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.