174
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Papers

“We’re open to all”: The paradox of diversity in the U.S.-based free fitness movement

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon &
Pages 253-266 | Received 06 Jan 2021, Accepted 19 Oct 2021, Published online: 23 Nov 2021

References

  • Adams, M. L., Baxter, K., Booth, D., Bunds, K. S., Giardina, M. D., Clark, M., … McDonald, M. G. (2020). Sport, physical culture, and the moving body: Materialisms, technologies, ecologies. Rutgers University Press.
  • Anderson, W. K. (2021). Rebirthing a nation: White women, identity politics, and the Internet. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
  • Bassett‐Jones, N. (2005). The paradox of diversity management, creativity and innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(2), 169–1s75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.00337.x
  • Bendick, M., Jr. (2008, October). Measure inclusion, not diversity. In Society for human resource management national diversity conference. Society for Human Resource Management
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Bustad, J. J., & Clift, B. C. (2017). Community and physical culture. In Silk, M. L., Andrews, D. L., & Thorpe, H. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of physical cultural studies (pp. 412-422). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315745664
  • Byrne, J., & Wolch, J. (2009). Nature, race, and parks: Past research and future directions for geographic research. Progress in Human Geography, 33(6), 743–765. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132509103156
  • Carter, A., & Alexander, A. C. (2020). A qualitative exploration of womens’ experiences who belong to a “fitness community”. American Journal of Health Education, 51(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2019.1687365
  • Cattell, V., Dines, N., Gesler, W., & Curtis, S. (2008). Mingling, observing, and lingering: Everyday public spaces and their implications for well-being and social relations. Health & Place, 14(3), 544–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.10.007
  • Denton, E. G., Green, P., Newman, J., Siqin, Y., Davidson, K. W., & Schwartz, J. (2014). The benefits of neighborhood racial diversity: Neighborhood factors and its association with increased physical activity in ACS patients. International Journal of Cardiology, 173(3), 517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.046
  • Dutta, M. J. (2008). Communicating health: A culture-centered approach. Polity.
  • Dutt-Ballerstadt, R. (2021). Racist algebra of abjection: A template of racial violence. In Roth, K., & Ritter, Z. (Eds.), Whiteness, power, and resisting change in US higher education (pp. 229-239). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ferdman, B. M. (2017). Paradoxes of inclusion: Understanding and managing the tensions of diversity and multiculturalism. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(2), 235–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886317702608
  • Floyd, M. F., Spengler, J. O., Maddock, J. E., Gobster, P. H., & Suau, L. J. (2008). Park-based physical activity in diverse communities of two US cities: An observational study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.009
  • Friedman, G. (2020). Here’s what companies are promising to do to fight racism. New York Times. New York Times Company. https://www.nytimes.com/article/companies-racism-george-floyd-protests.html
  • Friedman, M. T., & Van Ingen, C. (2011). Bodies in space: Spatializing physical cultural studies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 28(1), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.28.1.85
  • Goodwill Industries. (n.d.) Diversity and inclusion commitment. https://www.goodwillvalleys.com/diversityandinclusion/
  • Hackett, J. D., & Hogg, M. A. (2014). The diversity paradox: When people who value diversity surround themselves with like‐minded others. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(6), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12233
  • Horgan, M., Liinamaa, S., Dakin, A., Meligrana, S., & Xu, M. (2020). A shared everyday ethic of public sociability: Outdoor public ice rinks as spaces for encounter. Urban Planning, 5(4), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i4.3430
  • Jenkins, J. J. (2014). A “community” of discipline: The paradox of diversity within an intercultural church. Western Journal of Communication, 78(2), 134–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2013.845793
  • Khasnabis, C., Motsch, K. H., Achu, K., Al Jubah, K., Brodtkorb, S., Chervin, P., … Lander, T. (2010). Health promotion. In Community-based rehabilitation: CBR guidelines. World Health Organization.
  • Kostrzewska, M. (2017, October). Activating public space: How to promote physical activity in urban environment. In IOP conference series: materials science and engineering (Vol. 245, No. 5, p. 052074). IOP Publishing.
  • Lee, K. J., & Scott, D. (2016). Bourdieu and African Americans’ park visitation: The case of cedar hill state park in Texas. Leisure Sciences, 38(5), 424–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1127188
  • Madison, D. S. (2011). Critical ethnography: Method, ethics, and performance. Sage Publications.
  • McGee, M. C. (1980). The “ideograph”: A link between rhetoric and ideology. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 66(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638009383499
  • Mowen, A., Orsega-Smith, E., Payne, L., Ainsworth, B., & Godbey, G. (2007). The role of park proximity and social support in shaping park visitation, physical activity, and perceived health among older adults. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 4(2), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.4.2.167
  • Norwood, C. (2021). Racial bias trainings surged after George Floyd’s death. A year later, experts are still waiting for ‘bold’ change. NewsHour Productions https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/racial-bias-trainings-surged-after-george-floyds-death-a-year-later-experts-are-still-waiting-for-bold-change
  • Ray, R. (2014). An intersectional analysis to explaining a lack of physical activity among middle class black women. Sociology Compass, 8(6), 780–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12172
  • Ray, R. (2017). Black people don’t exercise in my neighborhood: Perceived racial composition and leisure-time physical activity among middle class blacks and whites. Social Science Research, 66, 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.03.008
  • Rieder, B. (2016). Big data and the paradox of diversity. Digital Culture & Society, 2(2), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2016-0204
  • Rodriguez, A. (2020). Reimagining diversity: Moving from A multicultural perspective to an ecological perspective. Tamara Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry, 18(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.7206/tamara.1532-5555.6
  • Rodriguez, J., & Freeman, K. J. (2016). ‘Your focus on race is narrow and exclusive’: The derailment of anti-racist work through discourses of intersectionality and diversity. Whiteness and Education, 1(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/23793406.2016.1162193
  • Salvo, G., Lashewicz, B. M., Doyle-Baker, P. K., & McCormack, G. R. (2018). Neighbourhood built environment influences on physical activity among adults: A systematized review of qualitative evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050897
  • Shore, L. M., Cleveland, J. N., & Sanchez, D. (2018). Inclusive workplaces: A review and model. Human Resource Management Review, 28(2), 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.003
  • Stassen, H. M., & Bates, B. R. (2020). Renewing vows: A diachronic analysis of as ideograph. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 21(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/17459435.2019.1708783
  • The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2021, January). Executive order on advancing racial equity and support for underserved communities through the federal government. [ Press release]. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-advancing-racial-equity-and-support-for-underserved-communities-through-the-federal-government/
  • Townley, G., Kloos, B., Green, E. P., & Franco, M. M. (2011). Reconcilable differences? Human diversity, cultural relativity, and sense of community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(1–2), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9379-9

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.