References
- Bécares, L., Nazroo, J., & Kelly, Y. (2015). A longitudinal examination of maternal, family, and area-level experiences of racism on children’s socioemotional development: Patterns and possible explanations. Social Science & Medicine, 142, 128–135. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26301485
- Carlson, S., Borrell, L. N., Eng, C., Nguyen, M., Thyne, S., LeNoir, M. A., … Loukides, S. (2017). Self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination and bronchodilator response in African American youth with asthma. PloS One, 12(6), e0179091.
- Caughy, M. O., O’Campo, P. J., & Muntaner, C. (2004). Experiences of racism among African American parents and the mental health of their preschool-aged children. American Journal of Public Health, 94(12), 2118–2124. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569963
- Coogan, P. F., Yu, J., O’Connor, G. T., Brown, T. A., Cozier, Y. C., Palmer, J. R., & Rosenberg, L. (2014). Experiences of racism and the incidence of adult-onset asthma in the black women’s health study. Chest, 145(3), 480–485. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3941245/
- Cormack, D., Stanley, J., & Harris, R. (2018). Multiple forms of discrimination and relationships with health and wellbeing: Findings from national cross-sectional surveys in Aotearoa/New Zealand. International Journal for Equity in Health, 17(1), 26. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29454356
- Crengle, S., Robinson, E., Ameratunga, S., Clark, T., & Raphael, D. (2012). Ethnic discrimination prevalence and associations with health outcomes: Data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of secondary school students in New Zealand. BMC Public Health, 12(p), 45.
- Duggan, K. (2011). Health equity: What does it mean for child health? New Zealand Medical Journal, 124(1347), 79–82.
- Espinoza, G., Gonzales, N. A., & Fuligni, A. J. (2016). Parent discrimination predicts Mexican-American adolescent psychological adjustment 1 year later. Child Development, 87(4), 1079–1089. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27224903
- Flores, G., Committee On Pediatric Research. (2010). Technical report–Racial and ethnic disparities in the health and health care of children. Pediatrics, 125(4), e979–e1020. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351000
- Harris, R., Tobias, M., Jeffreys, M., Waldegrave, K., Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. (2006). Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Social Science & Medicine, 63(6), 1428–1441. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953606002085
- Heard-Garris, N. J., Cale, M., Camaj, L., Hamati, M. C., & Dominguez, T. P. (2017). Transmitting Trauma: A systematic review of vicarious racism and child health. Social Science & Medicine, Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617302411
- Hobbs, M. R., Morton, S. M., Atatoa-Carr, P., Ritchie, S. R., Thomas, M. G., Saraf, R., … Grant, C. C. (2016). Ethnic disparities in infectious disease hospitalisations in the first year of life in New Zealand. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 53(3), 223–231. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27714893
- Kelly, Y., Bécares, L., & Nazroo, J. (2013). Associations between maternal experiences of racism and early child health and development: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 67(1), 35–41. Retrieved from http://jech.bmj.com/content/67/1/35.abstract
- Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., … Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959–976. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12214795
- Koinis-Mitchell, D., McQuaid, E. L., Kopel, S. J., Esteban, C. A., Ortega, A. N., Seifer, R., … Fritz, G. K. (2010). Cultural-related, contextual, and asthma-specific risks associated with asthma morbidity in urban children. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 17(1), 38–48. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3266227/
- Krieger, N. (2000). Discrimination and health. In L. F. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social Epidemiology (pp. 36–75). New York: Oxford Univeristy Press.
- Krieger, N. (2012). Methods for the scientific study of discrimination and health: An ecosocial approach. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 936–944. Retrieved from https://ajph.aphapublications.org/
- Mehta, N. K., Lee, H., & Ylitalo, K. R. (2013). Child health in the United States: Recent trends in racial/ethnic disparities. Social Science & Medicine, 95(1982), 6–15. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374424/
- Ministry of Health. (2004). Ethnicity data protocols for the health and disability sector. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health.
- Ministry of Health. (2008). A portrait of health. Key results of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
- Ministry of Health. (2012). New Zealand Health Survey methodology report. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
- Ministry of Health. (2016). Annual update of key results 2015/16: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
- Pachter, L. M., & Coll, C. G. (2009). Racism and child health: A review of the literature and future directions. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(3), 255–263. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19525720
- Paine, S. J., Harris, R., Stanley, J., & Cormack, D. (2018). Caregiver experiences of racism and child healthcare utilisation: Cross-sectional analysis from New Zealand. Archives of Disease in Childhood, Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29572220
- Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Tehranifar, P. (2010). Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1_suppl), S28–S40. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/
- Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Stevens, M., & Bailie, R. (2012). Exploring relationships between racism, housing and child illness in remote indigenous communities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(5), 440–447. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118951
- Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Trenerry, B., Truong, M., Karlsen, S., & Kelly, Y. (2013). A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Social Science & Medicine, 95, 115–127. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953612007927
- Priest, N., Perry, R., Ferdinand., A, Kelaher., M, & Paradies., Y. (2017). Effects over time of self-reported direct and vicarious racial discrimination on depressive symptoms and loneliness among Australian school students. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 50. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1216-3
- Raat, H., Botterweck, A., Landgraf, J., Hoogeveen, W., & Essink-Bot, M. (2005). Reliability and validity of the short form of the child health questionnaire for parents (CHQ-PF28) in large random school based and general population samples. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(1), 75–82. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1763365/
- Salmond, C., Crampton, P., & Atkinson, J. (2007). NZDep2006 index of deprivation. Wellington: Department of Public Health, University of Otago.
- Schwarzer, G. (2016). Meta: General package for meta-analysis. R package version 4.4-0. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=meta.
- Shepherd, C. C. J., Li, J., Cooper, M. N., Hopkins, K. D., & Farrant, B. M. (2017). The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian indigenous children aged 5–10 years: Analysis of national longitudinal data. [journal article]. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 116.
- Simpson, J., Duncanson, M., Oben, G., Adams, J., Wicken, A., Pierson, M., … Gallagher, S. (2017). Te Ohonga Ake - The health of Māori children and young people in New Zealand series two. Dunedin, New Zealand: New Zealand Child and Youth Epidemiology Service, University of Otago.
- Simpson, J., Duncanson, M., Oben, G., Wicken, A., & Gallagher, S. (2016). Child Poverty Monitor 2016 Technical Report. Dunedin, New Zealand
- Superu (Social Policy Evaluation and Research Unit). (2015). Demographic overveiw of families in NZ. Retrieved from http://www.superu.govt.nz/sites/default/files/Families%20and%20Whanau%20Demographic.pdf
- Teevale, T., Denny, S., Percival, T., & Fleming, T. (2013). Pacific secondary school students’ access to primary health care in New Zealand. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 126(1375), 58–68. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23824025
- Thakur, N., Barcelo, N. E., Borrell, L. N., Singh, S., Eng, C., Davis, A., … Burchard, E. G. (2017). Perceived discrimination associated with asthma and related outcomes in minority youth. Chest, 151(4), 804–812.
- Thayer, Z. M., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2015). Ethnic discrimination predicts poor self-rated health and cortisol in pregnancy: Insights from New Zealand. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 36–42. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615000040
- United Nations General Assembly. (1990). Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, NY: United Nations.
- United Nations General Assembly. (2007). United nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples: Resolution/adopted by the General Assembly, 2 October 2007. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/471355a82.html
- van Dijk, T. (1993). Elite discourse and racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
- Wang, R., Lagakos, S. W., Ware, J. H., Hunter, D. J., & Drazen, J. M. (2007). Statistics in medicine–Reporting of subgroup analyses in clinical trials. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(21), 2189–2194. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032770
- Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2013). Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. The American Behavioral Scientist, 57(8). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3863357/