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Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume 12, 2002 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Susceptibility of the Hymenopteran Parasitoids Apoanagyrus ( = Epidinocarsis ) lopezi (Encyrtidae) and Phanerotoma sp. (Braconidae) to the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes)

I. Stolz
,
P. Nagel
,
C. Lomer
&
R. Peveling
Pages 349-360 | Published online: 28 Jun 2010

  • ALVES , S.B. , MARCHINI , L.C. , PEREIRA , R.M. and BAUMORATZ , L.L. Effects of some insect pathogens on the Africanized honey bee. Apis mellifera L. (Hym., Apidae) . Journal of Applied Entomology , 120 559 – 564 . (19%)
  • BALL , B.V. , PYE , B.J. , CARRECK , N.L. , MOORE , D. and BATEMAN , R.P. 1994 . Laboratory testing of a mycopesticide on non-target organisms: the effects of an oil formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride applied to Apis mellifera . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 4 : 289 – 296 .
  • BARRET , K.L. , GRANDY , N. , HARRISON , E.G. , HASSAN , S.A. and OMEN , P.A. , eds. 1994 . Guidance document on regulatory testing procedures for pesticides and non-target arthropods , Results from a joint BART, EPPO/CoE and IOBC workshop in conjunction with European Standard Characteristics of Beneficial Regulatory Testing (ESCORT) and SETAC-Europe .
  • BATEMAN , R. , CAREY , M. , BATT , D. , PRIOR , C. , ABRAHAM , Y , MOORE , D. , JENKINS , N. and FENLON , J. 1994 . Screening for virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskl) . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 6 : 549 – 560 .
  • BIASSANGAMA , A. , FABRES , G. and NENON , J.P. 1988 . Parasitism e au laboratoire et au champ d'Epidinocarsis (Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hym.: Encyrtidae) auxiliaire exotique introduit au Congo pour la régulation de l'abondance de Phenacoccus manioti (Hom.: Pseudococcidae) . Entomophaga , 33 : 453 – 465 .
  • BUTT , T.M. , IBRAHIM , L. , BALL , B.V. and CLARK , S.J. 1994 . Pathogenicity of the entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against crucifer pests and the honey bee . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 4 : 207 – 214 .
  • CHERRY , A. , JENKINS , N. , HEVIEFO , G. , BATEMAN , R.P. and LOMER , C. 1999 . A West African pilot scale production plant for aerial conidia of Metarhizium sp. for use as a mycoinsecticide against locusts and grasshoppers . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 9 : 35 – 51 .
  • DANFA , A. 1997 . “ Toxicity tests with Metarhizium flavoviride (Deuteromycetes, Moniliales) on Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Pimelia senegalensis and Trachyderma hispida (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) ” . In Environmental Side-effects of Locust and Grasshopper Control , Edited by: EVERTS , J.W. , MBAYE , D. and BARRY , O. Volume 1 , 169 – 182 . Dakar, Senegal : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Plant Protection Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture .
  • DANFA , A. and VAN DER VALK , C.H.H.G. 1999 . Laboratory testing of Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria bassiana on Sahelian non-target arthropods . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 9 : 187 – 198 .
  • DRIVER , F. , MILNER , R.J. and TRUEMAN , W.H. 2000 . A taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on a phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA sequence data . Mycological Research , 104 : 135 – 151 .
  • EPA . 1996 . Microbial pesticide test guidelines-Series 885 , United States Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) .
  • FAO . 11-14 October 2000 . Evaluation of field trial data on the efficacy and selectivity of insecticides on locusts and grasshoppers , Report to FAO by the Pesticide Referee Group 11-14 October , Rome 8th meeting 1999
  • FOLEGATTI , M.E.G. and ALVES , S.B. 1987 . Interacao entre o fungo Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok., 1883 e os principals parasitoides da broca da cana de acucar, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) . Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brazil , 16 : 351 – 362 .
  • FOLEGATTI , M.E.G. , ALVES , S.B. and BOTHELO , P.S.M. 1990 . Patogenicidade do fungo Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. para pupas e adultes de Apanteles flavipes (Cam.) . Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira , 25 : 247 – 251 .
  • GOETTEL , M.S. and JOHNSON , D.L. 1992 . “ Environmental impact and safety of fungal biocontrol agents ” . In Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers , Edited by: LOMER , CJ. and PRIOR , C. 356 – 361 . Wallingford, , UK : CAB International .
  • HASSAN , S.A. , ed. 1992 . Guidelines for testing the effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms-description of test methods , IOBCIWPRS Bulletin 15 International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants-West Palearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) .
  • HASSAN , S.A. , ed. 1998 . Pesticides and beneficial organisms , IOBCIWPRS Bulletin 21 International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants-West Palearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) .
  • HARRIS , R.J. , HARCOURT , S.J. , GLARE , T.R. , ROSE , E.A.F. and NELSON , T.J. 2000 . Susceptibility of Vespula vulgaris (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) to generalist entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for wasp control . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 75 : 251 – 258 .
  • HUNTER , D.M. , MILNER , R.J. and SPURGIN , P.A. 2001 . Aerial treatment of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hypho-mycetes) . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 91 : 93 – 99 .
  • KERSHAW , M.J. , MOORHOUSE , E.R. , BATEMAN , R. , REYNOLDS , S.E. and CHARNLEY , A.K. 1999 . The role of destruxins in the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae for three species of insect . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 74 : 213 – 223 .
  • KOOYMAN , C. , BATEMAN , R.P. , LANGEWALD , J. , LOMER , C.J. , OUAMBAMA , Z. and THOMAS , M.B. 1997 . Operational-scale application of entomopathogenic fungi for control of Sahelian grasshoppers . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 264 : 541 – 546 .
  • LANGEWALD , J. and CHERRY , A. 2000 . Prospects for microbial control in West Africa . Biocontrol News and Information , 21 : 51 – 56 .
  • LANGEWALD , J. , OUAMBAMA , Z. , MAMADOU , A. , PEVELING , R. , STOLZ , I. , BATEMAN , R. , ATTIGNON , S. , BLANFORD , S. , ARTHURS , S. and LOMER , C. 1999 . Comparison of an organophosphate insecticide with a mycoinsecticide for the control of Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and other Sahelian grasshoppers in the field at operational scale . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 9 : 199 – 214 .
  • LEMA , K.M. and HERREN , H.R. 1982 . Temperature relationships of two imported natural enemies of CM , International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IlTA) Annual Report 1982 56 – 57 .
  • LOHR , B. , VARELA , A.M. and SANTOS , B. 1989 . Life table studies of pidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym.: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Matile-Ferrero) (Horn.: Pseudococcidae) . Journal of Applied Entomology , 107 : 337 – 346 .
  • LOMER , C.J. , PRIOR , C. and KOOYMAN , C. 1997 . Development of Metarhizium spp. for the biocontrol of grasshoppers and locusts . Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , 171 : 265 – 286 .
  • LOMER , C.J. , BATEMAN , R.P. , DENT , D. , DE GROOTE , H. , DOURO-KFINDOU , O.-K. , KOOYMAN , C. , LANGEWALD , J. , OUAMBAMA , Z. , PEVELING , R. and THOMAS , M. 1999 . Development of strategies for the incorporation of biological pesticides into the integrated management of locusts and grasshoppers . Agricultural andForest Entomology , 1 : 71 – 88 .
  • MAGALHU+1EA4ES , B.P , LECOQ , M. , DE FARIA , M.R. , SCHMIDT , F.G.V. and GUERRA , J.W.D. 2000 . Field trial with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridunm against bands of the grasshopper Rhammatocerus schistocercoides in Brazil . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 10 : 427 – 441 .
  • McCOY , C.W. , SAMSON , R.A. and BOUCIAS , D.G. 1988 . “ Entomogenous fungi ” . In CRC Handbook of Natural Pesticides-Volume V, Microbial Insecticides, Part A, Entomogenous Protozoa and Fungi , Edited by: IGNOFFO , C.M. 151 – 236 . Boca Raton : CRC Series in Naturally Occurring Pesticides, CRC Press .
  • MOORE , D. , REED , M. , LE PATOUREL , G. , ABRAHAM , YJ. and PRIOR , C. 1992 . Reduction of feeding by the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria after infection with Metarhizium flavoviride . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 60 : 304 – 307 .
  • NEUENSCHWANDER , P. and HAUG , T. 1992 . “ New technologies of rearing Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym.: Encyrti-dae), a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Horn.: Pseudococci-dae) ” . In Advances in Insect Rearing and Pest Management , Edited by: ANDERSON , T.A. and LEPPLA , N.C. 47 – 55 . Boulder : Westview Press .
  • PEVELING , R. and DEMBA , S.A. 1997 . Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal and toxicity of diflubenzuron, fenitrothion-esfenvalerate and profenofos-cypermethrin to non-target arthropods in Mauritania . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 32 : 69 – 79 .
  • PEVELING , R. , ATTIGNON , S. , LANGEWALD , J. and OUAMBAMA , Z. 1999 . An assessment of the impact of biological and chemical grasshopper control agents on ground-dwelling arthropods in Niger, based on presence/absence sampling . Crop Protection , 18 : 323 – 339 .
  • PPRI . 1997 . Impact of Metarhizium flavoviride spores on the African bee , Pretoria : Plant Protection Research Institute .
  • PRIOR , C. 1997 . “ Susceptibility of target acridoids and non-target organisms to Metarhizium anisopliae and M. flavoviride ” . In New Strategies in Locust Control , Edited by: KRALL , S. , PEVELING , R. and BA DIALLO , D. 369 – 375 . Basel, , Switzerland : Birkhäuser Verlag .
  • REINECKE , P. , ANDERSCH , W. , STENZEL , K. and HARTWIG , J. Bio 1020, a new microbial insecticide for use in horticultural crops . Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Pests and Diseases . pp. 49 – 54 .
  • REYES ARISTAZABAL , I.C. , BUSTILLO PARDEY , A.E. and CHAVES CORDOBA , B. 1995 . Efecto de Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae sobre el parasitoide de la broca del cafe Cephalonomia stephanoderis . Revista Colombiana del Entomologia , 21 : 299 – 304 .
  • UNRUH , T.R. and MESSING , R.H. 1993 . “ Intraspecific biodiversity in Hymenoptera: Implication of conservation and biological control ” . In Hymenoptera and Biodiversity , Edited by: LA SALLE , J. and GAULD , L.D. 27 – 52 . Wallingford, , UK : CAB International .
  • ZAR , J.H. 1999 . Biostatistical Analysis , London : Prentice Hall International .
  • REFERENCES ALVES , S.B. , MARCHINI , L.C. , PEREIRA , R.M. and BAUMORATZ , L.L. Effects of some insect pathogens on the Africanized honey bee. Apis mellifera L. (Hym., Apidae) . Journal of Applied Entomology , 120 559 – 564 . (19%)
  • BALL , B.V. , PYE , B.J. , CARRECK , N.L. , MOORE , D. and BATEMAN , R.P. 1994 . Laboratory testing of a mycopesticide on non-target organisms: the effects of an oil formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride applied to Apis mellifera . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 4 : 289 – 296 .
  • BARRET , K.L. , GRANDY , N. , HARRISON , E.G. , HASSAN , S.A. and OMEN , P.A. , eds. 1994 . Guidance document on regulatory testing procedures for pesticides and non-target arthropods , Results from a joint BART, EPPO/CoE and IOBC workshop in conjunction with European Standard Characteristics of Beneficial Regulatory Testing (ESCORT) and SETAC-Europe .
  • BATEMAN , R. , CAREY , M. , BATT , D. , PRIOR , C. , ABRAHAM , Y , MOORE , D. , JENKINS , N. and FENLON , J. 1994 . Screening for virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 6 : 549 – 560 .
  • BIASSANGAMA , A. , FABRES , G. and NENON , J.P. 1988 . Parasitisme au laboratoire et au champ d'Epidinocarsis (Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hym.: Encyrtidae) auxiliaire exotique introduit au Congo pour la régulation de l'abondance de Phenacoccus manihoti (Horn.: Pseudococcidae} . Entomophaga , 33 : 453 – 465 .
  • Ano , T.M. , IBRAHIM , L. , BALL , B.V. and CLARK , S.J. 1994 . Pathogenicity of the entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against crucifer pests and the honey bee . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 4 : 207 – 214 .
  • CHERRY , A. , JENKINS , N. , HEVIEFO , G. , BATEMAN , R.P. and LOMER , C. 1999 . A West African pilot scale production plant for aerial conidia of Metarhizium sp. for use as a mycoinsecticide against locusts and grasshoppers . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 9 : 35 – 51 .
  • DANFA , A. 1997 . “ Toxicity tests with Metarhizium flavoviride (Deuteromycetes, Moniliales) on Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Pimelia senegalensis and Trachyderma hispida (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) ” . In Environmental Side-effects of Locust and Grasshopper Control , Edited by: EVERTS , J.W. , MBAYE , D. and BARRY , O. Volume 1 , 169 – 182 . Dakar, Senegal : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Plant Protection Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture .
  • DANFA , A. and VAN DER VALK , C.H.H.G. 1999 . Laboratory testing of Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria bassiana on Sahelian non-target arthropods . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 9 : 187 – 198 .
  • DRIVER , F. , MILNER , R.J. and TRUEMAN , W.H. 2000 . A taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on a phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA sequence data . Mycological Research , 104 : 135 – 151 .
  • EPA . 1996 . Microbial pesticide test guidelines-Series 885 , United States Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) .
  • FAO . 11-14 October 2000 . Evaluation of field trial data on the efficacy and selectivity of insecticides on locusts and grasshoppers , 11-14 October , Rome : Report to FAO by the Pesticide Referee Group . 8th meeting 1999
  • FOLEOATTI , M.E.G. and ALVES , S.B. 1987 . Interacao entre o fungo Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok.,1883 e os principals parasitoides da broca da cana de acucar, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) . Arms da Sociedade Entomologica do Brazil , 16 : 351 – 362 .
  • FOLEOATTI , M.E.G. , ALVES , S.B. and BOTHELO , P.S.M. 1990 . Patogenicidade do fungo Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. para pupas e adultes de Apanteles flavipes (Cam.) . Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira , 25 : 247 – 251 .
  • GOETTEL , M.S. and JOHNSON , D.L. 1992 . “ Environmental impact and safety of fungal biocontrol agents ” . In Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers , Edited by: LoMER , CJ. and PRIOR , C. 356 – 361 . UK : CAB International,Wallingford .
  • HASSAN , S.A. , ed. 1992 . Guidelines for testing the effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms-description of test methods , IOBCIWPRS Bulletin 15 International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants-West Palearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) .
  • HASSAN , S.A. , ed. 1998 . Pesticides and beneficial organisms. International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants-West Palearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) , IOBCIWPRS Bulletin 21
  • HARRIS , R.J. , HARCOURT , S.J. , GLARE , T.R. , ROSE , E.A.F. and NELSON , T.J. 2000 . Susceptibility of Vespula vulgaris (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) to generalist entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for wasp control . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 75 : 251 – 258 .
  • HUNTER , D.M. , MILNER , R.J. and SPURGIN , P.A. 2001 . Aerial treatment of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hypho-mycetes) . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 91 : 93 – 99 .
  • KERSHAW , M.J. , MOORHOUSE , E.R. , BATEMAN , R. , REYNOLDS , S.E. and CHARNLEY , A.K. 1999 . The role of destruxins in the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae for three species of insect . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 74 : 213 – 223 .
  • KOOYMAN , C. , BATEMAN , R.P. , LANGEWALD , J. , LOMER , C.J. , OUAMBAMA , Z. and THOMAS , M.B. 1997 . Operational-scale application of entomopathogenic fungi for control of Sahelian grasshoppers . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 264 : 541 – 546 .
  • LANGEWALD , J. and CHERRY , A. 2000 . Prospects for microbial control in West Africa . Biocontrol News and Information , 21 : 51 – 56 .
  • LANGEWALD , J. , OUAMBAMA , Z. , MAMADOU , A. , PEVELING , R. , STOLZ , I. , BATEMAN , R. , ATTIGNON , S. , BLANFORD , S. , ARTHURS , S. and LOMER , C. 1999 . Comparison of an organophosphate insecticide with a mycoinsecticide for the control of Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and other Sahelian grasshoppers in the field at operational scale . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 9 : 199 – 214 .
  • LEMA , K.M. and HERREN , H.R. 1982 . Temperature relationships of two imported natural enemies of CM , International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IlTA) Annual Report 1982 56 – 57 .
  • LOHR , B. , VARELA , A.M. and SANTOS , B. 1989 . Life table studies of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym.: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Matile-Ferrero) (Horn.: Pseudococcidae) . Journal of Applied Entomology , 107 : 337 – 346 .
  • LOMER , C.J. , PRIOR , C. and KOOYMAN , C. 1997 . Development of Metarhizium spp. for the biocontrol of grasshoppers and locusts . Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , 171 : 265 – 286 .
  • LOMER , C.J. , BATEMAN , R.P. , DENT , D. , DE GROOTE , H. , DOURO-KFINDOU , O.-K. , KOOYMAN , C. , LANGEWALD , J. , OUAMBAMA , Z. , PEVEUNG , R. and THOMAS , M. 1999 . Development of strategies for the incorporation of biological pesticides into the integrated management of locusts and grasshoppers . Agricultural andForest Entomology , 1 : 71 – 88 .
  • MAGALHAES , B.P , LECOQ , M. , DE FARIA , M.R. , SCHMIDT , F.G.V. and GUERRA , J.W.D. 2000 . Field trial with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridien against bands of the grasshopper Rhammatocerus schistocercoides in Brazil . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 10 : 427 – 441 .
  • McCoY , C.W. , SAMSON , R.A. and BOUCIAS , D.G. 1988 . “ Entomogenous fungi ” . In CRC Handbook of Natural Pesticides-Volume V, Microbial Insecticides, Part A,Entomogenous Protozoa and Fungi , Edited by: GNOFFO , C.M. Volume V , 151 – 236 . Boca Raton : CRC Series in Naturally Occurring Pesticides, CRC Press .
  • MOORE , D. , REED , M. , LE PATOUREL , G. , ABRAHAM , YJ. and PRIOR , C. 1992 . Reduction of feeding by the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria after infection with Metarhizium flavoviride . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 60 : 304 – 307 .
  • NEUENSCHWANDER , P. and HAUG , T. 1992 . “ New technologies of rearing Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym.: Encyrti- dae), a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Horn.: Pseudococci- dae) ” . In Advances in Insect Rearing and Pest Management , Edited by: ANDERSON , T.A. and LEPPLA , N.C. 47 – 55 . Boulder : Westview Press .
  • PEVELING , R. and DEMBA , S.A. 1997 . Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal and toxicity of diflubenzuron, fenitrothion-esfenvalerate and profenofos-cypermethrin to non-target arthropods in Mauritania . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 32 : 69 – 79 .
  • PEVELING , R. , ATTIGNON , S. , LANGEWALD , J. and OUAMBAMA , Z. 1999 . An assessment of the impact of biological and chemical grasshopper control agents on ground-dwelling arthropods in Niger, based on presence/absence sampling . Crop Protection , 18 : 323 – 339 .
  • PPRI . 1997 . Impact of Metarhizium flavoviride spores on the African bee , Pretoria : Plant Protection Research Institute .
  • PRIOR , C. 1997 . “ Susceptibility of target acridoids and non-target organisms to Metarhizium anisopliae and M. flavoviride ” . In New Strategies in Locust Control , Edited by: KRALL , S. , PEVELING , R. and BADIALLO , D. 369 – 375 . Basel, , Switzerland : Birkhäuser Verlag .
  • REINECKE , P. , ANDERSCH , W. , STENZEL , K. and HARTWIG , J. Bio 1020, a new microbial insecticide for use in horticultural crops . Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Pests and Diseases . pp. 49 – 54 .
  • REYES ARISTAZABAL , I.C. , BUSTILLO PARDEY , A.E. and CHAVES CORDOBA , B. 1995 . Efecto de Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae sobre el parasitoide de la broca del cafe Cephalonomia stephanoderis . Revista Colombiana del Entomologia , 21 : 299 – 304 .
  • UNRUH , T.R. and MESSING , R.H. 1993 . “ Intraspecific biodiversity in Hymenoptera: Implication of conservation and biological control ” . In Hymenoptera and Biodiversity , Edited by: LA SALLE , J. and GAULD , L.D. 27 – 52 . Wallingford, , UK : CAB International .
  • ZAR , J.H. 1999 . Biostatistical Analysis , London : Prentice Hall International .

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