Sources of income, wealth and the length of life: An individual level study of mortality

References

• Åberg Yngwe , M , Fritzell , J , Lundberg , O , Diderichsen , F and Burström , B . 2003 . Exploring relative deprivation: Is social comparison a mechanism in the relation between income and health . Social Science & Medicine , 57 : 1463 – 1473 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersson , R . 2000 . “ Etnisk och socioekonomisk segregation i Sverige 1990–1998 ” . In Arbetsmarknad, demografi och segregation (SOU 37: 223–266) , Stockholm : Fritzes Offentliga Publikationer .
   Google Scholar
• Barnett , R , Moon , G and Kearns , RA . 2004 . Social inequality and ethnic differences in smoking in New Zealand . Social Science & Medicine , 59 : 129 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmark , A and Palme , J . 2003 . Welfare and the unemployment crisis: Sweden in the 1990s . International Journal of Social Welfare , 12 ( 2 ) : 108 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , A and Oswald , A . 2002 . A simple statistical method for measuring how life events affect happiness . International Journal of Epidemiology , 31 ( 6 ) : 1139 – 1144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly , MC , Duncan , GJ , Kaplan , GA and Lynch , JW . 1998 . Macro-to-micro links in the relation between income inequality and mortality . Millbank Quarterly , 76 ( 3 ) : 315 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey Smith , G , Dorling , D , Mitchell , R and Shaw , M . 2002 . Health inequalities in Britain: Continuing increases up to the end of the 20th century . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 56 ( 6 ) : 434 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaton , A . 2002 . Commentary: The convoluted story of international studies of inequality and health . International Journal of Epidemiology , 31 : 546 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaton , A and Paxson , C . 2001 . Mortality, income and income inequality over time in Britain and the United States , National Bureau of Economic Research . Working paper 8534
   Google Scholar
• Dorling , D and Gunnell , D . 2003 . Suicide: The spatial and social components of despair in Britain 1980–2000 . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 28 ( 3 ) : 442 – 460 .
   Google Scholar
• Ecob , R and Davey Smith , G . 1999 . Income and health: What is the nature of the relationship? . Social Science & Medicine , 48 : 693 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiscella , K and Franks , P . 1997 . Poverty or income inequality as predictor of mortality: Longitudinal cohort study . British Medical Journal , 314 : 1724 – 1727 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiscella , K and Franks , P . 2000 . Individual income, income inequality, health and mortality: What are the relationships? . Health Services Research , 35 ( 1 ) : 307 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson , B and Palmer , E . 2002 . Was the burden of the deep Swedish recession equally shared? . Review of Income and Wealth , 48 ( 4 ) : 537 – 560 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , C , Davey Smith , G , Blane , D , Gillis , C and Hawthorne , V . 1995 . Social mobility, health and cardiovascular mortality . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 49 : 552 – 553 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartog , J and Oosterbeek , H . 1998 . Health, wealth and happiness. Why pursue a higher education? . Economics of Education Review , 17 ( 3 ) : 245 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jencks , C . 2002 . Does inequality matter? . Daedalus , : 49 – 65 . Winter 2002
   Google Scholar
• Judge , K . 1995 . Income distribution and life expectancy: A critical appraisal . British Medical Journal , 311 : 1282 – 1285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge , K , Mulligan , J-A and Benzeval , M . 1998 . Income inequality and population health . Social Science & Medicine , 46 ( 4–5 ) : 567 – 579 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan , GA , Pamuk , ER , Lynch , JW , Cohen , RD and Balfour , JL . 1996 . Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: Analysis of mortality and potential pathways . British Medical Journal , 312 ( 7037 ) : 999 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskimäki , I . 2003 . How did Finland's economic recession in the early 1990s affect socio-economic equity in the use of hospital care? . Social Science & Medicine , 56 : 1517 – 1530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby , BJ . 1999 . Income source and race effects on new-neighbor evaluations . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 29 ( 7 ) : 1497 – 1511 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layard , R . 2005 . Happiness: Lessons from a new science , London : Allen Lane .
   Google Scholar
• Lear , J . 1988 . Aristotle: The desire to understand , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , J . 2000 . Income inequality and health: Expanding the debate . Social Science & Medicine , 51 ( 7 ) : 1001 – 1005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , J , Davey Smith , G , Harper , S , Hillemeier , M , Ross , N Kaplan , GA . 2004 . Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A Systematic review . Millbank Quarterly , 82 : 5 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , J , Davey Smith , G , Hillemeier , M , Shaw , M , Raghunathan , T and Kaplan , G . 2001 . Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: Comparisons of wealthy nations . Lancet , 358 ( 9277 ) : 194 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , JW , Davey Smith , G , Kaplan , GA and House , JS . 2000 . Income inequality and mortality: Importance to health of individual income, psychosocial environment, or material conditions . British Medical Journal , 320 : 1200 – 1204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , JW , Harper , S and Davey Smith , G . 2003 . Commentary: Plugging leaks and repelling boarders—where to next for the SS Income Inequality? . International Journal of Epidemiology , 32 : 1029 – 1036 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mare , RD . 1990 . “ Socioeconomic careers and differential mortality among older men in the US ” . In Measurement and analysis of mortality: New approaches , Edited by: Vallin , J , Souza , SD' and Palloni , A . 362 – 387 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martikainen , P , Makela , P , Koskinen , S and Valkonen , T . 2001 . Income differences in mortality: A register-based follow-up study of three million men and women . International Journal of Epidemiology , 30 ( 6 ) : 1397 – 1405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor , JM and Milyo , J . 2000 . Income inequality and health status in the United States: Evidence from the current population survey , Princeton, NJ : Robert Wood Johnson Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Mellor , JM and Milyo , J . 2001 . Reexamining the evidence of an ecoogical association between income inequality and health . Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law , 26 ( 3 ) : 487 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menchik , PL . 1993 . Economic status as a determinant of mortality among black and white older men: Does poverty kill? . Population Studies , 47 : 427 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud , PC and van Soest , AHO . 2004 . “ Health and wealth of elderly couples: Causality tests using dynamic panel data ” . Tilburg University, Centre for Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , R , Dorling , D and Shaw , M . 2000 . Inequalities in life and death: What if Britain were more equal? , Bristol : The Policy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oswald , AJ . 1997 . Happiness and economic performance . Economic Journal , 107 : 1815 – 1831 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta , M , Borrell , C and Copete , J . 2002 . Commentary: Theory in the fabric of evidence on the health effects of inequalities in income distribution . International Journal of Epidemiology , 31 : 543 – 546 .
   Google Scholar
• Ram , R . 2006 . Further examination of the cross-country association between income inequality and population health . Social Science & Medicine , 62 : 779 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , NA , Wolfson , MC , Dunn , JR , Berthelot , J-M , Kaplan , GA and Lynch , JW . 2000 . Relation between income inequality and mortality in Canada and in the United States: Cross sectional assessment using census data and vital statistics . British Medical Journal , 320 ( 7239 ) : 898 – 902 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc . 2003 . SAS System , NC, , USA : Cary .
   Google Scholar
• Schalick , L , Hadden , W , Pamuk , E , Navarro , V and Pappas , G . 2000 . The widening gap in death rates among income groups in the United States from 1967 to 1986 . International Journal of Health Services , 30 ( 1 ) : 13 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A . 1759 . The theory of the moral sentiments , Indianapolis : Liberty Classics (Reprint 1952) .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Sweden . 2004 . “ Women and Men in Sweden ” . Facts and Figures 2004. Stockholm, Sweden: 62
   Google Scholar
• Wagstaff , A and van Doorslaer , E . 2000 . Income inequality and health: What does the literature tell us? . Annual Review of Public Health , 21 : 543 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead , M , Diderichsen , F and Burström , B . 2000 . “ Researching the impact of public policy on inequalities in health ” . In Understanding health inequalities , Edited by: Graham , H . Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , RG . 1994 . Unfair shares , Ilford : Barnardo's .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , RG and Pickett , KE . 2006 . Income inequality and population health: A review and explanation of the evidence . Social Science & Medicine , 62 ( 7 ) : 1768 – 1784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , RG and Pickett , KE . 2007 . Income inequality and social gradients in mortality . American Journal of Public health , forthcoming
   Google Scholar
• Wolfson , M , Rowe , G , Gentleman , JF and Tomiak , M . 1993 . Career earnings and death: A longitudinal analysis of older Canadian men . Journals of Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 48 : S167 – 179 .
   Google Scholar