Working ‘upstream’ to reduce social inequalities in health: a qualitative study of how partners in an applied health research collaboration interpret the metaphor

References

• Acheson, D. (1998). Independent inquiry into inequalities in health report. The Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• Babbel, B., Mackenzie, M., Hastings, A., & Watt, G. (2017). How do general practitioners understand health inequalities and do their professional roles offer scope for mitigation? Constructions derived from the deep end of primary care. Critical Public Health, 29(2), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2017.1418499
   Google Scholar
• Blackman, T., Elliott, E., Greene, A., Harrington, B., Hunter, D., Marks, L., McKee, L., Smith, K., & Williams, G. (2009). Tackling health inequalities in post-devolution Britain: Do targets matter? Public Administration, 87(4), 762–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01782.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brassolotto, J., Raphael, D., & Baldeo, N. (2014). Epistemological barriers to addressing the social determinants of health among public health professionals in Ontario, Canada: A qualitative inquiry. Critical Public Health, 24(3), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2013.820256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr, V. (2015). An introduction to social constructionism. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, G., & Whitehead, M. (1993). Tackling inequalities in health: What can we learn from what has been tried? Working paper prepared for the King’s Fund International Seminar on Tackling Inequalities in Health, King’s Fund, Ditchley Park, Oxfordshire.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Social Security. (1980). Inequalities in Health: Report of a Research Working Group (The Black Report). London: Department of Health and Social Security.
   Google Scholar
• Exworthy, M., Berney, L., & Powell, M. (2002). ‘How great expectations in Westminster may be dashed locally’: The local implementation of national policy on health inequalities. Policy and Politics, 30(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1332/0305573022501584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentner, D., & Gentner, D. R. (1983). Flowing waters or teeming crowds: Mental models of electricity. In D. Gentner & A. L. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (pp. 99–129). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Hankivsky, O., & Christoffersen, A. (2008). Intersectionality and the determinants of health: A Canadian perspective. Critical Public Health, 18(3), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581590802294296
   Google Scholar
• Herrick, C., & Bell, K. (2020). Concepts, disciplines and politics: On ‘structural violence’and the ‘social determinants of health’. Critical Public Health, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020.1810637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Krieger, N. (2008). Proximal, distal, and the politics of causation: What’s level got to do with it? American Journal of Public Health, 98(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger, N., Dorling, D., & McCartney, G. (2012). Mapping injustice, visualizing equity: Why theory, metaphors and images matter in tackling inequalities. Public Health, 126(3), 256–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.01.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg, O. (2020). Next steps in the development of the social determinants of health approach: The need for a new narrative. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 48(5), 473–479. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494819894789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, M., Hastings, A., Babbel, B., Simpson, S., & Watt, G. (2017). Tackling and mitigating health inequalities - Policymakers and practitioners ‘talk and draw’ their theories. Social Policy & Administration, 51(1), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, M., Skivington, K., & Fergie, G. (2020). “The state they’re in”: Unpicking fantasy paradigms of health improvement interventions as tools for addressing health inequalities. Social Science & Medicine, 256(113047). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113047
   Google Scholar
• Marmot, M., Allen, J., Goldblatt, P., Boyce, T., McNeish, D., Grady, M., & Geddes, I. (2010). Fair society, healthy lives: strategic review of health inequalities in England post 2010. University College London. https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/projects/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review/fair-society-healthy-lives-executive-summary.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Marmot, M., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A., & Taylor, S. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. The Lancet, 372(9650), 1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, L., Shyleyko, R., Nicholson, C., Beanlands, H., & McLaren, L. (2013). Perceptions of the social determinants of health by two groups more and less affiliated with public health in Canada. BMC Research Notes, 6(247), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-247
   Google Scholar
• McKinlay, J. (1979). A case for refocusing upstream: The political economy of illness. In E. G. Jaco (Ed.), Patients, physicians, and illness (3rd ed., pp. 9–25). Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• McMahon, N. E. (in press). Framing action to reduce health inequalities: What is argued for through use of the ‘upstream-downstream’ metaphor? Journal of Public Health.
   Google Scholar
• Mead, R., Thurston, M., & Bloyce, D. (2020). From public issues to personal troubles: Individualising social inequalities in health within local public health partnerships. Critical Public Health, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020.1763916
   Google Scholar
• Orton, L. C., Lloyd-Williams, F., Taylor-Robinson, D. C., Moonan, M., O’Flaherty, M., & Capewell, S. (2011). Prioritising public health: A qualitative study of decision making to reduce health inequalities. BMC Public Health, 11(821), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael, D. (2011). A discourse analysis of the social determinants of health. Critical Public Health, 21(2), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2010.485606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semino, E. (2008). Metaphor in discourse. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sniehotta, F. F., Araújo-Soares, V., Brown, J., Kelly, M. P., Michie, S., & West, R. (2017). Complex systems and individual-level approaches to population health: A false dichotomy? The Lancet Public Health, 2(9), e396–e397. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30167-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel, J. M., Breilh, J., & Yassi, A. (2015). Why language matters: Insights and challenges in applying a social determination of health approach in a North-South collaborative research program. Globalization and Health, 11(9), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-015-0091-2
   Google Scholar
• Thibodeau, P. H., & Boroditsky, L. (2011). Metaphors we think with: The role of metaphor in reasoning. PloS One, 6(2), e16782. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willig, C. (2013). Foucauldian discourse analysis. In Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3rd ed., pp. 378–420). McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar