Employee commitment in MNCs: Impacts of organizational culture, HRM and top management orientations

References

• Adler , N.J. and Bartholomew , S. 1992 . Managing Globally Competent People . The Academy of Management Executive , 6 : 52 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , D. , Shore , L. and Griffeth , R. 2003 . The Role of Perceived Organizational Support and Supportive Human Resource Practices in the Turnover Process . Journal of Management , 29 : 99 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , N.J. and Meyer , J.P. 1990 . The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 63 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , J.C. and Gerbing , D.W. 1988 . Structural Equation Modelling in Practice, A Review and Recommended Two-step Approach . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 411 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino , K. , Griffeth , R.W. , Allen , D.G. and Hom , P.W. 1997 . Integrating Justice Constructs into the Turnover Process, A Test of a Referent Cognitions Model . Academy of Management Journal , 40 : 1208 – 1227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , J. 1992 . The Link between Business Strategy and Industrial Relations Systems in American Steel Minimills . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 45 : 488 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , J.B. 1994 . Effects of Human Resource Systems on Manufacturing Performance and Turnover . Academy of Management Journal , 37 : 670 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkenas , R. , Ulrich , D. , Jick , T. and Kerr , S. 1995 . The Boundaryless Organization, Breaking the Chains of Organizational Structure , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Bae , J. , Chen , S.J. and Lawler , J.J. 1998 . Variations in Human Resource Management in Asian Countries, MNC Home-country and Host-country Effects . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 9 : 653 – 670 .
   Google Scholar
• Baird , L. and Meshoulam , I. 1988 . Strategic Human Resource Management, Implications for Training Human Resource Professionals . Training and Development Journal , 13 : 116 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett , C.A. and Ghoshal , S. 2000 . Transnational Management, Text, Cases and Readings in Cross-border Management , 3rd ed. , Boston, MA : Irwin/McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , B. and Gerhart , B. 1996 . The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance, Progress and Prospects . Academy of Management Journal , 39 : 779 – 780 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , B.E. and Huselid , M.A. 1998 . “ High Performance Work Systems and Firm Performance, a Synthesis of Research and Managerial Implications ” . In Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management , Edited by: Ferris , G. 53 – 101 . Greenwich : CT, JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bentler , P.M. 1995 . EQS Structural Equations Program Manual , Encino, CA : Multivariate Software .
   Google Scholar
• Birnbaum , P.H. and Wong , G.Y.Y. 1985 . Organizational Structure of Multinational Banks in Hong Kong from a Culture-free Perspective . Administrative Science Quarterly , 30 : 262 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , J.S. , Gregersen , H.B. and Mendenhall , M.E. 1992 . Global Assignments , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Black , J.S. , Morrison , A.J. and Gregersen , H.B. 1999 . Global Explorers, The Next Generation of Leaders , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Blau , P. 1964 . Exchange and Power in Social Life , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Bollen , K.A. 1989 . Structural Equations with Latent Variables , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Boomsma , A. 2000 . Reporting Analyses of Covariance Structures . Structural Equation Modelling , 7 : 461 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyacigiller , N. , Beechler , S. , Taylor , S. and Levy , O. 2004 . “ The Crucial Yet Elusive Global Mindset ” . In The Blackwell Handbook of Global Management: A Guide to Managing Complexity , Edited by: Lane , H.W. , Maznevski , M.L. , Mendenhall , M. and McNett , J. 81 – 93 . Malden, MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , A. 1994 . The Responsive Employee , Sydney : Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Brewster , C.J. 1991 . The Management of Expatriates , London : Kogan Page .
   Google Scholar
• Buckley , P.J. and Casson , M.C. 1998 . Models of the Multinational Enterprise . Journal of International Business Studies , 29 : 21 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , J.E. , Ferris , G.R. and Napier , N.K. 1991 . Strategy and Human Resources Management , Cincinnati, OH : South-Western Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B.M. 1994 . Structural Equation Modelling with EQS and EQS/WINDOWS, Basic Concepts, Application, and Programming , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Cappelli , P. and Singh , H. 1992 . “ Integrating Strategic Human Resources and Strategic Management ” . In Research Frontiers in Industrial Relations and Human Resources , Edited by: Lewin , D. , Mitchell , O.S. and Sherer , P.D. 165 – 192 . Madison, WI : Industrial Relations Research Association .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , M. and Mulaik , S.A. 1993 . Trait Ratings from Descriptions of Behavior as Mediated by Components of Meaning . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 28 : 111 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , P. , Cohen , J. , Teresi , J. , Marchi , M. and Velez , N.C. 1990 . Problems in the Measurement of Latent Variables in Structural Equations Casual Models . Applied Psychological Measurement , : 183 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , J.C. and Porras , J.I. 1997 . Built to Last, Successful Habits of Visionary Companies , New York : Harper-Business .
   Google Scholar
• Daft , R.L. 1992 . Organization Theory and Design , 4th ed. , St. Paul, MN : West Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Daft , R.L. and Weick , K.E. 1984 . Toward a Model of Organizations as Interpretation Systems . Academy of Management Review , 9 : 284 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney , J.T. and Huselid , M.A. 1996 . The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Perceptions of Organizational Performance . Academy of Management Journal , 39 : 949 – 969 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delery , J. and Doty , D.H. 1996 . Modes of Theorizing in Strategic Human Resource Management, Tests of Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Performance Predictions . Academy of Management Journal , 39 : 802 – 835 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison, D.R., Cho, H.J., and Young, J. (2000), “Diagnosing Organizational Cultures, Validating a Model and Method,” working paper at International Institute for Management Development, Lausanne, Switzerland
   Google Scholar
• Denison , D.R. and Mishra , A.K. 1995 . Toward a Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness . Organization Science , 6 : 204 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison , D.R. and Neale , W.S. 1996 . Denison Organizational Culture Survey , Ann Arbor, MI : Aviat .
   Google Scholar
• Dessler , G. 1999 . How to Earn Your Employees' Commitment . The Academy of Management Executive , 13 : 58 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Doz , Y.L. and Prahalad , C.K. 1991 . Managing DMNCs, A Search for a New Paradigm . Strategic Management Journal , 12 : 145 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estienne , M. 1997 . The Art of Cross-cultural Management, ‘An Alternative Approach to Training and Development’ . Journal of European Industrial Training , 21 : 14 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , P. and Doz , Y.L. 1992 . “ Dualities, A Paradigm for Human Resource and Organizational Development in Complex Multinationals) ” . In Globalizing Management, Creating and Leading the Competitive Organization , Edited by: Pucik , V. , Tichy , N. and Barnett , C. 85 – 106 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Fey , C.F. and Denison , D.R. 2003 . Organizational Culture and Effectiveness, Can American Theory Be Applied in Russia? . Organization Science , 14 : 686 – 706 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell , C. and Larcker , D.F. 1981 . Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Observable Variables and Measurement Error . Journal of Marketing Research , 18 : 39 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould-Williams , J. 2003 . The Importance of HR Practices and Workplace Trust in Achieving Superior Workplace Performance, A Study of Public-sector Organizations . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 14 : 28 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould-Williams , J.S. 1998 . “ The Impact of HRM Practices on Organisational Commitment ” . In Performance Measurement, Theory and Practice , Edited by: Neelyand , A.D. and Waggoner , D.B. 404 – 411 . Cambridge, UK : Centre for Business Performance, Cambridge University .
   Google Scholar
• Gouldner , A.W. 1960 . The Norm of Reciprocity, A Preliminary Statement . American Sociological Review , 25 : 161 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindarajan , V. and Gupta , A. 1998 . Success is All in the Mindset . Financial Times , February 27, p. 2
   Google Scholar
• Guest , D. and Conway , N. 1997 . Employee Motivation and the Psychological Contract , London : CIPD .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , A.K. and Govindarajan , V. 2000 . Managing Global Expansion, A Conceptual Framework . Business Horizons , 43 : 45 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Hair , J.F. , Anderson , R.E. , Tatham , R.L. and Black , W.C. 1995 . Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings , 4th edn. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Harley , B. 2002 . Employee Responses to High Performance Work System Practices, An Analysis of the AWIRS95 Data . Journal of Industrial Relations , 44 : 418 – 434 .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , J.K. and Hubbard , R. 1998 . Antecedents to Organizational Commitment Among Mexican Employees of a US Firm in Mexico . The Journal of Social Psychology , 138 : 609 – 623 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , M. , Speier , C. and Novicevic , M.M. 1999 . The Role of Inpatriation in Global Staffing . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 10 : 459 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedlund , G. 1986 . The Hypermodern MNC–A Heterarchy? . Human Resource Management , 25 : 9 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope , V. “HRM and Corporate Cultural Control, The Limits to Commitment,” . paper presented to the 1994 Annual Conference of the British Academy of Management, Lancaster University
   Google Scholar
• Howell , J.P. and Dorfman , P.W. 1986 . Leadership and Substitutes for Leadership among Professional and Non-professional Workers . Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , 22 : 29 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , L. and Bentler , P.M. 1998 . Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Modelling, Sensitivity to Under-parameterized Model Misspecification . Psychological Methods , 3 : 424 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huselid , M. 1995 . The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover, Productivity, and Corporate Financial Performance . Academy of Management Journal , 38 : 635 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iles , P. , Mabey , C. and Roberston , I. 1990 . HRM Practices and Employee Commitment, Possibilities, Pitfalls and Paradoxes . British Journal of Management , 1 : 147 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Kabanoff , B. 1997 . “ Organizational Justice across Cultures, Integrating Organizational-level and Culture-level Perspectives ” . In New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology , Edited by: Earley , P.C. and Erez , M. 676 – 712 . San Francisco, CA : New Lexington Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kanter , R.M. 1972 . Commitment and Community, Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kanter , R.M. 1994 . “ Afterword, What ‘Thinking Globally’ Really Means ” . In Global Strategies , Edited by: Barnwik , R.S. and Kanter , R.M. 227 – 232 . Boston : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kline , R.B. 1998 . Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modelling , New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kobrin , S.J. 1994 . Is There a Relationship between a Geocentric Mind-set and Multinational Strategy? . Journal of International Business Studies , 25 : 493 – 511 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogut , B. and Zander , U. 1996 . What Firms Do? Coordination, Identity, and Learning . Organization Science , 7 : 502 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh , W.L. , Steers , R.M. and Terbog , J.R. 1995 . The Effects of Transformational Leadership on Teacher Attitudes and Student Performance in Singapore . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 16 : 319 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotter , J.P. and Heskett , J.L. 1992 . Corporate Culture and Performance , New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kouzes , J.M. and Posner , B.Z. 2002 . The Leadership Challenge , 3rd ed. , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Laurent , A. 1983 . The Cultural Diversity of Western Conceptions of Management . International Studies of Management and Organizations , 13 : 75 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Lepak , D.P. and Snell , S.A. 2002 . Examining the Human Resource Architecture, the Relationship among Human Capital, Employment, and Human Resource Configurations . Journal of Management , 28 : 517 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, O., Beechler, S., Taylor, S., and Boyacigiller, N. (1999), “What We Talk about When We Talk about Global Mindset?” The International Management Division, Academy of Management Meetings, Chicago, IL
   Google Scholar
• Lok , P. and Crawford , J. 2001 . Antecedents of Organizational Commitment and the Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 16 : 594 – 613 .
   Google Scholar
• Luthans , F. , McCaul , H. and Dodd , N. 1985 . Organizational Commitment, A Comparison of American, Japanese, and Korean Employees . Academy of Management Journal , 28 : 213 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDuffie , J.P. 1995 . Human Resource Bundles and Manufacturing Performance Organizational Logic and Flexible Production Systems in the World Auto Industry . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 48 : 197 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDuffie , J.P. and Kochan , T.A. 1995 . Do US Firms Invest Less in Human Resources? Training in the World Auto Industry . Industrial Relations , 34 : 147 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , G. and Beaumont , P. 1998 . Diffusing ‘Best Practice’ in Multinational Firms, Prospects, Practice and Contestation . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 9 : 671 – 696 .
   Google Scholar
• Mathieu , J.E. and Zajac , D. 1990 . A Review and Meta-analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Organizational Commitment . Psychological Bulletin , 108 : 171 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maznevski , M.L. and Lane , H.W. 2004 . “ Shaping the Global Mindset, Designing Educational Experiences for Effective Global Thinking and Action ” . In Crossing Cultures, Insights from Master Teachers , Edited by: Boyacigiller , N. , Goodman , R.M. and Phillips , M. 171 – 184 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• McCaul , H. , Hinsz , V. and McCaul , K. 1995 . Assessing Organizational Commitment, an Employee's Global Attitude towards the Organization . Journal of Applied Behavioural Science , 31 : 80 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Medsker , G.J. , Williams , L.J. and Holahan , P.J. 1994 . A Review of Current Practices for Evaluating Causal Models in Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management Research . Journal of Management , 20 : 439 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , J.P. and Allen , N.J. 1991 . A Three-component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment . Human Resource Management Review , 1 : 61 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , J.P. , Stanley , D.J. , Herscovitch , L. and Topolnytsky , L. 2002 . Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization, A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 61 : 20 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowday , R.T. , Porter , L.W. and Steers , R.M. 1982 . Employee-organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mowday , R.T. , Steers , R.M. and Porter , L.W. 1979 . The Assessment of Organizational Commitment . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 14 : 224 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller , C. , Wallace , J. and Price , J. 1992 . Employee Commitment, Resolving Some Issues . Work and Occupation , 19 : 211 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulaik , S.A. , James , L.R. , Van Alstine , J. , Bennett , N. , Lind , S. and Stilwell , C.D. 1989 . An Evaluation of Goodness-of-fit Indices for Structural Equation Models . Psychological Bulletin , 105 : 430 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtha , T.P. , Lenway , S.A. and Bagozzi , R.P. 1998 . Global Mind-sets and Cognitive Shift in a Complex Multinational Corporation . Strategic Management Journal , 19 : 97 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadler , D. and Tushman , M.L. 1980 . “ A Congruence Model for Diagnosing Organizational Behavior ” . In Resource Book in Macro Organizational Behavior , Edited by: Miles , R. 30 – 49 . Santa Clara, CA : Goodyear .
   Google Scholar
• Nahapiet , J. and Ghoshal , S. 1998 . Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage . Academy of Management Review , 23 : 242 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nohria , N. and Ghoshal , S. 1994 . Differentiated Fit and Shared Values, Alternatives for Managing Headquarters-subsidiary Relations . SMJ , 15 : 491 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nohria , N. and Ghoshal , S. 1997 . The Differentiated Network, Organizing Multinational Corporations for Value Creation , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• O'Reilly , C. and Chatman , J.A. 1996 . “ Culture as Social Control, Corporations, Cults, and Commitment ” . In Research in Organizational Behavior , Edited by: Staw , B.M. and Cummings , L.L. Vol. 14 , 157 – 200 . North Holland, MI : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Peng , M. 2004 . Identifying the Big Question in International Business Research . Journal of International Business Studies , 35 : 99 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlmutter , H. 1969 . The Tortuous Evolution of the Multinational Corporation . Columbia Journal of World Business , : 9 – 18 . January/February
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , D.K. , Puia , G.M. and Suess , F.R. 2003 . 'Yo Tengo La Camiseta (I Have the Shirt On),' An Exploration Of Job Satisfaction and Commitment Among Workers in Mexico . Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies , 10 : 73 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. 1996 . When it Comes to ‘Best Practices’–Why do Smart Organizations Occasionally do Dumb Things? . Organizational Dynamics , 25 : 33 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. 1998 . The Human Equation , Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay , H. , Scholarios , D. and Harley , B. 2000 . Employee and High-performance Work Systems, Testing inside the Black Box . British Journal of Industrial Relations , 38 : 501 – 532 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raykov , T. , Tomer , A. and Nesselroade , J.R. 1991 . Reporting Structural Equation Modelling Results in Psychology and Aging, Some Proposed Guidelines . Psychology and Aging , 6 : 499 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reade , C. 2001 . Dual Identification in Multinational Corporations, Local Managers, and their Psychological Attachment to the Subsidiary versus the Global Organization . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 12 : 405 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhinesmith , S.H. 1992 . Global Mindsets for Global Managers . Training & Development , 46 : 63 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Rhinesmith , S.H. 1993 . Globalisation, Six Keys to Success in a Changing World , Alexandria, VA : The American Society for Training and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Rhinesmith , S.H. 1996 . A Manager's Guide to Globalisation, Six Skills for Success in a Changing World , 2nd ed. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Ronen , S. and Shenkar , O. 1985 . Clustering Countries on Attitudinal Dimensions, A Review and Synthesis . Academy of Management Review , 10 : 435 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig , P.M. and Nohria , N. 1994 . Influences on Human Resource Management Practices in Multinational Corporations . Journal of International Business Studies , 25 : 229 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein , E.H. 1985 . Organizational Culture and Leadership , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Schumacker , R.E. and Lomax , R.G. 1996 . A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modelling , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Shook , C.L. , Ketchen , D.J. , Hult , G.T.M. and Kacmar , K.M. 2004 . An Assessment of the Use of Structural Equation Modelling in Strategic Management Research . Strategic Management Journal , 25 : 397 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigler , T. and Pearson , C. 2000 . Creating and Empowering Culture, Examining the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Perceptions of Empowerment . Journal of Quality Management , 5 : 27 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Snell , S. , Youndt , M. and Wright , P. 1996 . Establishing a Framework for Research in Strategic Human Resource Management, Merging Resource Theory and Organizational Learning . Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management , 14 : 61 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Storey , J. and Quintas , P. 2001 . “ Knowledge Management and Human Resources Management ” . In Human Resource Management, A Critical Text , Edited by: Storey , J. 339 – 363 . London : Thomson Learning .
   Google Scholar
• Swailes , S. 2002 . Organizational Commitment, A Critique of the Construct and Measures . International Journal of Management Reviews , 4 : 155 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B.G. and Fidell , L.S. 1996 . Using Multivariate Statistics , New York : Harper Collins Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. , Beechler , S. and Napier , N. 1996 . Toward an Integrative Model of Strategic International Human Resource Management . The Academy of Management Review , 21 : 959 – 985 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , W.I. 1966 . “ The Relation of Research to the Social Process ” . In W.I. Thomas on Social Organization and Social Personality , Edited by: Janowitz , M. 289 – 305 . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Toyne , B. and Nigh , D. 1997 . International Business: An Emerging Vision , Columbia, SC : South Carolina University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tsui , A.S. , Egan , T.D. and Xin , K.R. 1995 . “ Diversity in Organizations, Lessons from Demography Research ” . In Diversity in Organization , Edited by: Chemers , M. , Costanzo , M. and Oskamp , S. Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Tsui , A.S. , Pearce , J.L. , Porter , L.W. and Tripoli , A.M. 1997 . Alternative Approaches to the Employee–Organization Relationship, Does Investment in Employees Pay Off? . Academy of Management Journal , 40 : 1089 – 1121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen , T. 2000 . “ Commitment and the Study of Organizational Climate and Culture ” . In Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate , Edited by: Ashkanasy , N.M. , Wilderom , C.P.M. and Peterson , M.F. 339 – 354 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wayne , S.J. , Shore , L.M. , Bommer , W.H. and Tetrick , L.E. 2002 . The Role of Fair Treatment and Rewards in Perceptions of Organizational Support and Leader-member Exchange . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 590 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne , S.J. , Shore , L.M. and Liden , R.C. 1997 . Perceived Organizational Support and Leader-member Exchange, A Social Exchange Perspective . Academy of Management Journal , 40 : 82 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitener , E.M. 2001 . Do High Commitment Human Resource Practices Affect Employee Commitment? . Journal of Management , 27 : 515 – 535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins , A.L. and Ouchi , W.G. 1983 . Efficient Cultures: Exploring the Relationship between Culture and Organizational Performance . Administrative Science Quarterly , 28 : 468 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , P. , Gardner , T. , Moynihan , L. and Allen , M. 2005 . The Relationship between HR Practices and Firm Performance, Examining Causal Order . Personnel Psychology , 58 : 409 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , P.M. and McMahan , G.C. 1992 . Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Human Resource Management . Journal of Management , 18 : 295 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youndt , M.A. , Snell , S.A. , Dean , J.W.J. and Lepak , D.P. 1996 . Human Resource Management, Manufacturing Strategy, and Firm Performance . Academy of Management Journal , 39 : 836 – 866 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousef , D.A. 2000 . Organizational Commitment, A Mediator of the Relationships of Leadership Behavior with Job Satisfaction and Performance in a Non-western Country . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 15 : 6 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Yousef , D.A. 2003 . Validating the Dimensionality of Porter et al,'s Measurement of Organizational Commitment in a Non-Western Culture Setting . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 14 : 1067 – 1079 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar