Categorical and anti-categorical approaches to US racial/ethnic groupings: revisiting the National 2009 H1N1 Flu Survey (NHFS)

References

• Bauer, G. R. (2014). Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity. Social Science & Medicine, 110, 10–17.10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman, A., Merlo, J., Lynch, J. W., Gerdtham, U. G., Lindström, M., & Lithman, T. (2004). Country of birth, socioeconomic position, and healthcare expenditure: a multilevel analysis of Malmö, Sweden. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58, 145–149.10.1136/jech.58.2.145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleich, S. N., Thorpe, R. J., Sharif-Harris, H., Fesahazion, R., & LaVeist, T. A. (2010). Social context explains race disparities in obesity among women. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64, 465–469.10.1136/jech.2009.096297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulware, L. E., Cooper, L. A., Ratner, L. E., LaVeist, T. A., & Powe, N. R. (2003). Race and trust in the health care system. Public Health Reports, 118, 358.10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50262-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012, August 20). Datasets and Related Documentation for the National 2009 H1N1 Flu Survey (NHFS). Retrieved May 26, 2016, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nis/data_files_h1n1.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011, May 13). Final estimates for 2009–2010 seasonal influenza and influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage–United States, August 2009 through May, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2016, from http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/coverage_0910estimates.htm
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J. Y., Fox, S. A., Cantrell, C. H., Stockdale, S. E., & Kagawa-Singer, M. (2007). Health disparities and prevention: Racial/ethnic barriers to flu vaccinations. Journal of Community Health, 32, 5–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dee, D. L., Bensyl, D. M., Gindler, J., Truman, B. I., Allen, B. G., D’Mello, T., … Fowlkes, A. (2011). Racial and ethnic disparities in hospitalizations and deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infections in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 21, 623–630.10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, H., Santibanez, T. A., Jamieson, D. J., Weinbaum, C. M., Euler, G. L., Grohskopf, L. A., … Singleton, J.A. (2011). Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women–National 2009 H1N1 Flu Survey (NHFS). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 204, S96–S106.10.1016/j.ajog.2011.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, J. R. (2012). “Explanation”, philosophy and theory in health inequalities research: Towards a critical realist approach. In P. O’Campo & J. R. Dunn (Eds.), Rethinking social epidemiology (pp. 23–42). New York, NY: Springer.10.1007/978-94-007-2138-8
   Google Scholar
• Engel, R. S. (2008). A critique of the “outcome test” in racial profiling research. Justice Quarterly, 25(1), 1–36.10.1080/07418820701717177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, S. (2008). Inclusion: The politics of difference in medical research. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fiscella, K. (2005). Commentary-anatomy of racial disparity in influenza vaccination. Health Services Research, 40, 539–550.10.1111/hesr.2005.40.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttman, N., & Salmon, C. T. (2004). Guilt, fear, stigma and knowledge gaps: Ethical issues in public health communication interventions. Bioethics, 18, 531–552.10.1111/biot.2004.18.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsinger, K. E., & Weir, B. S. (2009). Genetics in geographically structured populations: Defining, estimating and interpreting FST. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10, 639–650.10.1038/nrg2611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchins, S. S., Fiscella, K., Levine, R. S., Ompad, D. C., & McDonald, M. (2009). Protection of racial/ethnic minority populations during an influenza pandemic. American Journal of Public Health, 99, S261–S270.10.2105/AJPH.2009.161505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juárez, S. P., Wagner, P., & Merlo, J. (2014). Applying measures of discriminatory accuracy to revisit traditional risk factors for being small for gestational age in Sweden: A national cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 4, e005388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, J. B. (2014). The quality of data on “race” and “ethnicity”: Implications for health researchers, policy makers, and practitioners. Race and Social Problems, 6, 214–236.10.1007/s12552-014-9121-6
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, J. B., & Bennett, T. (2003). Use of race and ethnicity in biomedical publication. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 2709–2716.10.1001/jama.289.20.2709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumlin, S., & Rothstein, B. (2005). Making and breaking social capital the impact of welfare-state institutions. Comparative Political Studies, 38, 339–365.10.1177/0010414004273203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewontin, R. C. (1972). The apportionment of human diversity. Evolutionary Biology, 6, 381–398.10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3
   Google Scholar
• Linn, S. T., Guralnik, J. M., & Patel, K. V. (2010). Disparities in influenza vaccine coverage in the United States, 2008. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58, 1333–1340.10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02904.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofters, A., & O’Campo, P. (2012). Differences that matter. In P. O’Campo & J. R. Dunn (Eds.), Rethinking social epidemiology (pp. 93–109). New York, NY: Springer.10.1007/978-94-007-2138-8
   Google Scholar
• Lu, P. J., Singleton, J. A., Euler, G. L., Williams, W. W., & Bridges, C. B. (2013). Seasonal influenza vaccination coverage among adult populations in the United States, 2005–2011. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178, 1478–1487.10.1093/aje/kwt158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, P. J., O’Halloran, A., Bryan, L., Kennedy, E. D., Ding, H., Graitcer, S. B., … Singleton, J. A. (2014). Trends in racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination coverage among adults during the 2007–2008 through 2011–2012 seasons. American Journal of Infection Control, 42(7), 763–769.10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, P. J., O’Halloran, A., Williams, W. W., Lindley, M. C., Farrall, S., & Bridges, C. B. (2015). Racial and ethnic disparities in vaccination coverage among adult populations in the US. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49, S412–S425.10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30, 1771–1800.10.1086/426800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo, J. (2003). Multilevel analytical approaches in social epidemiology: Measures of health variation compared with traditional measures of association. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 550–552.10.1136/jech.57.8.550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo, J. (2014). Invited commentary: multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity – A fundamental critique of the current probabilistic risk factor epidemiology. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180, 208–212.10.1093/aje/kwu108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo, J., & Mulinari, S. (2015). Measures of discriminatory accuracy and categorizations in public health: A response to Allan Krasnik’s editorial. The European Journal of Public Health, 25, 910–910.10.1093/eurpub/ckv209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo, J., Viciana-Fernández, F. J., Ramiro-Fariñas, D., & Research Group of the Longitudinal Database of the Andalusian Population (LDAP) (2012). Bringing the individual back to small-area variation studies: A multilevel analysis of all-cause mortality in Andalusia. Spain. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 1477–1487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo, J., & Wagner, P. (2013). The tyranny of the averages and the indiscriminate use of risk factors in public health: A call for revolution. European Journal of Epidemiology, 28(Suppl. 1), 148.
   Google Scholar
• Mulinari, S., Bredström, A., & Merlo, J. (2015). Questioning the discriminatory accuracy of broad migrant categories in public health: Self-rated health in Sweden. The European Journal of Public Health, 25, 911–917.10.1093/eurpub/ckv099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulinari, S., Juárez, S. P., Wagner, P., & Merlo, J. (2015). Does maternal country of birth matter for understanding offspring’s birthweight? A multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity in Sweden. PLoS One, 10, e0129362.10.1371/journal.pone.0129362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntaner, C. (2013). Invited commentary: On the future of social epidemiology – A case for scientific realism. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178, 852–857.10.1093/aje/kwt143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (1997, October 30). Revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. Retrieved January 11, 2017, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards
   Google Scholar
• Pande, R. P., & Yazbeck, A. S. (2003). What’s in a country average? Wealth, gender, and regional inequalities in immunization in India. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 2075–2088.10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00085-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepe, M. S., Janes, H., Longton, G., Leisenring, W., & Newcomb, P. (2004). Limitations of the odds ratio in gauging the performance of a diagnostic, prognostic, or screening marker. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159, 882–890.10.1093/aje/kwh101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, A. L., Kumar, D., Patel, S., & Arya, M. (2014). Using text messages to improve patient–doctor communication among racial and ethnic minority adults: An innovative solution to increase influenza vaccinations. Preventive Medicine, 69, 117–119.10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal, A. R. (2004). Overlap between whites and blacks in response to antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension, 43, 566–572.10.1161/01.HYP.0000118019.28487.9c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setse, R. W., Euler, G. L., Gonzalez-Feliciano, A. G., Bryan, L. N., Furlow, C., Weinbaum, C. M., & Singleton, J. A. (2011). Influenza vaccination coverage – United States, 2000–2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Surveillance Summaries, 60, 38–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, X., Ioannidis, J. P., Agoritsas, T., Alba, A. C., & Guyatt, G. (2014). How to use a subgroup analysis: Users’ guide to the medical literature. Journal of the American Medical Association, 311, 405–411.10.1001/jama.2013.285063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlahov, D., Bond, K. T., Jones, K. C., & Ompad, D. C. (2012). Factors associated with differential uptake of seasonal influenza immunizations among underserved communities during the 2009–2010 influenza season. Journal of Community Health, 37, 282–287.10.1007/s10900-011-9443-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wemrell, M., Mulinari, S., & Merlo, J. (2017a). Intersectionality and risk for ischemic heart disease in Sweden: Categorical and anti-categorical approaches. Social Science & Medicine, 177, 213–222.10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wemrell, M., Mulinari, S., & Merlo, J. (2017b). An intersectional approach to multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity (MAIH) and discriminatory accuracy. Social Science & Medicine, 178, 217–219.10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooten, K. G., Wortley, P. M., Singleton, J. A., & Euler, G. L. (2012). Perceptions matter: Beliefs about influenza vaccine and vaccination behavior among elderly white, black and Hispanic Americans. Vaccine, 30, 6927–6934.10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar