Unravelling the constitutional settlement: devolution, democracy and patronage in eastern Sri Lanka

References

• Amarasinghe, Ranjith, Asoka Gunawardena, Jayampathi Wickramaratne, A. Navaratna-Bandara, and N. Selvakkumaran, eds. 2019. Thirty Years of Devolution: An Evaluation of the Workings of Provincial Councils in Sri Lanka. Colombo: ICS.
   Google Scholar
• Bastian, Sunil. 1994. Devolution and Development in Sri Lanka. Colombo: ICES.
   Google Scholar
• Bastian, Sunil, and Robin Luckham. 2003. Can Democracy Be Designed? The Politics of Institutional Choice in Conflict-Torn Societies. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, Christine. 2017. “Introduction: Bargaining on Constitutions – Political Settlements and Constitutional State-Building.” Global Constitutionalism 6 (1): 13–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381716000216
   Google Scholar
• Caron, Cynthia. 2016. “The Subject of Return: Land and Livelihood Struggles for Place and Citizenship.” Contemporary South Asia 24 (4): 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2015.1098589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudry, Sujit. 2008. Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation? New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Diprose, Rachael, Dave McRae, and Vedi Hadiz. 2019. “Two Decades of Reformasi in Indonesia: Its Illiberal Turn.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 49 (5): 691–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2019.1637922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseka, Bhavani, and Mirak Raheem. 2009. Trincomalee High Security Zone and Special Economic Zone. Colombo: CPA.
   Google Scholar
• Goodhand, Jonathan, Bart Klem, and Oliver Walton. 2017. “Mediating the Margins: The Role of Brokers and the Eastern Provincial Council in Sri Lanka’s Post-war Transition.” Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal 1 (6): 817–836. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802014.2016.1302816
   Google Scholar
• Goodhand, Jonathan, Oliver Walton, Jayanta Rai, and Sujeet Karn. 2021. “Marginal Gains: Borderland Dynamics, Political Settlements, and Shifting Centre-Periphery Relations in Post-War Nepal.” Contemporary South Asia 29 (3): 311–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2021.1937060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasbullah, Shahul, and Urs Geiser. 2019. Negotiating Access to Land in Eastern Sri Lanka: Social Mobilization of Livelihood Concerns and Everyday Encounters with an Ambiguous State. Colombo: ICES.
   Google Scholar
• Hasbullah, Shahul, and Benedikt Korf. 2013. “Muslim Geographies, Violence and the Antinomies of Community in Eastern Sri Lanka.” The Geographical Journal 179 (3): 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2012.00470.x
   Google Scholar
• Herath, Dhammika, Jonas Lindberg, and Camilla Orjuela. 2019. “Swimming Upstream: Fighting Systemic Corruption in Sri Lanka.” Contemporary South Asia 27 (2): 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2019.1579171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffrelot, Christophe, and Gilles Verniers. 2020. “A New Party System or a New Political System?” Contemporary South Asia 28 (2): 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2020.1765990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhaveri, Swati, Tarunabh Khaitan, and Dinesha Samararatne, eds. 2023. Constitutional Resilience in South Asia. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Kadirgamar, Ahilan. 2019. “Tamil Nationalism, Political Parties, and War-Torn Political Culture.” In In Political Parties in Sri Lanka: Change and Continuity, edited by Amita Shastri and Jayadeva Uyangoda, 222–242. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klem, Bart. 2011. “Islam, Politics and Violence in Eastern Sri Lanka.” The Journal of Asian Studies 70 (3): 730–753. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002191181100088X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klem, Bart. 2014. “The Political Geography of War’s End: Territorialisation, Circulation, and Moral Anxiety in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.” Political Geography 38 (1): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2013.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klem, Bart. 2015. “Showing One’s Colours: The Political Work of Elections in Post-War Sri Lanka.” Modern Asian Studies 49 (4): 1091–1121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X13000528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klem, Bart. 2024. Performing Sovereign Aspirations: Tamil Insurgency and Postwar Transition in Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klem, Bart, and Thiruni Kelegama. 2020. “Marginal Placeholders: Peasants, Paddy and Ethnic Space in Sri Lanka’s Post-War Frontier.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (2): 346–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2019.1572604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klem, Bart, and Bert Suykens. 2018. “The Politics of Order and Disturbance: Public Authority, Sovereignty and Violent Contestation in South Asia.” Modern Asian Studies 52 (3): 753–783. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X17000270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, Sankaran. 1999. Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka and the Question of Nationhood. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loganathan, Ketesh. 2006. “Indo-Lanka Accord and the Ethnic Question: Lessons and Experiences.” In Negotiating Peace in Sri Lanka: Efforts, Failures and Lessons, edited by Kumar Rupesinghe, 69–102. Colombo: Foundation for Coexistence.
   Google Scholar
• Michelutti, Lucia, Ashraf Hoque, Nicolas Martin, David Picherit, Paul Rollier, Arild Engelsen Ruud, and Clarinda Still. 2018. Mafia Raj: The Rule of Bosses in South Asia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nuhman, M. 2002. Understanding Sri Lankan Muslim Identity. Colombo: ICES.
   Google Scholar
• Philip, Jessy K. 2017. “‘Though He Is a Landlord, That Sarpanch Is My Servant!’ Caste and Democracy in a Village of South India.” Contemporary South Asia 25 (3): 270–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2017.1353951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piliavsky, Anastasia, ed. 2014. Patronage as Politics in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, Andrew. 2002. The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, Charmaine. 2017. “Letting Off Steam: Interim Constitutions as a Safety Valve to the Pressure-Cooker of Transitions in Conflict-Affected States?” Global Constitutionalism 6 (1): 33–62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381716000241
   Google Scholar
• Sapiano, Jenna. 2017. “Courting Peace: Judicial Review and Peace Jurisprudence.” Global Constitutionalism 6 (1): 131–165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381716000253
   Google Scholar
• Satkunanathan, Ambika. 2016. “Collaboration, Suspicion and Traitors: An Exploratory Study of Intra-Community Relations in Post-War Northern Sri Lanka.” Contemporary South Asia 24 (4): 416–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2016.1252315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonthal, Benjamin. 2016. “Environments of Law: Islam, Buddhism, and the State in Contemporary Sri Lanka.” The Journal of Asian Studies 75 (1): 137–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911815002053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shastri, Amita. 1992. “Sri Lanka's Provincial Council System: A Solution to the Ethnic Problem?” Asian Survey 32 (98): 723–743. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645365
   Google Scholar
• Sivarajah, Ambalavanar. 2007. The Federal Party of Sri Lanka. Chennai: Kumaran Book House.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, Jonathan. 2007. Anthropology, Politics, and the State: Democracy and Violence in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, Jonathan, Jonathan Goodhand, Shahul Hasbullah, Bart Klem, Benedikt Korf, and Tudor Silva. 2015. Checkpoint, Temple, Church and Mosque: A Collaborative Ethnography of War and Peace. London: Pluto.
   Google Scholar
• Suteu, Silvia. 2017. “Eternity Clauses in Post-Conflict and Post-Authoritarian Constitution-Making: Promise and Limits.” Global Constitutionalism 6 (1): 63–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381716000265
   Google Scholar
• Thiruchelvam, Neelan. 2000. “The Politics of Federalism and Diversity in Sri Lanka.” In In Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States, edited by Yash Ghai, 197–215. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Uyangoda, Jayadeva, ed. 2023. Democracy and Democratisation in Sri Lanka: Paths, Trends and Imaginations. Vols I and II. Colombo: Bandaranaike Centre for International Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Waseem, Mohammad. 2012. “Judging Democracy in Pakistan: Conflict Between the Executive and Judiciary.” Contemporary South Asia 20 (1): 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2011.646077
   Google Scholar
• Welikala, Asanga. 2012. The Sri Lankan Republic at 40: Reflections on Constitutional History, Theory and Practice. Colombo: CPA.
   Google Scholar
• Welikala, Asanga. 2016. “A New Devolution Settlement for Sri Lanka.” In Proceedings and Outcomes, Conference of Provincial Councils. Colombo: CPA.
   Google Scholar
• Wickramaratne, Jayampathy. 2014. Towards Democratic Governance in Sri Lanka: A Constitutional Miscellany. Colombo: ICS.
   Google Scholar
• Wickramasinghe, Nira. 2009. “After the War: A New Patriotism in Sri Lanka?” The Journal of Asian Studies 68 (4): 1045–1054. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911809990738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam. 2000. Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Developments in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. London: Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Witsoe, Jeffrey. 2013. Democracy Against Development: Lower-Caste Politics and Political Modernity in Postcolonial India. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt, Andrew. 2013. “Populism and Politics in Contemporary Tamil Nadu.” Contemporary South Asia 21 (4): 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2013.803036
   Google Scholar