References
- Alexander , F. G. and Staub , H. 1956 . The Criminal, the Judge and the Public , 30 London : Freepress . p.
- Barzun , J. 1958 . Darwin, Marx & Wagner: Critique of a Heritage, , 2nd edn , New York : Doubleday. . ().
- Benjamin , W. 1852 . Principles of Human Physiology, , 4th edn London ().
- Blumenthal , K. 1949 . ‘The Defamation of the Psychiatrically Sick and of the Psychiatrist in the Legislation of our Time'. . Psychiatry Quarterly , 23 : 66 – 70 .
- Bockhoven , J. S. 1956 . ‘Moral Treatment in American Psychiatry'. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , 124 : 164 – 94 . 292–321
- Browne , T. 1837 . What Asylums Were, Are and Ought To Be , Edinburgh : Black. .
- Bull , R. M. C. and Green , J. 1980 . ‘The Relationship between Physical Appearance and Criminality'. . Medical Science and the Law , 20 : 79 – 83 .
- Burn , W. L. 1964 . The Age of Equipoise , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul. .
- Caplan , R. 1969 . Psychiatry and the Community in the Nineteenth Century , New York : Basic Books. .
- Carlebach , J. 1965 . ‘Major General Sir Joshua Jebb, KCB, 1793–1863’. . The Prison Service Journal , 4 : 18 – 30 .
- Carlebach , J. 1970 . Caring for Children in Trouble , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul. .
- Chapman , D. 1968 . Sociology and the Stereotype of the Criminal , London : Tavistock. .
- Chesterton , G. L. 1856 . Revelations of Prison Life, , 2nd edn revised , Vol. 1 , London : Hurst & Blackett . ().
- Clarke , M. 1897 . Stories of Australia in the Early Days , 195 London : Macmillan . p.
- Colquhoun , J. and Radzinowicz , L. 1806 . “ ‘Treatise on ” . In A History of English Criminal Law and its Administration from 1750 , Vol. 2 , 233 London : Stevens . (1956)The Enforcement of the Law. p.
- Commissioners of Public Charities of the State of Illinois . 1873 . Second Biennial Report of the Board of State of Commissioners of Public Charities of the State of Illinois, Springfield State Journal , Illinois : Steam Print. .
- Cumming , E. and Cumming , J. 1957 . Closed Ranks , Harvard, Mass : Cambridge University Press. .
- Davenport Hill , R. and Davenport Hill , F. 1878 . A Memoir of Matthew Davenport Hill , London : Macmillan. .
- Despine . 1868 . “ The Criminal ” . In Psychologie naturelle , London : Bell. . .Quoted in Ellis, H. (1890).
- Deutsch , A. 1937 . The Mentally Ill in America: A History of Their Care and Treatment from Colonial Times , New York : Doubleday. .
- Downey , K. J. 1967 . ‘Public Images of Mental Illness: a Factor Analytic Study of Causes and Symptoms'. . Social Science of Medicine , 1 : 44 – 65 .
- Dugdale , R. L. 1877 . The Jukes , London : Pitman. .
- Ellis , H. 1890 . The Criminal , London : Bell. .
- Fairey , D. 1973 . Weekend , 1–7 August.
- Feldman , M. P. 1977 . Criminal Behaviour: A Psychological Analysis , Chichester, Sx : Wiley. .
- Fox , L. 1952 . The English Prison and Borstal Systems , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul. .
- Gittins , J. 1952 . Approved School Boys , London : HMSO. .
- Goldstein , A. G. , Chance , J. E. and Gilbert , B. 1984 . ‘Facial Stereotypes of Good Guys and Bad Guys: A Replication and Extension'. . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 22 ( 6 ) : 549 – 52 . ()
- Goring , C. 1913 . The English Convict , London : Walter Scott. .
- Goshen , C. E. 1967 . Documentary History of Psychiatry , London : Vision Press. .
- Gray , J. 1857 . ‘Homicide in Insanity'. . American Journal of Insanity , 19 : 79 – 95 .
- Greenwood , J. 1869 . The Seven Curses of London , London : Stanley Rivers. .
- Griesinger , W. 1845 . “ ‘Pathology and Therapy of Psychiatric Illness'. ” . In Documentary History of Psychiatry , Edited by: Goshen , C. E. London : Vision Press. . In (1967).
- Guy , W. 1869 . ‘On Insanity and Crime'. . Journal of the Statistical Society , 32 : 162 – 90 .
- Hootton , E. A. 1939 . The American Criminal , 309 – 10 . Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press . pp.
- Hoyle , W. and Tobias , J. J. 1876 . Nineteenth-Century Crimes: Prevention and Punishment , London : David & Charles. . (1972).
- Hunter , R. and McAlpine , I. 1963 . Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry 1535–1860 , London : Oxford University Press. .
- Ignatieff , M. A. 1978 . Just Measure of Pain: the Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750–1850 , New York : Pantheon Books. .
- Jones , K. 1960 . Mental Health and Social Policy 1845–1959 , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul. .
- Jones , K. 1955 . Law, Liberty and Conscience , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul. .
- Krauss , W. 1898 . ‘The Stigmata of Degeneration'. . American Journal of Insanity , 84 : 109 – 13 .
- Lombroso , C. and Hibbert , C. 1911 . The Roots of Evil , Harmondsworth : Penguin. . (1966).
- Mayhew , H. and Binney , J. 1862 . The Criminal Prisons of London , London : Frank Cass. .
- Ogburn , W. F. 1957 . ‘Cultural Lag as Theory'. . Sociology & Social Research , 41 : 167 – 73 .
- Pearl , C. 1968 . “ ‘The Other Side of Victorian Morality'. ” . In The History of Popular Culture Since 1815 , Edited by: Cantor , N. F. and Wertham , M. S. London : Macmillan. . In (eds).
- Platt , A. M. 1969 . The Child Savers , Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
- Platt , A. M. and Diamond , B. L. 1965 . “ ‘The Origins and Development of the ‘Wild Beast’ Concept of Mental Illness and its Relationship to Theories of Criminal Responsibility' ” . In Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences 355 – 72 .
- Proudman , J. . Conference of Managers of Reformatory & Industrial Institutions, London, April 1869 . London : Reformatory and Refuge Union. .
- Quenslor , J. 1990 . Interview, BBC Radio 4 . Midweek , 7 March.
- Radzinowicz , L. 1956 . “ The Enforcement of the Law ” . In A History of English Criminal Law and its Administration from 1750 , Vol. 2 , London : Stevens. .
- Radzinowicz , L. 1966 . Ideology and Crime , London : Heinemann. .
- Ray , I. 1863 . Mental Hygiene , Boston, Mass : Ticknor & Fields. .
- Rees , L. 1973 . “ ‘Constitutional Factors and Abnormal Behaviour'. ” . In Handbook of Abnormal Psychology, , 2nd edn , Edited by: Eysenck , H. J. London : Pitman Medical. . In (ed.)().
- Rock , P. and Cohen , S. 1970 . “ ‘The Teddy Boy'. ” . In The Age of Affluence 1951–1964 , Edited by: Bogdanor , V. and Skidelsky , R. London : Macmillan. . In (eds).
- Royal Commission on Constabulary Force . 1839 . Report of Royal Commission on Constabulary Force: Parliamentary Paper 1939/xix (Public Record Office).
- Rushton , J. P. 1990 . ‘Race Differences, r/k Theory, and a Reply to Flynn'. . The Psychologist , 3 ( 5 ) : 195 – 9 . ()
- Saunders , J. 1985 . “ ‘Quarantining the Weak-Minded: Psychiatric Definitions of Degeneracy and the Late Victorian Asylum'. ” . In The Anatomy of Madness , Edited by: Bynum , R. F. , Porter , R. and Shepherd , M. Vol. 3 , London : Routledge. . In (eds)
- Scott , G. R. 1959 . The History of Corporal Punishment , London : Luxor Press. .
- Scott , P. 1950 . ‘Public Opinion and Juvenile Delinquency'. . British Journal of Delinquency , 1 : 56 – 8 .
- Scott , P. 1956 . ‘Henry Maudsley (1835–1918)'. . Journal of Crime, Law Criminology and Police Science , 46 : 753 – 69 .
- Scull , A. 1979 . Museums of Madness , London : Allen Lane. .
- Szasz , T. 1970 . The Manufacture of Madness , London : Harper & Row. .
- Tobias , J. J. 1972 . Nineteenth-Century Crimes: Prevention and Punishment , London : David & Charles. .
- Wilson , A. 1929 . The Child of Circumstance , London : Bale & Danielsson. .