Effect of Herbivore Density, Timing of Attack and Plant Community on Performance of Creeping Thistle Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae)

References

• Ang , B.N. , Kok , L.T. , Holtzman , G.I. and Wolf , D.D. 1985 . Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] response to density of Cassida rubiginosa MuÈller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and plant competition . Biological Control , 5 : 31 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Bacher , S. , Heitzmann , A. and Nentwig , W. 1997 . ProblemunkraÈuter in oÈkologischen Ausgleichs¯ aÈchen im Ackerbau . Agrarforschung , 4 : 65 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawley , M.J. 1983 . Herbivory: The Dynamics of Animal-Plant Interactions , Oxford : Blackwell Science .
   Google Scholar
• Crawley , M.J. 1997 . “ Plant-herbivore dynamics ” . In Plant Ecology, , 2nd edn , Edited by: Crawley , M.J. 401 – 474 . Oxford : Blackwell Science .
   Google Scholar
• Dock-Gustavsson , A. 1997 . Growth and regenerative capacity of plants of Cirsium arvense . Weed Research , 37 : 229 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdoun , A.M. 1972 . Regenerative capacity of root fragments of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop . Weed Research , 12 : 128 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Handel , E. 1967 . Determination of fructose and fructose-yielding carbohydrates with cold anthrone . Analytical Biochemistry , 19 : 193 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaÈni , F.J. , Boller , E.F. and Keller , S. 1998 . “ Natural regulation at the farm level ” . In Enhancing Biological Control: Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural Pests , Edited by: Pickett , C.H. and Bugg , R.L. 161 – 210 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Holm , L.G. , Plucknett , D.L. , Pancho , J.V. and Herberger , J.P. 1977 . The World's Worst Weeds , Honolulu : University of Hawaii .
   Google Scholar
• McAllister , R.S. and Haderlie , L.C. 1985 . Seasonal variations in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) root bud growth and root carbohydrate reserves . Weed Science , 33 : 44 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MuÈller-Ferch , G. and Mouci , M. 1995 . Ein¯ uss der Mahd auf die ReservestoVe und den Insektenbestand von AckerkraÈutern . AgraroÈkologie , 14 : 1 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Nentwig , W. 1998 . “ Weedy plant species and their beneficial arthropods: potential for manipulation in field crops ” . In Enhancing Biological Control: Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural Pests , Edited by: Pickett , C.H. and Bugg , R.L. 49 – 72 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Otzen , D. and Koridon , A.H. 1970 . Seasonal ¯ uctuation of organic food reserves in underground parts of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Tussilago farfara L . Acta Botanica Neerlandica , 19 : 495 – 502 .
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder , D. , MuÈller-SchaÈrer , H. and Stinson , C.S.A. 1993 . A European weed survey in 10 major crop systems to identify targets for biological control of weeds . Weed Research , 33 : 449 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab , F. 1998 . “ Kann das Verunkrautungspotential der Ackerkratzdistel in oÈkologischen Ausgleichs¯ aÈchen durch eine einheimische Insektenart eingeschraÈnkt werden? ” . Switzerland : University of Bern . Unpublished diploma thesis, (in German)
   Google Scholar
• Sokal , R.R. and Rohlf , F.J. 1995 . Biostatistical Analysis, , 3rd edn , New York : Freeman & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Systat for Windows . 1997 . Statistics, Version 7 Edition , Chicago : SPSS, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , R.H. and Pienkowski , R.L. 1978 . Mortality and parasitism of Cassida rubiginosa, a thistle-feeding shield beetle accidentally introduced into North America . Environmental Entomology , 7 : 536 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar