References
- Adams , P. C. 1998 . Teaching and learning with SimCity 2000 [electronic version] . Journal of Geography , 97 ( 2 ) : 47 – 55 .
- Alessi , S. M. 2000 . “ Simulation design for training and assessment ” . In Aircrew training and assessment , Edited by: O'Neil , H. F. Jr and Andrews , D. H. 197 – 222 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Anderson , C. A. and Bushman , B. J. 2001 . Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: a meta-analytic review of the scientific literature . Psychological Science , 12 : 353 – 359 .
- Artelt , C. 2005 . Cross-cultural approaches to measuring motivation . Educational Assessment , 10 : 231 – 255 .
- Arthur , W. Jr , Strong , M. H. , Jordan , J. A. , Williamson , J. E. , Shebilske , W. L. and Regian , J. W. 1995 . Visual attention: individual differences in training and predicting complex task performance . Acta Psychologica , 88 : 3 – 23 .
- Baker , D. , Prince , C. , Shrestha , L. , Oser , R. and Salas , E. 1993 . Aviation computer games for crew resource management training . The International Journal of Aviation Psychology , 3 : 143 – 156 .
- Baker , E. L. , Aschbacher , P. and Bradley , C. 1985 . Evaluation of WEST: ICAI system , Los Angeles, CA : University of California, Center for the Study of Evaluation . (report to Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
- Baker , E. L. and Mayer , R. E. 1999 . Computer-based assessment of problem solving . Computers in Human Behavior , 15 : 269 – 282 .
- Baker , E. L. and O'Neil , H. F. Jr . 2002 . Measuring problem solving in computer environments: current and future states . Computers in Human Behavior , 18 : 609 – 622 .
- BBN/DARWARS . December 2004 . Conference presentation folder provided at the 2004 Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference December , Orlando, FL
- Benbasat , I. and Todd , P. 1993 . An experimental investigation of interface design alternatives: icon vs. text and direct manipulation vs. menus . International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , 38 : 369 – 402 .
- Betz , J. A. 1995–6 . Computer games: increase learning in an interactive multidisciplinary environment . Journal of Educational Technology Systems , 24 : 195 – 205 .
- Brougere , G. 1999 . Some elements relating to children's play and adult simulation/gaming . Simulation & Gaming , 30 : 134 – 146 .
- Brozik , D. and Zapalska , A. 2002 . The PORTFOLIO GAME: decision making in a dynamic environment . Simulation & Gaming , 33 : 242 – 255 .
- Brunken , R. , Plass , J. L. and Leutner , D. 2003 . Direct measurement of cognitive load in multimedia learning . Educational Psychologist , 38 ( 1 ) : 53 – 61 .
- Carr , P. D. and Groves , G. 1998 . “ The internet-based operations simulation game ” . In Selected papers for the 9th International Conference on College Teaching and Learning , Edited by: Chambers , J. A. 15 – 23 . Jacksonville, Florida : Community College at Jacksonville .
- Chalmers , P. A. 2003 . The role of cognitive theory in human-computer interface . Computers in Human Behavior , 19 : 593 – 607 .
- Chou , C. and Lin , H. 1998 . The effect of navigation map types and cognitive styles on learners' performance in a computer-networked hypertext learning system [electronic version] . Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia , 7 : 151 – 176 .
- Chou , C. , Lin , H. and Sun , C. -t. 2000 . Navigation maps in hierarchical-structured hypertext courseware [electronic version] . International Journal of Instructional Media , 27 ( 2 ) : 165 – 182 .
- Chuang , S. 2004 . The role of search strategies and feedback on a computer-based collaborative problem-solving task , Los Angeles : University of Southern California . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Clark , R. E. 1999 . “ The CANE model of motivation to learn and to work: a two-stage process of goal commitment and effort [electronic version] ” . In Trends in corporate training , Edited by: Lowyck , J. Leuven : University of Leuven Press .
- Clark , R. E. , ed. 2001 . Learning from media: arguments, analysis, and evidence , Greenwich, CT : Information Age Publishing .
- Clark , R. E. 2003a . Fostering the work motivation of teams and individuals . Performance Improvement , 42 ( 3 ) : 21 – 29 .
- Clark , R. E. February 2003b . “ Strategies based on effective feedback during learning ” . In What works in distance education , Edited by: O'Neil , H. F. February , 18 – 19 . Los Angeles : University of Southern California, Rossier School of Education . (report to the Office of Naval Research by the National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing)
- Cobb , T. 1997 . Cognitive efficiency: toward a revised theory of media . Educational Technology Research and Development , 45 ( 4 ) : 21 – 35 .
- Cross , T. L. 1993 . AgVenture: a farming strategy computer game . Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education , 22 : 103 – 107 .
- Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1975 . Beyond boredom and anxiety , San Francisco, CA : Jossey Bass .
- Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1990 . Flow: The psychology of optimal performance , New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Davis , S. and Wiedenbeck , S. 2001 . The mediating effects of intrinsic motivation, ease of use and usefulness perceptions on performance in first-time and subsequent computer users . Interacting with Computers , 13 : 549 – 580 .
- Day , E. A. , Arthur , W. Jr and Gettman , D. 2001 . Knowledge structures and the acquisition of a complex skill . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 1022 – 1033 .
- de Jong , T. and van Joolingen , W. R. 1998 . Scientific discovery learning with computer simulations of conceptual domains . Review of Educational Research , 68 : 179 – 202 .
- deCharms , R. 1986 . Personal causation , New York : Academic Press .
- Deci , E. L. 1975 . Intrinsic motivation , New York : Plenum Press .
- Dekkers , J. and Donatti , S. 1981 . The interpretation of research studies on the use of simulation as an instructional strategy . Journal of Educational Research , 74 ( 6 ) : 64 – 79 .
- Donchin , E. 1989 . The learning strategies project . Acta Psychologica , 71 : 1 – 15 .
- Druckman , D. 1995 . “ The educational effectiveness of interactive games ” . In Simulation and gaming across disciplines and cultures: ISAGA at a watershed , Edited by: Crookall , D. and Aria , K. 178 – 187 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Dugdale , S. 1998 . Mathematical problem-solving and computers: a study of learner-initiated application of technology in a general problem-solving context . Journal of Research on Computing in Education , 30 : 239 – 253 .
- Farrell , I. H. and Moore , D. M. 2000 . The effect of navigation tools on learners' achievement and attitude in a hypermedia environment . Journal of Educational Technology Systems , 29 ( 2 ) : 169 – 181 .
- Galimberti , C. , Ignazi , S. , Vercesi , P. and Riva , G. 2001 . Communication and cooperation in networked environment: an experimental analysis . CyberPsychology & Behavior , 4 ( 1 ) : 131 – 146 .
- Garris , R. , Ahlers , R. and Driskell , J. E. 2002 . Games, motivation, and learning: a research and practice model . Simulation & Gaming , 33 : 441 – 467 .
- Gee , J. P. 2003 . What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy , New York : Palgrave Macmillan .
- Gopher , D. , Weil , M. and Bareket , T. 1994 . Transfer of skill from a computer game trainer to flight . Human Factors , 36 : 387 – 405 .
- Gredler , M. E. 1996 . “ Educational games and simulations: a technology in search of a research paradigm ” . In Handbook of research for educational communications and technology , Edited by: Jonassen , D. H. 521 – 540 . New York : Simon & Schuster Macmillan .
- Green , C. S. and Bavelier , D. 2003 . Action video game modifies visual selective attention . Nature , 423 : 534 – 537 .
- Green , T. D. and Flowers , J. H. 2003 . Comparison of implicit and explicit learning processes in a probabilistic task . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 97 : 299 – 314 .
- Greenfield , P. M. , deWinstanley , P. , Kilpatrick , H. and Kaye , D. 1994 . Action video games and informal education: effects on strategies for dividing visual attention . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 15 : 105 – 123 .
- Harter , S. 1978 . Effectance motivation reconsidered: toward a developmental model . Human Development , 1 : 34 – 64 .
- Hembree , R. 1988 . Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety . Review of Educational Research , 58 ( 1 ) : 47 – 77 .
- Herl , H. E. , O'Neil , H. F. Jr , Chung , G. and Schacter , J. 1999 . Reliability and validity of a computer-based knowledge mapping system to measure content understanding . Computers in Human Behavior , 15 : 315 – 333 .
- Hidi , S. and Harackiewicz , J. M. 2000 . Motivating the academically unmotivated: a critical issue for the 21st century . Review of Educational Research , 70 : 151 – 179 .
- Hsieh , I. 2001 . Types of feedback in a computer-based collaborative problem-solving Group Task , Los Angeles : University of Southern California . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Hubbard , P. 1991 . Evaluating computer games for language learning . Simulation & Gaming , 22 : 22022 – 22023 .
- Jones , M. G. , Farquhar , J. D. and Surry , D. W. 1995 . Using metacognitive theories to design user interfaces for computer-based learning . Educational Technology , 35 ( 4 ) : 12 – 22 .
- Kalyuga , S. , Chandler , P. , Touvinen , J. and Sweller , J. 2001 . When problem-solving is superior to worked examples . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 : 579 – 588 .
- Katz , S. and Lesgold , A. 1991 . “ Modeling the student in SHERLOCK II ” . In Proceedings of the IJCAI-91 Workshop W.4: Agent modelling for intelligent interaction Edited by: Kay , J. and Quilici , A. 93 – 127 . Sydney, , Australia
- Khoo , G. -s. and Koh , T. -s. 1998 . Using visualization and simulation tools in tertiary science education [electronic version] . The Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching , 17 ( 1 ) : 5 – 20 .
- King , K. W. and Morrison , M. 1998 . A media buying simulation game using the internet . Journalism and Mass Communication Educator , 53 ( 3 ) : 28 – 36 .
- Kirkpatrick , D. L. 1994 . Evaluating training programs: the four levels , San Francisco, CA : Berrett-Koehler .
- Kirschner , P. A. , Sweller , J. and Clark , R. E. Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: an analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching . Educational Psychologist , (in press)
- Lee , J. 1999 . Effectiveness of computer-based instructional simulation: a meta analysis . International Journal of Instructional Media , 26 ( 1 ) : 71 – 85 .
- Leemkuil , H. , de Jong , T. , de Hoog , R. and Christoph , N. 2003 . KM Quest: a collaborative internet-based simulation game . Simulation & Gaming , 34 : 89 – 111 .
- Malone , T. W. 1981 . Toward a theory of intrinsically motivating instruction . Cognitive Science , 4 : 333 – 369 .
- Malone , T. W. and Lepper , M. R. 1987 . Aptitude, learning and instruction III: cognitive and affective process analysis , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Marsh , H. W. , Hau , K -T. , Artelt , C. and Baumert , J. 2004 . OECD's brief self-report measures of educational psychology's most useful constructs: cross-cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries , Penrith South DC, New South Wales, , Australia : University of West Sydney . Unpublished manuscript, SELF Research Centre
- Mayer , R. E. 2004 . Should there be a three-strikes rule against pure discovery learning? . American Psychologist , 59 : 14 – 19 .
- Mayer , R. E. , Dow , G. T. and Mayer , S. 2003 . Multimedia learning in an interactive self-explaining environment: what works in the design of agent-based microworlds? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 806 – 813 .
- Mayer , R. E. , Mautone , P. and Prothero , W. 2002 . Pictorial aids for learning by doing in a multimedia geology simulation game . Journal of Educational Psychology , 94 : 171 – 185 .
- Mayer , R. E. and Moreno , R. 1998 . A split-attention effect in multimedia learning: evidence for dual processing systems in working memory . Journal of Educational Psychology , 90 : 312 – 320 .
- Mayer , R. E. , Sobko , K. and Mautone , P. D. 2003 . Social cues in multimedia learning: role of speaker's voice . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 419 – 425 .
- Mayer , R. E. and Wittrock , M. C. 1996 . “ Problem-solving transfer ” . In Handbook of educational psychology , Edited by: Berliner , D. C. and Calfee , R. C. 47 – 62 . New York : Simon & Schuster Macmillan .
- Mislevy , R. J. Substance and structure in assessment arguments . Law, probability, and risk , (in press) Available online at: http://www.education.umd.edu/EDMS/mislevy/papers/Argument.pdf
- Mislevy , R. J. , Steinberg , L. S. and Almond , R. G. 2003 . On the structure of educational assessments . Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives , 1 : 3 – 67 .
- Mislevy , R. J. , Wilson , M. R. , Ercikan , K. and Chudowsky , N. 2003 . “ Psychometric principles in student assessment ” . In International handbook of educational evaluation , Edited by: Kellaghan , T. and Stufflebeam , D. 489 – 531 . Dordrecht, , Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Press .
- Moreno , R. and Mayer , R. E. 2000 . Engaging students in active learning: the case for personalized multimedia messages . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 : 724 – 733 .
- Morris , C. S. , Hancock , P. A. and Shirkey , E. C. 2004 . Motivational effects of adding context relevant stress in PC-based game training . Military Psychology , 16 : 135 – 147 .
- Oliver , M. and Pelletier , C. 2005 . The things we learned on Liberty Island: designing games to help people become competent game players . proceedings of DIGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views–Worlds in Play ,
- O'Neil , H. F. Jr . 1999 . Perspectives on computer-based performance assessment of problem solving: editor's introduction . Computers in Human Behavior , 15 : 255 – 268 .
- O'Neil , H. F. Jr . 2002 . Perspective on computer-based assessment of problem solving [special issue] . Computers in Human Behavior , 18 : 605 – 607 .
- O'Neil , H. F. Jr , Baker , E. L. and Fisher , J. Y.-C. 2002 . A formative evaluation of ICT games , Los Angeles, CA : University of Southern California, Rossier School of Education . (report to the Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California)
- O'Neil , H. F. Jr and Fisher , Y. -C. 2004 . “ A technology to support leader development: computer games ” . In Leader development for transforming organizations , Edited by: Day , D. V. , Zaccaro , S. J. and Halpin , S. M. 99 – 121 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- O'Neil , H. F. Jr and Herl , H. E. April 1998 . “ Reliability and validity of a trait measure of self-regulation ” . In paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association April , San Diego, CA
- Parchman , S. W. , Ellis , J. A. , Christinaz , D. and Vogel , M. 2000 . An evaluation of three computer-based instructional strategies in basic electricity and electronics training . Military Psychology , 12 : 73 – 87 .
- Pekrun , R. , Goetz , T. , Titz , W. and Perry , R. P. 2002 . Academic emotions in students' self-regulated learning and achievement: a program of qualitative and quantitative research . Educational Psychologist , 37 : 91 – 105 .
- Pelletier , C. 2005 . The uses of literacy in studying computer games: comparing students' oral and visual representations of games . English Teaching: Practice and Critique , 4 ( 1 ) : 40 – 59 .
- Porter , D. B. , Bird , M. E. and Wunder , A. 1990–1 . Competition, cooperation, satisfaction, and the performance of complex tasks among Air Force cadets . Current Psychology: Research & Reviews , 9 : 347 – 354 .
- Prislin , R. , Jordan , J. A. , Worchel , S. , Semmer , F. T. and Shebilske , W. L. 1996 . Effects of group discussion on acquisition of complex skills . Human Factors , 38 : 404 – 416 .
- Quinn , C. N. 1991 . Computers for cognitive research: a HyperCard adventure game . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 23 : 237 – 246 .
- Ramsberger , P. F. , Hopwood , D. , Hargan , C. S. and Underhill , W. G. 1983 . Evaluation of a spatial data management system for basic skills education. Final Phase I Report for Period 7 October 1980–30 April 1983 , Alexandria, VA : Human Resources Research Organization . (HumRRO FR-PRD-83-23)
- Resnick , H. and Sherer , M. 1994 . “ Computerized games in the human services–an introduction ” . In Electronic tools for social work practice and education , Edited by: Resnick , H. 5 – 16 . Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
- Rhodenizer , L. , Bowers , C. A. and Bergondy , M. 1998 . Team practice schedules: what do we know? . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 87 : 31 – 34 .
- Ricci , K. E. , Salas , E. and Cannon-Bowers , J. A. 1996 . Do computer-based games facilitate knowledge acquisition and retention? . Military Psychology , 8 : 295 – 307 .
- Rieber , L. P. 1996 . Seriously considering play: designing interactive learning environments based on the blending of microworlds, simulations, and games . Educational Technology Research and Development , 44 ( 2 ) : 43 – 58 .
- Rieber , L. P. and Parmley , M. W. 1995 . To teach or not to teach? Comparing the use of computer-based simulations in deductive versus inductive approaches to learning with adults in science . Journal of Educational Computing Research , 13 : 359 – 374 .
- Robbins , S. B. , Lauver , K. , Le , H. , Davis , D. , Langley , R. and Carlstrom . 2004 . Do psychosocial and study skill factors predict college outcomes? A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 130 : 261 – 288 .
- Rosenorn , T. and Kofoed , L. B. 1998 . Reflection in learning processes through simulation/gaming . Simulation & Gaming , 29 : 432 – 440 .
- Ruben , B. D. 1999 . Simulations, games, and experience-based learning: the quest for a new paradigm for teaching and learning . Simulation & Gaming , 30 : 498 – 505 .
- Ruddle , R. A. , Payne , S. J. and Jones , D. M. 1999 . The effects of maps on navigation and search strategies in very-large-scale virtual environments . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 5 ( 1 ) : 54 – 75 .
- Salas , E. , Bowers , C. A. and Rhodenizer , L. 1998 . It is not how much you have but how you use it: toward a rational use of simulation to support aviation training . The International Journal of Aviation Psychology , 8 : 197 – 208 .
- Salomon , G. 1983 . The differential investment of mental effort in learning from different sources . Educational Psychology , 18 : 42 – 50 .
- Santos , J. 2002 . Developing and implementing an internet-based financial system simulation game . The Journal of Economic Education , 33 ( 1 ) : 31 – 40 .
- Schacter , J. , Herl , H. E. , Chung , G. , Dennis , R. A. and O'Neil , H. F. Jr . 1999 . Computer-based performance assessments: a solution to the narrow measurement and reporting of problem-solving . Computers in Human Behavior , 13 : 403 – 418 .
- Schank , R. C. 1997 . Virtual learning: a revolutionary approach to build a highly skilled workforce , New York : McGraw-Hill .
- Seifert , T. L. 2004 . Understanding student motivation . Educational Research , 46 : 137 – 149 .
- Shebilske , W. L. , Regian , W. , Arthur , W. Jr and Jordan , J. A. 1992 . A dyadic protocol for training complex skills . Human Factors , 34 : 369 – 374 .
- Shewokis , P. A. 2004 . Memory consolidation and contextual interference effects with computer games . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 97 : 381 – 389 .
- Spiker , V. A. and Nullmeyer , R. T. 2001 . Benefits and limitations of simulation-based mission planning and rehearsal (n.d.), Unpublished manuscript.
- Stolk , D. , Alexandrian , D. , Gros , B. and Paggio , R. 2001 . Gaming and multimedia applications for environmental crisis management training . Computers in Human Behavior , 17 : 627 – 642 .
- Sugrue , B. and Kim , K. -H. 2004 . State of the industry. ASTD's annual review of trends in workplace learning and performance. Executive summary , Alexandria, VA : American Society for Training and Development .
- Sweller , J. 1988 . Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning . Cognitive Science , 12 : 2572 – 2585 .
- Sweller , J. 1989 . Cognitive technology: some procedures for facilitating learning and problem solving in mathematics and science . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 457 – 466 .
- Sweller , J. 1994 . Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty and instructional design . Learning and Instruction , 4 : 295 – 312 .
- Sweller , J. 2003 . “ Evolution of human cognitive architecture ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Ross , B. vol. 43 , 215 – 266 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
- Sweller , J. , van Merrienboer , J. and Paas , F. 1998 . Cognitive architecture and instructional design . Educational Psychology Review , 10 : 251 – 269 .
- Thiagarajan , S. 1998 . The myths and realities of simulations in performance technology . Educational Technology , 38 ( 4 ) : 35 – 41 .
- Thomas , P. and Macredie , R. 1994 . Games and the design of human-computer interfaces . Educational Technology , 31 ( 2 ) : 134 – 142 .
- Tkacz , S. 1998 . Learning map interpretation: skill acquisition and underlying abilities . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 18 : 237 – 249 .
- Toulmin , S. E. 1958 . The uses of argument , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- van Merrienboer , J. J. G. , Clark , R. E. and de Croock , M. B. M. 2002 . Blueprints for complex learning: the 4C/ID-model . Educational Technology Research & Development , 50 ( 2 ) : 39 – 64 .
- van Merrienboer , J. J. G. , Kirschner , P. A. and Kester , L. 2003 . Taking a load off a learner's mind: instructional design for complex learning . Educational Psychologist , 38 ( 1 ) : 5 – 13 .
- Wainess , R. and O'Neil , H. F. Jr . 2003 . Feasibility study , University of Southern California, Rossier School of Education . Unpublished manuscript
- Washbush , J. and Gosen , J. 2001 . An exploration of game-derived learning in total enterprise simulations . Simulation & Gaming , 32 : 281 – 296 .
- Westbrook , J. I. and Braithwaite , J. 2001 . The Health Care Game: an evaluation of a heuristic, web-based simulation . Journal of Interactive Learning Research , 12 ( 1 ) : 89 – 104 .
- White , B. Y. and Frederiksen , J. R. 1998 . Inquiry, modeling, and metacognition: making science accessible to all students . Cognition and Instruction , 16 : 3 – 118 .
- Wolfe , J. 1997 . The effectiveness of business games in strategic management course work [electronic version] . Simulation & Gaming Special Issue: Teaching Strategic Management , 28 : 360 – 376 .
- Wolfe , J. and Roge , J. N. 1997 . Computerized general management games as strategic management learning environments [electronic version] . Simulation & Gaming Special Issue: Teaching Strategic Management , 28 : 423 – 441 .
- Yair , Y. , Mintz , R. and Litvak , S. 2001 . 3D-virtual reality in science education: an implication for astronomy teaching . Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching , 20 : 293 – 305 .
- Yu , F. -Y. 2001 . Competition within computer-assisted cooperative learning environments: cognitive, affective, and social outcomes . Journal of Educational Computing Research , 24 : 99 – 117 .