Maximum realised lifetime parasitism and occurrence of time limitation in Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) foraging in citrus orchards

References

• Allsopp, R. (1985). Wing fray in Glossina morsitans centralis Machado (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 75, 1–11. doi:10.1017/S0007485300014127
   Google Scholar
• Al-Wahaibi, A. K. (2004). Studies on two Homalodisca species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in southern California: Biology of the egg stage, host plant and temporal effects on oviposition and associated parasitism, and the biology and ecology of two of their egg-parasitoids, Ufens A and Ufens B (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), vol. 1 ( PhD thesis). Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Wahaibi, A. K., & Morse, J. G. (2010). Temporal patterns in Homalodisca spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) oviposition on southern California citrus and jojoba. Environmental Entomology, 39, 15–30. doi:10.1603/EN09078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blua, M. J., Phillips, P. A., & Redak, R. A. (1999). A new sharpshooter threatens both crops and ornamentals. California Agriculture, 53, 22–25. doi:10.3733/ca.v053n02p22
   Google Scholar
• California Department of Food and Agriculture. (2006). Pierce's disease control program California Department of Food and Agriculture 2006 annual report to the legislature. Sacramento, CA: Author, p. 27.
   Google Scholar
• California Department of Food and Agriculture. (2012). Pierce's disease control program California Department of Food and Agriculture 2012 annual report to the legislature. Sacramento, CA: Author, p. 24.
   Google Scholar
• Casas, J., Nisbet, R. M., Swarbrick, S., & Murdoch, W. W. (2000). Eggload dynamics and oviposition rate in a wild population of a parasitic wasp. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 185–193. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00376.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W. L., Leopold, R. A., & Harris, M. O. (2006). Parasitism of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae): Functional response and superparasitism by Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Biological Control, 37, 119–129. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, N. L., Leopod, R. A., & Boetel, M. A. (2008). Cold storage of adult Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and effects on maternal and progeny fitness. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101, 1760–1770. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-101.6.1760
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collier, T. R. (1995). Host feeding, egg maturation, resorption, and longevity in the parasitoid Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 88, 206–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellers, J., van Alphen, J. J. M., & Sevenster, J. G. (1998). A field study of size-fitness relationships in the parasitoid Asobara tabida. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67, 318–324. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00195.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimpel, G. E., & Jervis, M. A. (2005). Does floral nectar improve biological control by parasitoids? In F. Wäckers, P. van Rijn, & J. Bruin (Eds.), Plant-provided food and plant-carnivore mutualism (pp. 267–304). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heimpel, G. E., & Rosenheim, J. A. (1998). Egg limitation in parasitoids: A review of the evidence and a case study. Biological Control, 11, 160–168. doi:10.1006/bcon.1997.0587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimpel, G. E., Rosenheim, J. A., & Mangel, M. (1997a). Predation on adult Aphytis parasitoids in the field. Oecologia, 110, 346–352. doi:10.1007/s004420050168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimpel, G. E., Rosenheim, J. A., & Kattari, D. (1997b). Adult feeding and lifetime reproductive success in the parasitoid Aphytis melinus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 83, 305–315. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00185.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimpel, G. E., Rosenheim, J. A., & Mangel, M. (1998). Effects of time limitation and egg limitation on lifetime reproductive success of a parasitoid in the field. The American Naturalist, 152, 273–289. doi:10.1086/286167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoddle, M. S. (2003). The effect of prey species and environmental complexity on the functional response of Franklinothrips orizabensis: A test of the fractal foraging model. Ecological Entomology, 28, 309–318. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2003.00518.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoddle, M. S. (2010). Are natural enemies controlling glassy-winged sharpshooter populations in southern California? In T. Esser & D. West (Eds.), Pierce's disease control program symposium proceedings, December 15–17, 2010 (pp. 16–19). San Diego, CA: California Department of Food and Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Irvin, N. A., & Hoddle, M. S. (2005a). Determination of Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) egg ages suitable for oviposition by Gonatocerus ashmeadi, Gonatocerus triguttatus, and Gonatocerus fasciatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Biological Control, 32, 391–400. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin, N. A., & Hoddle, M. S. (2005b). The competitive ability of three mymarid egg parasitoids (Gonatocerus spp.) for glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca coagulata) eggs. Biological Control, 34, 204–214. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin, N. A., & Hoddle, M. S. (2006). The effect of intraspecific competition on progeny sex ratio in Gonatocerus spp. for Homalodisca coagulata egg masses: Economic implications for mass rearing and biological control. Biological Control, 39, 162–170. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin, N. A., & Hoddle, M. S. (2007). Evaluation of floral resources for enhancement of fecundity and fitness of Gonatocerus ashmeadi, an egg parasitoid of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis. Biological Control, 40, 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin, N. A., & Hoddle, M. S. (2009). Egg maturation, oosorption and wing wear in Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), egg parasitoid of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Biological Control, 48, 125–132. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.10.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin, N. A., Hoddle, M. S., & Castle, S. J. (2007). The effect of resource provisioning and sugar composition of foods on longevity of three Gonatocerus spp., egg parasitoids of Homalodisca vitripennis. Biological Control, 40, 69–79. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin, N. A., Hoddle, M. S., & Suarez-Espinoza, J. (2009). Functional response of Gonatocerus ashmeadi and the “new association” parasitoid G. tuberculifemur attacking eggs of Homalodisca vitripennis. Environmental Entomology, 38, 1634–1641. doi:10.1603/022.038.0616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen, S. J., Rosenheim, J. A., & Matthews, C. E. (2007). The impact of sulfur on the reproductive success of Anagrus spp. parasitoids in the field. BioControl, 52, 599–612. doi:10.1007/s10526-006-9056-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jervis, M. A., Heimpel, G. E., Ferns, P. N., Harvey, J. A., & Kidd, N. A. C. (2001). Life-history strategies in parasitoid wasps: A comparative analysis of ‘ovigeny’. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70, 442–458. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00507.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, W. D., & Albano, S. S. (1987). Lifetime reproductive success, selection, and the opportunity for selection in the white-tailed skimmer Plathemis lydia (Odonata: Libellulidae). Evolution, 41, 22–36. doi:10.2307/2408970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugner, R., Johnson, M. W., Daane, K. M., & Morse, J. G. (2008). Olfactory responses of the egg parasitoid, Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), to host plants infested by Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Biological Control, 47, 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavandero, B., Wratten, S., Shishehbor, P., & Worner, S. (2005). Enhancing the effectiveness of the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (Helen): Movement after use of nectar in the field. Biological Control, 34, 152–158. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.04.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. C., & Heimpel, G. E. (2008). Floral resources impact longevity and oviposition rate of a parasitoid in the field. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77, 565–572. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01355.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. C., Leibee, G. L., & Heimpel, G. E. (2006). Broken wing fringe setae as a relative estimate of parasitoid age. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 121, 87–92. doi:10.1111/j.1570-8703.2006.00446.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobdell, C. E., Yong, T.-H., & Hoffmann, M. P. (2005). Host color preferences and short-range searching behavior of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 116, 127–134. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00306.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendenhall, W., & Sincich, T. L. (2003). A second course in statistics: Regression analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, p. 852.
   Google Scholar
• Mangel, M., & Heimpel, G. E. (1998). Reproductive senescence and dynamic oviposition behavior in insects. Evolutionary Ecology, 12, 871–879. doi:10.1023/A:1006502901441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, J. H. (2008). Handbook of biological statistics. Baltimore, MD: Sparky House Publishing, pp. 64–68.
   Google Scholar
• Pilkington, L. J., & Hoddle, M. S. (2006). Reproductive and developmental biology of Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Biological Control, 37, 266–275. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkington, L. J., Irvin, N. A., Boyd, E. A., Hoddle, M. S., Triapitsyn, S. V., Carey, B. G., … Morgan, D. J. W. (2005). Introduced parasitic wasps could control glassy-winged sharpshooter. California Agriculture, 59, 223–228. doi:10.3733/ca.v059n04p223
   Google Scholar
• Rivero-Lynch, A. P., & Godfray, H. C. J. (1997). The dynamics of egg production, oviposition and resorption in a parasitoid wasp. Functional Ecology, 11, 184–188. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1997.00076.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romeis, J., Shanower, T. G., & Zebit, C. P. W. (1998). Response of Trichogramma egg parasitoids to coloured sticky traps. BioControl, 43, 17–27. doi:10.1023/A:1009905722193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenheim, J. A. (1996). An evolutionary argument for egg limitation. Evolution, 50, 2089–2094. doi:10.2307/2410766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenheim, J. A., & Rosen, D. (1991). Foraging and oviposition decisions in the parasitoid Aphytis lingnanensis: Distinguishing the influences of egg load and experience. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 60, 873–893. doi:10.2307/5419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute. (1990). SAS/STAT user's guide: Statistics version 6. Cary, NC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Scheid, B. E., Thies, C., & Tscharntke, T. (2011). Enhancing rape pollen beetle parasitism within sown flower fields along a landscape complexity gradient. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 13, 173–179. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00516.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevenster, J. G., Ellers, J., & Driessen, G. (1998). An evolutionary argument for time limitation. Evolution, 52, 1241–1244. doi:10.2307/2411256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takiya, D. M., McKamey, S. H., & Cavichioli, R. R. (2006). Validity of Homalodisca and of H. vitripennis as the name for glassy-winged sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 648–655. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[648:VOHAOH]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triapitsyn, S. V. (2006). A key to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Nearctic region, with description of two new species of Gonatocerus. Zootaxa, 1203, 1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Tylianakis, J. M., Didham, R. K., & Wratten, S. D. (2004). Improved fitness of aphid parasitoids receiving resources subsidies. Ecology, 85, 658–666. doi:10.1890/03-0222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UCOP. (2000). Report of the University of California Pierce's disease research and emergency response task force. Oakland, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Varela, L. G., Smith, R. J., & Phillips, P. A. (2001). Pierce’s disease. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Publ. 21600. University of California, p. 20.
   Google Scholar
• Weisser, W. W., Volkl, W., & Hassell, M. P. (1997). The importance of adverse weather conditions for behaviour and population ecology of an aphid parasitoid. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 66, 386–400. doi:10.2307/5984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar