The Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Control of Termites

References

• ALMEIDA , J.E.M. , ALVES , S.B. and PEREIRA , R.M. 1997 . Selection of Beauveria spp. isolates for control of the termite Heterotermes ternis (Hagen, 1858) . Journal of Applied Entomology , 121 : 539 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AS3660 . 1996 . Protection of buildings from subterranean termites-Prevention, detection and treatment of infestation , Australian Standard AS3660-1993 74 Homebush , NSW : Standards Australia .
   Google Scholar
• BAO , L.L. and YENDOL , W.G. 1971 . Infection of the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) with the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill . Entomophaga , 16 : 343 – 352 .
   Google Scholar
• BEATTIE , A.J. , MACKINTOSH , J.A. , CRUSE , A. and VEAL , D.A. Defence against microorganisms in the ant Myremecia gulosa and the termite Nasutitermes exitiosus . Les Insectes Sociaux, Proc. 12th Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects . Edited by: LENOIR , A. , ARNOLD , G. and LEPAGE , M. pp. 108 Paris : Universitè Paris Nord .
   Google Scholar
• BEGUM , H.A. and JACKSON , C.W. Quantitative measurement of avoidance of entomopathogenic fungi by Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar . VIth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Abstracts . Vol. 11 , 28 August-2 September . pp. 325 Montpellier , , France
   Google Scholar
• BERCHTOLD , M. , CHATZINOTAS , A. , SCHONHUBER , W. , BRUNE , A. , AMANN , R. , HAHN , D. and KONIG , H. 1999 . Differential enumeration and in situ localization of microorganisms in the hindgut of the lower termite Mastotermes darwiniensis by hybridization with rRNA-targeted probes . Archives of Microbiology , 172 : 407 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OUCIAS , D.G. and PENDLAND , J.C. 1991 . “ Attachment of mycopathogens to cuticle: The initial event of mycoses in arthropod hosts ” . In The fungal spore and disease initiation in plants and animals , Edited by: COLE , G.T. and HOCH , H.C. 101 – 127 . New York , , USA : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• CHEN , J.-W. , LIU , B.-L. and TZENG , Y.-M. 1999 . Purification and quantification of destruxins A and B from Metarhizium anisopliae . Journal of Chromatography A, , 830 : 115 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHUNG , K.M. and LEE , C.Y. 1999 . “ Termites ” . In Urban Pest Control. A Malaysian Perspective , Edited by: LEE , C.Y. , YAP , H.H. , CHONG , N.L. and JAAL , Z. 107 – 114 . Penang : Universiti Sains Malaysia .
   Google Scholar
• COOK , J. , BRUCKART , W.L. , COULSON , J.R. , GOETTEL , M.S. , HUMBER , R.A. , LUMSDEN , R.D. , MADDOX , J.V. , McMANUS , M.L. , MOORE , L. , MEYER , S.F. , QUIMBY , P.C. , STACK , J.P. and VAUGHN , J.L. 1996 . Safety of microorganisms intended for pest and plant disease control--a framework for scientific evaluation . Biological Control , 7 : 333 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CREFFIELD , J.W. 1996 . Wood-destroying Insects. Wood Borers and Termites , 44 Collingwood , , Australia : CSIRO Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• CURTIS , A.D. and WALLER , D.A. 1997 . Problems with the interpretation of the mark-release-recapture data in subterranean termites (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) . Sociobiology , 30 : 233 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DELANTE , K.M. , GRACE , J.K. and TOME , C.H.M. 1995 . Potential use of pathogenic fungi in baits to control the Formosan subterranean termite (Isopt., Rhinotermitidae) . Journal of Applied Entomology , 119 : 429 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DILLON , R.J. and CHARNLEY , A. K. 1991 . “ The fate of fungal spores in the insect gut ” . In The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals , Edited by: COLE , G.T. and HOCH , H.C. 129 – 156 . New York , , USA : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• EcoSCIENCE . 1997 . Bio-Blast(tm) Biological Termiticide Internet published: http://www.ecoscience.com/ bioblas/bio-blas.htm.
   Google Scholar
• EVANS , T.A. , LENZ , M. and GLEESON , P.V. 1998 . Testing assumptions of mark-recapture protocols for estimating population size using Australian mound-building subterranean termites . Ecological Entomology , 3 : 139 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• FARGUES , J. , GOETTEL , M.S. and LOMER , C.J. 1997 . Effects of temperature, humidity and inoculation method on susceptibility of Schistocera gregaria to Metarhizium flavaviride . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 7 : 345 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERNANDES , P.M. 1991 . Controle microbiano de Cornitermes cumulons (Kollar 1832) utilizando Beauveria bassiana Balls. Vuill. e Metarrhizium anisopliae Metsch. Sorok , Brazil : de Sao, Pirac- icaba . PhD. ESALQ-Univ.
   Google Scholar
• FERNANDES , P.M. and ALVES , S.B. 1991 . Control of Cornitermes cumulons (Kollar 1832) (Isoptera: Termitidae) with Beauveria bassiana (bals.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. under field conditions . Annals of the Entomological Society of Brazil , 20 : 45 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• FERRON , P. 1981 . “ Pest control by the fungi Beauveria and Metarhizium ” . In Microbial Control of Pest and Plant Diseases , Edited by: BURGES , H.D. 465 – 482 . New York , , USA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• FERRON , P. , FARGUES , J. and RIBA , G. 1991 . “ Fungi as microbial insecticides against pests ” . In Handbook of Applied Mycology. Volume 2: Humans, Animals and Insects , Edited by: ARORA , D.K. , AJELLO , L. and MUKERJI , K.G. Volume 2 , 665 – 706 . New York , , USA : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• FORSCHLER , B.T. and TOWNSEND , M.L. 1996 . Mark-release-recapture estimates of Reticulitermes spp. (lsoptera: Rhinotermitidae) colony foraging populations from Georgia, USA . Environmental Entomology , 25 : 952 – 962 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRENCH , J.R.J. Baiting techniques for control of coptotermes species within existing buildings in Australia . Proc. of the Symposium on current research on Wood-Destroying Organisms and Future Prospects for Protecting Wood Use . September 13 1989 . pp. 46 – 50 . Bend , Oregon USDA-FS General Technical Report PSW-128
   Google Scholar
• FRENCH , J.R.J. , AHMED , B. and EWART , D. 1995 . Bait box technique for remedial subterranean termite control , 14 The International Research Group of Wood Preservation . Document #IRG/WP/95-10115
   Google Scholar
• GLARE , T.R. and MILNER , R.J. 1991 . “ Ecology of entomopathogenic fungi ” . In Handbook of Applied Mycology. Volume 2: Humans. Animals and Insects , Edited by: ARORA , D.K. , AJELLO , L. and MUKERJI , K.G. Volume 2 , 547 – 612 . New York , , USA : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• GOETTEL , M.S. 1992 . “ Fungal agents for biocontrol ” . In Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers , Edited by: LOMER , C.J. and PRIOR , C. 122 – 132 . Oxon , , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• GOETTEL , M.S. , POPRAWSKI , T.J. , VANDENBERG , J.D. , Li , Z. and ROBERTS , D.W. 1990 . “ Safety to nontarget invertebrates of fungal biocontrol agents ” . In Safety of Microbial Insecticides , Edited by: LAIRD , M. , LACEY , L. A. and DAVIDSON , E.W. 209 – 232 . Boca Raton, FL , , USA : CRC Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• GRACE , J.K. 1994a . “ Wood preservatives and insect pathogens as tools for subterranean termite control ” . In Les Insectes Sociaux, Proc. 12th Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects , Edited by: LENOIR , A. , ARNOLD , G. and LEPAGE , M. 258 Paris , , France : Universitèé Paris Nord .
   Google Scholar
• GRACE , J.K. 1994b . Protocol for testing effects of microbial pest control agents on nontarget subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) . Journal of Economic Entomology , 87 : 269 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRACE , J.K. 1997 . Biological control strategies for suppression of termites . Journal of Agricultural Entomology , 14 : 281 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• GRACE , J.K. , TOME , C.H.M. , SHELTON , T.G. , OSHIRO , RJ. and YATES , J.R. 1996a . Baiting studies and considerations with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Hawaii . Sociobiology , 28 : 511 – 520 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRACE , J.K. , YATES , J.R. , TOME , C.H.M. and OSHIRO , R.J. 1996b . Termite-resistant construction: use of a stainless steel mesh to exclude Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) . Sociobiology , 28 : 65 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRACE , J.K. and ZOBERI , M.H. 1992 . Experimental evidence for transmission of Beauveria bassiana by Reticulitermes flavipes workers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) . Sociobiology , 20 : 23 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUNNER , H.B. , KANE , J. and DUAN , H. Biological Control of Termites . PCT Patent Application #WO94/04034 . 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• HANEL , H. 1981 . A bioassay for measuring the virulence of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. (Fungi, Imperfecti) against the termite Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) (Isoptera, Termitidae) . Zeitschrift Angew Entomologia , 92 : 9 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANEL , H. 1982a . Selection of a fungus species suitable for the biological control of the termite Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) . Zeitschrift Angew Entomologia , 94 : 237 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANEL , H. 1982b . The life cycle of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in the termite Nasutitermes exitiosus . Mycopathologia , 80 : 137 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HÄNEL , H. and WATSON , J.A.L. 1983 . Preliminary field tests on the use of Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Nasutitemes exitiosus (Hill) (Isoptera: Termitidae) . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 73 : 305 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLT , J.A. 1998 . Microbial activity in the mounds of some Australian termites . Applied Soil Ecology , 9 : 183 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INGLIS , G.D. , JOHNSON , D.L. , CHENG , K.-L. and GOETTEL , M.S. 1997 . Use of pathogen combinations to overcome the constraints of temperature on entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes against grasshoppers . Biological Control , 8 : 143 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INGLIS , G.D. , JOHNSON , D.L. and GOETTEL , M.S. 1996 . Effects of temperature and thermoregulation on mycosis by Beauveria bassiana in grasshoppers . Biological Control , 7 : 131 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JEGOROV , A. , KADLEC , Z. , NOVÁK , J. , MATHA , V. , SEDMERA , P. , TRlSKA , J. and ZAHRADNlCKOVÁ , H. Are the depsipeptides of Beauveria brongniartii involved in the entomopathogenic process? . Proc. Int. Corf, on Biopesticides, Theory and Practice . Edited by: JEGOROV , A. and MATHA , V. 25-28 September . pp. 71 – 81 . Czechoslovakia : Ceské Budejovice . 1989
   Google Scholar
• JEGOROV , A. , MATHA , V. and ROBERTS , D.W. Destruxins from Metarhizium anisopliae . Proc. Int. Conf. on Biopesticides. Theory and Practice . Edited by: JEGOROV , A. and MATHA , V. 25-28 September . pp. 64 – 70 . Czechoslovakia : Ceské Budejovice . 1989
   Google Scholar
• JOHNSON , G.C. , THORNTON , J.D. and NGUYEN , N.K. 1996 . An in-ground natural durability field test of Australian timbers and exotic reference species. 11. Results after more than 25 years exposure . Material und Organismen , 30 : 219 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• JONES , W.E. , GRACE , J.K. and TAMASHIRO , M. 1996 . Virulence of seven isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) . Environmental Entomology , 25 : 481 – 487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAIJIANG , L. and ROBERTS , D.W. 1986 . The production of destruxins by the entomogenous fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae var. major . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 47 : 120 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARD , B.M. and MALLETTE , E.J. 1997 . Resistance of six wood products used in panelling to Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) . Journal of Economic Entomology , 90 : 178 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KHAN , K. 1991 . Mycopathogens for biological control of Odonotermes brunneus (Hagen) . J. Biological Control , 5 : 32 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• KISTNER , D.H. 1996 . Summary of the North American termite biology and control conference . Sociobiology , 28 : 531 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko , W.H. , FUJII , J.K. and KANEGAWA , K.M. 1982 . The nature of soil pernicious to Coptotermes formosanus . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 39 : 38 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRAMM , K.R. and WEST , D.F. 1982 . Termite pathogens: Effects of ingested Metarhizium, Beauveria and Gliocladium conidia on worker termites (Reticulitermes sp.) . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 40 : 7 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRAMM , K.R. , WEST , D.F. and ROCKENBACK , P.G. 1982 . Termite pathogens: transfer of the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae between Reticulitermes sp. termites . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 40 : 1 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRASNOFF , S.B. and GIBSON , D.M. 1996 . New destruxins from the entomopathogenic fungus Aschersonia sp . Journal of Natural Products , 59 : 485 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRUEGER , S.R. , DUAN , H. , RATH , A.C. and ROTRAMEL , G.L. Development of Bio-Blast Biological Termiticide . Society for Invertebrate Pathology 28th Annual Meeting, Program and Abstracts Cornell University . July 16 1995 , Ithaca , NY . pp. 35
   Google Scholar
• LAI , P.Y. 1977 . Biology and ecology of Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and its susceptibility to the entomogenous fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae , USA : University of Hawaii . PhD Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• LAI , P.Y. , TAMASHIRO , M. and FUJII , J.K. 1982 . Pathogenicity of six strains of entomogenous fungi to Coptotermes formosanus . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 39 : 1 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LENZ , M. and WATSON , J.A.L. Current practices and developments in Australia for the prevention and control of termite problems in buildings . Les Insectes Sociaux, Proc. 12th Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects . Edited by: LENOIR , A. , ARNOLD , G. and LEPAGE , M. pp. 260 Paris , , France : Université Paris Nord .
   Google Scholar
• LEONG , K.L.H. 1966 . Infection of the Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki by the Fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin , USA : University of Hawaii . PhD Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• LOGAN , J.W.M. , COWIE , R.H. and WOOD , T.G. 1990 . Termite (Isoptera) control in agriculture and forestry y non-chemical methods: a review . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 80 : 309 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOUTELIER , C. , CHERTON , J.C. , LANGE , C. , TRARIS , M. and VEY , A. 1996 . Dynamics of the production of destruxins by Metarhizium anisopliae-direct high-performance liquid Chromatographie and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analysis correlated with biological activity tests . Journal of Chromatography , 738 : 181 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCAMMON , S.A. and RATH , A.C. 1994 . Separation of Metarhizium anisopliae strains by temperature dependent germination rates . Mycological Research , 98 : 1253 – 1257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoY , C.W. , SAMSON , R.A. and BOUCIAS , D.G. 1988 . “ Entomogenous fungi ” . In CRC Handbook of Natural Pesticides , Edited by: IGNOFFO , C.M. 151 – 236 . Boca Raton, FL , , USA : CRC Press Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• MILNER , R.J. Recent progress with Metarhizium anisopliae for pest control in Australia . Proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific Conference of Entomology (APCE) . November 8-13 1989 . pp. 56 – 64 . Chiang Mai , , Thailand
   Google Scholar
• MILNER , R.J. and STAPLES , J.A. 1996 . Biological control of termites-results and experiences within a CSIRO project in Australia . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 6 : 3 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILNER , R.J. , STAPLES , J.A. , HARTLEY , T.R. , LUTTON , G.G. , DRIVER , F. and WATSON , W.A.L. 1998a . Occurrence of Metarhizium anisopliae in nests and feeding sites of Australian termites . Mycological Research , 102 : 216 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• MILNER , R.J. , STAPLE , J.A. , LENZ , M. , LUTTON , G.G. and McRAE , C.F. Insect pest control . US Patent #5 , 595,746 . 1997a .
   Google Scholar
• MILNER , R.J. , STAPLES , J.A. and LUTTON , G.G. 1997b . The effect of humidity on germination and infection of termites by the Hyphomycete, Metarhizium anisopliae . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 69 : 64 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILNER , R.J. , STAPLES , J.A. and LUTTON , G.G. 1998b . The selection of an isolate of the Hyphomycete fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae for control of termites in Australia . Biological Control , 3 : 240 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• MOORHOUSE , E.R. , GILLESPIE , A.T. and CHARNLEY , A.K. 1993 . Application of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Son Conidia to control Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) larvae on glasshouse pot plants . Annals of Applied Biology , 122 : 623 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MYLES , T.G. 1994 . “ Environmentally-friendly, groomable coatings for control of termites and other social insects ” . In Les Insectes Sociaux, Proc. 12th Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects , Edited by: LENOIR , A. , ARNOLD , G. and LEPAGE , M. 262 Paris , , France : Université Paris Nord .
   Google Scholar
• MYLES , T.G. 1996 . Development and evaluation of a transmissible coating for control of subterranean termites . Sociobiology , 28 : 373 – 457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NASR , F.N. and MOEIN , S.I.M. 1997 . New trend of the use of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sokorin and Verticillium indicum (Fetch) Gams as entomopathogens to the termite Cryptotermes Brevis (Walker) Isoptera, Kalotermitidae) . Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz , 70 : 13 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• ORKIN EXTERMINATING COMPANY, INC . 2000 . Termite facts for homeowners Internet published: http:// www.orkin.com/page4.html.
   Google Scholar
• PARAGON PRODUCTS . 1996 . Introducing Bio-Blast(tm) Biological Termiticide (brochure) , Memphis, TN , , USA : Paragon Professional Pest Control Products .
   Google Scholar
• PAWSON , B.M. and GOLD , R.E. 1996 . Evaluation of baits for termites (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) in Texas . Sociobiology , 28 : 485 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RATH , A.C. 1995 . Termite eats fungus--fungus eats termite . Pest Control , 63 : 42 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• RATH , A.C. , ANDERSON , G.C. , WORLEDGE , D. and KOEN , T.B. 1995a . The effect of low temperatures on the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae (DAT F-001) to the subterranean scarab, Adoryphorus couloni . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 65 : 186 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RATH , A.C. and TIDBURY , C.A. 1996 . Suceptibility of Coptotermes acinaciformis (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) and Nasutitermes exitiosus (Isoptera, Termitidae) to two commercial isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae . Sociobiology , 28 : 67 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RATH , A.C. , WORLEDGE , D. , KOEN , T.B. and ROWE , B.A. 1995b . Long-term field efficacy of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against the subterranean scarab, Adoryphorus couloni . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 5 : 439 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBERTS , D.W. and HUMBER , R.A. Entomopathogenic Fungi . Infection Processes of Fungi, A Bellagio Conference . March 21-25 1983 . Edited by: ROBERTS , D.W. and AIST , J.R. pp. 1 – 12 . New York , , USA : The Rockefeller Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• ROSENGAUS , R.B. , GULDIN , M.R. and TRANIELLO , J.F.A. 1998a . Inhibitory effect of termite fecal pellets on ungal spore germination . Journal of Chemical Ecology , 10 : 1697 – 1706 .
   Google Scholar
• ROSENGAUS , R.B. , JORDAN , C. , LEFEBVRE , M.L. and TRANIELLO , J.F.A. 1999 . Pathogen alarm behavior in a ermite: a new form of communication in social insects . Naturwissenschaften , 86 : 544 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSENGAUS , R.B. , MAXMEN , A.B. , COATES , L.E. and TRANIELLO , J.F.A. 1998b . Disease resistance: a benefit of sociality in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis augusticollis (Isoptera: Termopsidae) . Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology , 44 : 125 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSENGAUS , R.B. and TRANIELO , J.F.A. 1993 . Disease risk as a cost of outbreeding in the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis . Proceedings of National Academy Sciences of the United States of America , 90 : 6641 – 6645 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSENGAUS , R.B. and TRANIELLO , J.F.A. 1994 . “ Pathogens and termite population biology ” . In Les Insectes Sociaux, Proc. 12th Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects , Edited by: LENOIR , A. , ARNOLD , G. and LEPAGE , M. 189 Paris , , France : Universitè Paris Nord .
   Google Scholar
• ROSENGAUS , R.B. and TRANIELLO , J.F.A. 1997 . Pathobiology and disease transmission in Dampwood Termites [Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera: Termopsidae)] infected with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Deueromycotina: Hypmycetes) . Sociobiology , 30 : 185 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSENGAUS , R.B. , TRANIELLO , J.F.A. , CHEN , T. , BROWN , J.J. and KARP , R.D. 1999 . Immunity in a social insect . Naturwissenschaften , 86 : 588 – 591 .
   Google Scholar
• SAIK , J.E. , LACEY , L.A. and LACEY , C.M. 1990 . “ Safety of microbial insecticides to vertebrates-domestic animals and wildlife ” . In Safety of Microbial Insecticides , Edited by: LAIRD , M. , LACEY , L.A. and DAVIDSON , E.W. 115 – 132 . Boca Raton, FL , , USA : CRC Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• SANNASI , A. 1969a . Studies of an insect mycosis I. Histopathology of the integument of the infected queen of the mound-building termite Odontotermes obesus . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 13 : 4 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANNASI , A. 1969b . Studies of an insect mycosis II. Biochemical changes in the blood of the queen of the mound-building termite Odontotermes obesus accompanying fungal infection . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 13 : 11 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STAPLES , J. and MILNER , R.J. Metarhizium anisopliae as a mycotermiticide--laboratory behavioural bioassay . Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment . Edited by: WILDEY , K.B. 7-10 July . pp. 493 Edinburgh , , UK : Heriot-Watt University .
   Google Scholar
• STRACK , B.H. 2000 . Biological control of termites by the fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae , University of Toronto . MSc Thesis summary, http://www.utoronto.ca/forest/termite/metarni_l.htm
   Google Scholar
• Su , N.-Y. 1994 . Field evaluation of a hexaflumuron bait for population suppression of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) . Journal of Economic Entomology , 87 : 389 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su , N.-Y. and SCHEFFRAHN , R.H. 1988 . Foraging population and territory of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in an urban environment . Sociobiology , 14 : 353 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su , N.-Y. , SCHEFFRAHN , R.H. and BAN , P.M. 1991 . Uniform size particle barrier a physical exclusion device against subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) . Journal of Economic Entomology , 84 : 912 – 916 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su , N.-Y. , SCHEFFRAHN , R.H. and BAN , P.M. 1995 . Effects of sulfluramid-treated bait blocks on field colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) . Journal of Economic Entomology , 88 : 1343 – 1348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THORNE , B.L. , RUSSEKCOHEN , E. , FORSCHLER , B.T. , BREISCH , N.L. and TRANIELLO , J.F.A. 1996 . Evaluation of mark-release-recapture methods for estimating forager population size of subterranean termite (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) colonies . Environmental Entomology , 25 : 938 – 951 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VALTEROVÁ- , I. and VRKOC , J. Defensive secretion of Nasutitermes soldiers: Variation in the composition, chirality of monoterpenes . Les Insectes Sociaux, Proc. 12th Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects . Edited by: LENOIR , A. , ARNOLD , G. and LEPAGE , M. pp. 221 Paris , , France : Universitè Paris Nord .
   Google Scholar
• VERKERK , R. 1990 . Building out Termites: An Australian Manual for Environmentally Responsible Control , Leichhardt , , Australia : Pluto Press .
   Google Scholar
• WATSON , J.A.L. and GAY , F.J. 1991 . Isoptera The Insects of Australia, , 2nd edn , Edited by: NAUMANN , I.D. 330 – 347 . Melbourne , , Australia : Melbourne University Press .
   Google Scholar
• WELLS , J.D. , FUXA , J.R. and HENDERSON , G. 1995 . Virulence of four fungal pathogens to Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) . Journal of Entomological Science , 30 : 208 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISEMAN , S. and EGGLETON , P. 1994 . The Termiticide Market , Agrow report DS 88 Surrey , , UK : PJB Publications, ichmond .
   Google Scholar
• YENDOL , W.G. and PASCHKE , J.D. 1965 . Pathology of an entomophthora infection in the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 7 : 414 – 422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YIP , H.-Y. , RATH , A.C. and KOEN , T.B. 1992 . Characterization of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates from Tasmanian pasture soils and their pathogenicity to redheaded cockchafter Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Adoryphorus couloni) . Mycological Research , 96 : 92 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• YOSHIMURA , T. , TSUNODA , K. , TAKAHASHI , M. and KATSUDA , Y. 1992 . Pathogenicity of an entomogenous fungus, Conidiobolus coronatus Tyrrell and MacLeod, to Coptotermes formosunus Shibaki . Japanese Journal of Environmental Entomology and Zoology , 8 : 414 – 422 .
   Google Scholar
• ZOBERI , M.H. 1995 . Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungal pathogen of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) . Mycologia , 87 : 354 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZOBERI , M.H. and GRACE , J.K. 1990 . Isolation of the Pathogen Beauveria bassiana from Reticuliterms flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) . Sociobiology , 16 : 289 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar