Universal and targeted policy to achieve health equity: a critical analysis of the example of community water fluoridation cessation in Calgary, Canada in 2011

References

• Alcock, P., Glennerster, H., Oakley, A., & Sinfield, A. (Eds.). (2001). Welfare and wellbeing: Richard Titmuss’s contribution to social policy. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). (2007). A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation. Canberra: Australian Government.
   Google Scholar
• Barua, S., Kuizon, S., & Junaid, M. A. (2014). Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy and implications in health and disease. Journal of Biomedical Science, 21, 77. doi:10.1186/s12929-014-0077-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Béland, D., Blomqvist, P., Goul Andersen, J., Palme, J., & Waddan, A. (2014). The universal decline of universality? Social policy change in Canada, Denmark, Sweden and the UK. Social Policy & Administration, 48, 739–756.10.1111/spol.2014.48.issue-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrán-Aguilar, E. D., Barker, L., Dye, B. A. (2010). Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in the United States, 1999–2004. NCHS data brief, no 53. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Bucchi, M. (2008). Of deficits, deviations and dialogues. Theories of public communication of science. In M. Bucchi & B. Trench (Eds.), Handbook of public communication of science and technology (pp. 57–76). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Burt, B. A., & Eklund, S. A. (1999). Dentistry, dental practice, and the community (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Col.
   Google Scholar
• Calgary City Council. (2011a, January 10). Combined meeting of council [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhBwMRuSPNc&feature=youtu.be&t=4h2m20s
   Google Scholar
• Calgary City Council. (2011b, January 10). Combined meeting of council [meeting minutes]. Retrieved from agendaminutes.calgary.ca
   Google Scholar
• Calgary City Council. (2011c, January 26). Standing policy committee on utilities and environment [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K23LHcCMj8&feature=youtu.be&t=15m25%20s%20(2)
   Google Scholar
• Calgary City Council. (2011d, March 21). Regular meeting of council [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzuCOfByPfw&feature=youtu.be&t=5h16m45s
   Google Scholar
• Calgary City Council. (2011e, May 9). Combined meeting of council [meeting minutes]. Retrieved from agendaminutes.calgary.ca\\hydrogen.med.ucalgary.ca\homes$\Lindsay.McLaren\Students&Trainees\RachelPetit\agendaminutes.calgary.ca
   Google Scholar
• Calgary City Council. (2012, July 4). Community services & protective services department report to the SPC on community and protective services. Retrieved from agendaminutes.calgary.ca
   Google Scholar
• Calgary Economic Development. (2016). Calgary’s population overview. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/research-and-reports/demographics-lp/demographics/
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Academy of Health Sciences (CAHS). (2014). Improving access to oral health care for vulnerable people living in Canada. Ottawa: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Institutes of Health Information (CIHI). (2013). Treatment of preventable dental cavities in preschoolers: A focus on day surgery under general anaesthesia. Ottawa: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, G., & Crammond, B. (2017). A glossary of policy frameworks: The many forms of ‘universalism’ and policy ‘targeting’. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 71, 303–307.10.1136/jech-2014-204311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, G., & McLoughlin, P. (2016). The powerful pull of policy targeting: Examining residualisation in Australia. Critical Public Health, 26, 147–158.10.1080/09581596.2014.973018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstairs, C. (2010). Cities without cavities: Democracy, risk, and public health. Journal of Canadian Studies, 44, 146–170.10.3138/jcs.44.2.146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, V. W., & Lauderdale, D. S. (2009). Fundamental cause theory, technological innovation, and health disparities: The case of cholesterol in the Era of statins. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 245–260.10.1177/002214650905000301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, A. L., Sun, G., Zhang, Y., & Grandjean, P. (2012). Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 1362–1368.10.1289/ehp.1104912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery, J. C., Still, D., & Cottrell, T. (2012). Can we avoid a sick fiscal future? The non-sustainability of health-care spending with an aging population ( SPP Research Paper). Calgary: School of Public Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Featherstone, J. D. B. (1999). Prevention and reversal of dental caries: Role of low level fluoride. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 27, 31–40.10.1111/com.1999.27.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohlich, K. L., & Potvin, L. (2008). The inequality paradox: The population approach and vulnerable populations. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 216–221.10.2105/AJPH.2007.114777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabb, E. G. (2006). Theories of social inequality (5th ed.). Toronto: Nelson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, H. (2004). Tackling inequalities in health in England: Remedying health disadvantages, narrowing health gaps or reducing health gradients? Journal of Social Policy, 33, 115–131.10.1017/S0047279403007220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Canada. (2010). Report on the findings of the oral health component of the Canadian health measures survey, 2007–2009. Ottawa, ON: Minister of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z., Worthington, H. V., Walsh, T., O’Malley, L., Clarkson, J. E., Macey, R., … Glenny, A. M. (2015). Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010856.pub2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JCDA. (2013). Understanding public decision-making on community water fluoridation. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 79, d77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor, T., O’Neill, B., & McLaren, L. (2016, October). Cessation of community water fluoridation in Calgary in 2011: A study of the decision-making process. Poster presentation at the meeting of the Canadian Association of Public Health Dentistry, Edmonton.
   Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 80–95.10.2307/2626958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenc, T., Petticrew, M., Welch, V., & Tugwell, P. 2013. What types of interventions generate inequalities? Evidence from systematic reviews. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 67, 190–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, M. (2014). Introduction to public health ethics 1: Background. Montréal, QC: National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy.
   Google Scholar
• McDonagh, M., Whiting, P., Bradley, M., Cooper J., Sutton A., Chestnutt I., … Kleijnen, J. (2000). A systematic review of public water fluoridation ( Report 18). York: NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. University of York. [ shorter version published as McDonagh et al. (2000), BMJ, 321, 855–859].
   Google Scholar
• McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2011). The assault on universalism: How to destroy the welfare state. BMJ, 343, d7973. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, L., & Emery, J. C. H. (2012). Drinking water fluoridation and oral health inequities in Canadian children. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 103, eS49–eS56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, L., & McIntyre, L. (2011). Drinking water fluoridation in Canada: Review and synthesis of published literature. Calgary: Public Health Agency of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• McLaren, L., McIntyre, L., & Kirkpatrick, S. (2010). Rose’s population strategy of prevention need not increase social inequalities in health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 372–377.10.1093/ije/dyp315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, L., McNeil, D., Potestio, M., Patterson, S., Thawer, S., Faris, P., … Shwart, L. (2016). Equity in children’s dental caries before and after cessation of community water fluoridation: Differential impact by dental insurance status and geographic material deprivation. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15, 24. doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0312-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. (1936). The unanticipated consequences of purposive social action. American Sociological Review, 1, 894–904.10.2307/2084615
   Google Scholar
• Municipal Government Act (MGA). (2000). Revised statutes of Alberta Chapter M-26, 2000. Retrieved November 4, 2016, from https://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Acts/m26.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2007). Public health: Ethical issues. Cambridge: Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
   Google Scholar
• Peckham, S. (2012). Slaying sacred cows: Is it time to pull the plug on water fluoridation? Critical Public Health, 22, 159–177.10.1080/09581596.2011.596818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podgorny, P., & McLaren, L. (2015). Public perceptions and scientific evidence for perceived harms/risks of community water fluoridation: An examination of online comments pertaining to fluoridation cessation in Calgary in 2011. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 106, e413–e425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health England. (2014). Water fluoridation. Health monitoring report for England 2014. London: Public Health England.
   Google Scholar
• Rabb-Waytowich, D. (2009). Water fluoridation in Canada: Past and present. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 75, 451–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ran, T., & Chattopadhyay, S. K., Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2016). Economic evaluation of community water fluoridation: A community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50, 790–796.10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaghi, V., Quiñonez, C., & Allison, P. (2013). Comparing inequalities in oral and general health: Findings of the Canadian health measures survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 104, e466–e471.10.17269/cjph.104.3983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, G. (1992). The strategy of preventive medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rugg-Gunn, A. J., Spencer, A. J., Whelton, H. P., Jones, C., Beal, J. F., Castle, P., … Zusman, S. P. (2015). Critique of the review of ‘Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries’ published by the Cochrane Collaboration in 2015. British Dental Journal, 220, 335–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrecker, T., & Bambra, C. (2015). How politics makes us sick: Neoliberal epidemics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137463074
   Google Scholar
• Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risk (SCHER). (2011). Critical review of any new evidence on the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water. SCHER Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, European Commission. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/environmental_risks/docs/scher_o_139.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Scollo, M., Zacher, M., Durkin, S., & Wakefield, M. (2014). Early evidence about the predicted unintended consequences of standardised packaging of tobacco products in Australia: A cross-sectional study of the place of purchase, regular brands and use of illicit tobacco. British Medical Journal Open, 4, e005873.10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005873
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw, J. L., & Farmer, J. W. (2015). An environmental scan of publicly financed dental care in Canada: 2015 update. Ottawa: Office of the Chief Dental Officer.
   Google Scholar
• University of York, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. (2003, October 28). What the York review on the fluoridation of drinking water really found. York: University of York, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1986). The Ottawa charter for health promotion. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar