The detection and decay of Cry1Ab Bt-endotoxins within non-target slugs, Deroceras reticulatum (Mollusca: Pulmonata), following consumption of transgenic corn

References

• Alomar O , Wiedenmann RN , editors. 1996 . Zoophytophagous Heteroptera: Implications for Life History and Integrated Pest Management . Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Proceedings . Entomological Society of America , Lanham , , MD
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , PL , Hellmich , RL , Sears , MK , Sumerford , DV and Lewis , LC . 2004 . Effects of Cry1Ab-expressing corn anthers on monarch butterfly larvae . Environmental Entomology , 33 : 1109 – 1115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armer , CA , Berry , RE and Kogan , M . 2000 . Longevity of phytophagous heteropteran predators feeding on transgenic Btt-potato plants . Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 95 : 329 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohan , DA , Bohan , AC , Glen , DM , Symondson , WOC , Wiltshire , CW and Hughes , L . 2000 . Spatial dynamics of predation by carabid beetles on slugs . Journal of Animal Ecology , 69 : 367 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers , RA and Calvin , DD . 1994 . Economic injury levels to field corn from slug (Stylommatophora, Agrolimacidae) feeding . Journal of Economic Entomology , 87 : 1345 – 1350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder , CR , Harwood , JD and Symondson , WOC . 2005 . Detection of scavenged material in the guts of predators using monoclonal antibodies: a significant source of error in measurement of predation? . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 95 : 57 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon , RJC . 2000 . Bt transgenic crops: risks and benefits . Integrated Pest Management Reviews , 5 : 151 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Dutton , A , Klein , H , Romeis , J and Bigler , F . 2002 . Uptake of Bt-toxin by herbivores feeding on transgenic maize and consequences for the predator Chrysoperla carnea . Ecological Entomology , 27 : 441 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutton , A , Romeis , J and Bigler , F . 2003 . Assessing the risks of insect resistant transgenic plants on entomophagous arthropods: Bt-maize expressing Cry1Ab as a case study . BioControl , 48 : 611 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould , F . 1998 . Sustainability of transgenic insecticidal cultivars: integrating pest genetics and ecology . Annual Review of Entomology , 43 : 701 – 726 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groot , AT and Dicke , M . 2002 . Insect-resistant transgenic plants in a multi-trophic context . The Plant Journal , 31 : 387 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagler , JR and Cohen , AC . 1990 . Effects of time and temperature on digestion of purified antigen by Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) reared on artificial diet . Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 83 : 1177 – 1180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond , RB , Beck , T , Smith , JA , Amos , R , Barker , J , Moore , R , Siegrist , H , Slates , D and Ward , B . 1999 . Slugs in conservation tillage corn and soybeans in the eastern corn belt . Journal of Entomological Science , 34 : 467 – 478 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , GL , King , RA , Dodd , CS , Harwood , JD , Glen , DM , Bruford , MW and Symondson , WOC . 2005 . Rapid screening of invertebrate predators for multiple prey DNA targets . Molecular Ecology , 14 : 819 – 828 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood JD , Obrycki , JJ 2005 . Quantifying aphid predation rates of generalist predators in the field . European Journal of Entomology 102 : 335 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood , JD , Phillips , SW , Sunderland , KD and Symondson , WOC . 2001 . Secondary predation: quantification of food-chain errors in an aphid-spider-carabid system using monoclonal antibodies . Molecular Ecology , 10 : 2049 – 2057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood , JD , Sunderland , KD and Symondson , WOC . 2004 . Prey selection by linyphiid spiders: molecular tracking of the effects of alternative prey on rates of aphid consumption in the field . Molecular Ecology , 13 : 3549 – 3560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood JD , Wallin WG , Obrycki JJ 2005a . Uptake of Bt-endotoxins by non-target herbivores and higher-order arthropod predators: molecular evidence from a transgenic corn agroecosystem . Molecular Ecology 14 : 2815 – 2823 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood , JD , Sunderland , KD and Symondson , WOC . 2005b . Monoclonal antibodies reveal the potential of the tetragnathid spider Pachygnatha degeeri (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) as an aphid predator . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 95 : 161 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbeck , A , Baumgartner , M , Fried , PM and Bigler , F . 1998 . Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn-fed prey on mortality and development time of immature Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) . Environmental Entomology , 27 : 480 – 487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbeck , A , Moar , WJ , Pusztai-Carey , M , Filippini , A and Bigler , F . 1999 . Prey-mediated effects of Cry1Ab toxin and protein and Cry2A protoxin on the predator Chrysoperla carnea . Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 91 : 305 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , RA and Sendashonga , C . 2003 . General principles of risk assessment of living modified organisms: lessons from chemical risk assessment . Environmental Biosafety Research , 2 : 81 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunter , PJ . 1968 . Studies on slugs of arable land. III. Feeding habits . Malacologia , 6 : 391 – 399 .
   Google Scholar
• Jesse , LCH and Obrycki , JJ . 2000 . Field deposition of Bt transgenic corn pollen: lethal effects on the monarch butterfly . Oecologia , 125 : 241 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losey , JE , Rayor , LS and Carter , ME . 1999 . Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae . Nature , 399 : 214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lövei , GL and Arpaia , S . 2005 . The impact of transgenic plants on natural enemies: a critical review of laboratory studies . Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 114 : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lövei , GL , Monostori , E and Ando , I . 1985 . Digestion rate in relation to starvation in a predaceous ground beetle larva, Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) . Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 37 : 123 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Lövei , GL , Sopp , PI and Sunderland , KD . 1987 . The effect of mixed feeding on the digestion of the carabid Bembidion lampros . Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica , 22 : 403 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundgren , JG and Wiedenmann , RN . 2002 . Coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb1 toxin from transgenic corn pollen does not affect the fitness of a nontarget species, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) . Environmental Entomology , 31 : 1213 – 1218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutman , J . 1978 . “ The role of slugs in an Agrostis-Festuca grassland ” . In Ecological Studies: Analysis and Synthesis. vol 27. Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands , Edited by: Heal , OW and Perkins , DF . 332 – 347 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Mair , J and Port , GR . 2001 . Predation by the carabid beetles Pterostichus madidus and Nebria brevicollis is affected by the size and the condition of the prey slug Deroceras reticulatum . Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , 3 : 99 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• McKemey , AR , Glen , DM and Symondson , WOC . 2004 . How does a carabid predator find aggregations of slugs in the field? Electroantennograms and behavioural assays suggest chemical cues . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 94 : 235 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn , M , Kough , J , Vaituzis , Z and Matthews , K . 2003 . Are Bt crops safe? . Nature Biotechnology , 21 : 1003 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyffeler , M and Symondson , WOC . 2001 . Spiders and harvestmen as gastropod predators . Ecological Entomology , 26 : 617 – 628 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obrycki , JJ , Losey , JE , Taylor , OR and Jesse , LCH . 2001 . Transgenic insecticidal corn: beyond insecticidal toxicity to ecological complexity . BioScience , 51 : 353 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obrycki , JJ , Ruberson , JR and Losey , JE . 2004 . “ Interactions between natural enemies and transgenic insecticidal crops ” . In Genetics, Evolution and Biological Control , Edited by: Ehler , LE , Sforza , R and Mateille , T . 183 – 206 . London : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Pilcher , CD , Obrycki , JJ , Rice , ME and Lewis , LC . 1997 . Preimaginal development, survival, and field abundance of insect predators on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn . Environmental Entomology , 26 : 446 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsard , S , Gutierrez , AP and Mills , NJ . 2002 . Effects of Bt-toxin (Cry1Ac) in transgenic cotton on the adult longevity of four heteropteran predators . Environmental Entomology , 31 : 1197 – 1205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pray , CE , Huang , J , Hu , R and Rozelle , S . 2002 . Five years of Bt cotton in China – the benefits continue . The Plant Journal , 31 : 423 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raps , A , Kehr , J , Gugerli , P , Moar , WJ , Bigler , F and Hilbeck , A . 2001 . Immunological analysis of phloem sap of Bacillus thuringiensis corn and of the nontarget herbivore Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) for the presence of Cry1Ab . Molecular Ecology , 10 : 525 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollo , CD and Ellis , CR . 1974 . Sampling methods for slugs, Deroceras reticulatum (Müller), Deroceras laeve (Müller) and Arion subfuscus Nilsson in Ontario corn fields . Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario , 105 : 89 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Romeis , J , Dutton , A and Bigler , F . 2004 . Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Cry1Ab) has no direct effect on the larvae of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) . Journal of Insect Physiology , 50 : 175 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenk , D and Bacher , S . 2004 . Detection of shield beetle remains in predators using a monoclonal antibody . Journal of Applied Entomology , 128 : 273 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton , AM , Zhao , JZ and Roush , RT . 2002 . Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants . Annual Review of Entomology , 47 : 845 – 881 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sopp , PI and Sunderland , KD . 1989 . Some factors affecting the detection period of aphid remains in predators using ELISA . Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 51 : 11 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South , A . 1992 . Terrestrial Slugs: Biology, Ecology and Control , London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Symondson , WOC and Liddell , JE . 1993 . Differential antigen decay rates during digestion of molluscan prey by carabid predators . Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 69 : 277 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symondson , WOC and Liddell , JE . 1995 . Decay rates for slug antigens within the carabid predator Pterostichus melanarius monitored with a monoclonal antibody . Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 75 : 245 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symondson , WOC and Liddell , JE . 1996 . A species-specific monoclonal antibody system for detecting the remains of field slugs, Deroceras reticulatum (Müller) (Mollusca: Pulmonata), in carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) . Biocontrol Science and Technology , 6 : 91 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symondson , WOC , Erickson , ML , Liddell , JE and Jayawardena , KGI . 1999 . Amplified detection, using a monoclonal antibody, of an aphid specific epitope exposed during digestion in the gut of a predator . Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 29 : 873 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symondson , WOC , Glen , DM , Erickson , ML , Liddell , JE and Langdon , CJ . 2000 . Do earthworms help to sustain the slug predator Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) within crops? Investigations using monoclonal antibodies . Molecular Ecology , 9 : 1279 – 1292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symondson , WOC , Glen , DM , Ives , AR , Langdon , CJ and Wiltshire , CW . 2002 . Dynamics of the relationship between a generalist predator and slugs over five years . Ecology , 83 : 137 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symondson , WOC , Glen , DM , Wiltshire , CW , Langdon , CJ and Liddell , JE . 1996 . Effects of cultivation techniques and methods of straw disposal on predation by Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) upon slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in an arable field . Journal of Applied Ecology , 33 : 741 – 753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Way , MJ and van Emden , HF . 2000 . Integrated pest management in practice – pathways toward successful application . Crop Protection , 19 : 81 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfenbarger , LL and Phifer , PR . 2000 . Biotechnology and ecology – the ecological risks and benefits of genetically engineered plants . Science , 290 : 2088 – 2093 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwahlen , C , Hilbeck , A , Howald , R and Nentwig , W . 2003a . Effects of transgenic Bt corn litter on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris . Molecular Ecology , 12 : 1077 – 1086 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwahlen , C , Hilbeck , A , Gugerli , P and Nentwig , W . 2003b . Degradation of the Cry1Ab protein within transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn tissue in the field . Molecular Ecology , 12 : 765 – 775 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar