Mortality factors affecting immature stages of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and the impact of parasitoid complex

References

• Aghdam, H. R., & Fathipour, Y. (2010). Fist report of parasitoid wasps, Ascogaster quadridentata and Bassus rufipes (Hym.: Braconidae) on codling moth (Lep.: Tortricidae) larvae from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 30(1), 55–58.
   Google Scholar
• Almatni, W. (2003). Evaluation of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), biological control agents in the Sweida area (Ph.D. Thesis). Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
   Google Scholar
• Ammouneh, H., Harba, M., Idris, E., & Makee, H. (2011). Isolation and characterization of native Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Syrian soil and testing of their insecticidal activities against some insect pests. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 35, 421–431. doi: 10.3906/tar-1007-1117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanassov, A., Charmillot, P. J., Jeanneret, P., & Renard, D. (1997). Les parasitoïdes des larves et des chrysalides de carpocapse Cydia pomonella L. Revue suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture, Horticulture, 29, 99–106.
   Google Scholar
• Ayatollahi, M. (1971). Importance of the study of Diptera and their role in biological control. Entomologie et Phytopathologie appliquees, 31, 20–28.
   Google Scholar
• Blomefield, T. L., Bloem, S., & Carpenter, J. E. (2010). Effect of radiation on fecundity and fertility of codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from South Africa. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134, 216–220. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2008.01377.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomefield, T. L., & Giliomee, J. H. (2012). Fecundity and mortality of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), under field conditions in South Africa. African Entomology, 20, 316–324. doi: 10.4001/003.020.0205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botto, E., & Glaz, P. (2010). Potential for controlling codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Argentina using the sterile insect technique and egg parasitoids. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134, 251–260. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01389.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawley, M. J. (1993). GLIM for ecologists. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Diaconu, A., Pisica, C., Andriescu, I., & Lozan, A. (2000). The complex of parasitoids of the feeding larvae of Cydia pomonella L.; (Lep.: Tortricidae). Mitteilungen Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 73, 13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Dib, H., Libourel, G., & Warlop, F. (2012). Entomological and functional role of floral strips in an organic apple orchard: Hymenopteran parasitoids as a case study. Journal of Insect Conservation, 16, 315–318. doi:10.1007/s10841-012-9471-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicke, M., de Boer, J. G., Hofte, M., & Rocha-Granados, M. C. (2003). Mixed blends of herbivore-induced plant volatiles and foraging success of carnivorous arthropods. Oikos, 101(1), 38–48. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12571.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenoglio, M. S., Videla, M., Salvo, A., & Valladares, G. (2013). Beneficial insects in urban environments: Parasitism rates increase in large and less isolated plant patches via enhanced parasitoid species richness. Biological Conservation, 164, 82–89. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flacon, L. A., & Huber, J. (1991). Biological control of the codling moth. In L. P. S. van der Geest & H. H. Evenhuis (Eds.), Tortircid pest: Their biology, natural enemies and control (Vol. 5, pp. 355–370). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• van der Geest, L. P. S., & Evenhuis, H. H. (1991). Tortircid pest: Their biology, natural enemies and control (Vol. 5). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkinson, J. E., Zalucki, M. P., & Murray, D. A. H. (2013). Host selection and parasitism behavior of Lysiphlebus testaceipes: Role of plant, aphid species and instar. Biological Control, 64, 283–290. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.11.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail, M., Ahmad, M., & Mansour, M. (2004). First record of the parasitoid Neoplectops pomonellae on the apple worm Cydia pomonella in the coastal region in Syria. Arab and Near East Plant Protection Newsletter, N39, 19.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, M., Van Baaren, J., Hance, T., Pierre, J. S., & Vernon, P. (2013). Stress intensity and fitness in the parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Temperature below the development threshold combined with a fluctuating thermal regime is a must. Ecological Entomology, 38, 355–363. doi:10.1111/een.12025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, D. M. (1982). Searching behaviour and survival of 1st-instar codling moths Cydia pomonella L (Lepidoptera, Olethreutidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 75, 284–289. doi: 10.1093/aesa/75.3.284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahrer, A. (1987). Biological and morphological studies on Elodia morio (fall) (Dipt : tachinidae). Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie, 104, 131–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, A. L. (2000). Tebufenozide targeted against codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults, eggs, and larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 1760–1767. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, A. L., Brunner, J. F., & Alston, D. (1994). Survey of azinphosmethyl resistance in codling moth (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Washington and Utah. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87(2), 285–292. doi: 10.1093/jee/87.2.285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, A. L., Stelinski, L. L., Hebert, V., Gut, L., Light, D., & Brunner, J. (2012). Evaluation of novel semiochemical dispensers simultaneously releasing pear ester and sex pheromone for mating disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 136(1–2), 79–86. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2011.01633.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konecka, E., Kaznowski, A., Ziemnicka, J., & Ziemnicki, K. (2007). Molecular and phenotypic characterisation of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated during epizootics in Cydia pomonella L. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 94(1), 56–63. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2006.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey, L., & Unruh, T. (2005). Biological control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its role in integrated pest management, with emphasis on entomopathogens. Vedalia, 12(1), 33–60.
   Google Scholar
• Lacey, L. A., Unruh, T. R., & Headrick, H. L. (2003). Interactions of two idiobiont parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 83, 230–239. doi:10.1016/s0022-2011(03)00102-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey, L. A., Vail, P. V., & Hoffman, D. F. (2002). Comparative activity of baculoviruses against the codling moth Cydia pomonella and three other tortricid pests of tree fruit. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 80(1), 64–68. doi:10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00036-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotfalizadeh, H., Ebrahimi, E., & Delvare, G. (2012). A contribution to the knowledge of family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 31, 67–100.
   Google Scholar
• Maalouly, M., Franck, P., Bouvier, J. C., Toubon, J. F., & Lavigne, C. (2013). Codling moth parasitism is affected by semi-natural habitats and agricultural practices at orchard and landscape levels. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 169, 33–42. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclellan, C. R. (1962). Mortality of codling moth eggs and young larvae in an integrated control orchard. The Canadian Entomologist, 94, 655–666. doi: 10.4039/Ent94655-6
   Google Scholar
• Makee, H. (2005). Factors influencing the parasitism of codling moth eggs by Trichogramma cacoeciae March. and T principium Sug. et Sor. (Hymen. Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Pest Science, 78(1), 31–39. doi:10.1007/s10340-004-0064-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour, M. (2003). Gamma irradiation as a quarantine treatment for apples infested by codling moth (Lep., Tortricidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 127, 137–141. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0418.2003.00723.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour, M. (2010). Attract and kill for codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) control in Syria. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134, 234–242. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01393.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour, M., & Mohamad, F. (2004). Effects of gamma radiation on codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), eggs. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 71, 1125–1128. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2003.12.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattiacci, L., Dicke, M., & Posthumus, M. A. (1994). Induction of parasitoid attracting synomone in brussels sprouts plants by feeding of Pieris brassicae larvae: Role of mechanical damage and herbivore elicitor. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20, 2229–2247. doi:10.1007/bf02033199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, N. (2005). Selecting effective parasitoids for biological control introductions: Codling moth as a case study. Biological Control, 34, 274–282. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamad, F., Mansour, M., & Ramadan, A. (2015). Effects of biological and environmental factors on sex ratio in Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Cydia pomonella L. (Torticidae). Journal of Plant Protection Research, 55, 151–155. doi: 10.1515/jppr-2015-0019
   Google Scholar
• Noyes, J. S. (2003). Universal Chalcidoidea Database. Retrieved from http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Pajač, I., Pejić, I., & Barić, B. (2011). Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) – Major pest in apple production: An overview of its biology, resistance, genetic structure and control strategies. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 76, 87–92.
   Google Scholar
• Pierre, P. S., Jansen, J. J., Hordijk, C. A., van Dam, N. M., Cortesero, A. M., & Dugravot, S. (2011). Differences in volatile profiles of turnip plants subjected to single and dual herbivory above- and belowground. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 37, 368–377. doi:10.1007/s10886-011-9934-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. (2008). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Reyes, M., Franck, P., Charmillot, P. J., Ioriatti, C., Olivares, J., Pasqualin, E., & Sauphanor, B. (2007). Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of the Codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Pest Management Science, 63, 890–902. doi:10.1002/ps.1421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgway, R., & Vinson, S. B. (1977). Biological control by augmentation of natural enemies. Insect and mite control with parasites and predators New York, NY: Plenum press.
   Google Scholar
• de Rijk, M., Dicke, M., & Poelman, E. H. (2013). Foraging behaviour by parasitoids in multiherbivore communities. Animal Behaviour, 85, 1517–1528. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.03.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauphanor, B., Brosse, V., Bouvier, J. C., Speich, P., Micoud, A., & Martinet, C. (2000). Monitoring resistance to diflubenzuron and deltamethrin in French codling moth populations (Cydia pomonella). Pest Management Science, 56(1), 74–82. doi:10.1002/(sici)1526-4998(200001)56:1<74::aid-ps96>3.0.co;2-c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciocco-Cap, A., Parola, A. D., Goldberg, A. V., Ghiringhelli, P. D., & Romanowski, V. (2001). Characterization of a granulovirus isolated from Epinotia aporema Wals. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 3702–3706. doi:10.1128/aem.67.8.3702-3706.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subinprasert, S. (1987). Natural enemies and their impact on overwintering codling moth populations (Laspeyresia pomonella L.) (Lep., Tortricidae) in South Sweden. Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie, 103(1), 46–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trona, F., Anfora, G., Baldessari, M., Mazzoni, V., Casagrande, E., Ioriatti, C., & Angel, G. (2009). Mating disruption of codling moth with a continuous adhesive tape carrying high densities of pheromone dispensers. Bulletin of Insectology, 62(1), 7–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turlings, T. C. J., Tumlinson, J. H., & Lewis, W. J. (1990). Exploitation of herbivore-induced plant odors by host-seeking parasitic wasps. Science, 250(4985), 1251–1253. doi:10.1126/science.250.4985.1251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velcheva, N., Atanassov, A., Karadjova, O., & Hubenov, Z. (2012). Parasitoid assemblages isolated from externally feeding lepidopterans and codling moth (Cydia pomonella L., Tortricidae) in a young apple orchard in West Bulgaria. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 18, 675–681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voudouris, C. C., Sauphanor, B., Franck, P., Reyes, M., Mamuris, Z., Tsitsipis, J. A.,   … Margaritopoulos, J. T. (2011). Insecticide resistance status of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Greece. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 100, 229–238. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vreysen, M. J. B., Carpenter, J. E., & Marec, F. (2010). Improvement of the sterile insect technique for codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) to facilitate expansion of field application. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134, 165–181. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01430.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wearing, C. H., Attfield, B. A., Colhoun, K., & Marshall, R. R. (2012). Codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., colonisation of a newly-planted organic pome fruit orchard in Central Otago, New Zealand, and methods of pest management over the first ten years. Crop Protection, 40, 105–113. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaviezo, T., & Mills, N. (1999). Aspects of the biology of Hyssopus pallidus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Environmental Entomology, 28, 748–754. doi: 10.1093/ee/28.4.748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, G., Huger, A. M., & Kleespies, R. G. (2013). Occurrence and prevalence of insect pathogens in populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L.: A long-term diagnostic survey. Insects, 4(2075–4450), 425–446. doi:10.3390/insects4030425
   Google Scholar