Victims' and observers' perceptions of sexual harassment: implications for employers' legal risk in North America

References

• Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, 895 F.2d 1469 (3d Cir. 1990)
   Google Scholar
• Atwater , L.E. , Waldman , D.A. , Carey , J.A. and Cartier , P. 2001 . Recipient and Observer Reactions to Discipline: Are Managers Experiencing Wishful Thinking? . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 22 : 249 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , D.D. , Terpstra , D.E. and Cutler , B.D. 1989 . Perceptions of Sexual Harassment: A Reexamination of Gender Differences . Journal of Psychology , 124 : 409 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogh , D.W. , Kite , M.E. , Pickel , K.L. , Canel , D. and Schroeder , J. 2003 . The Effects of Delayed Report and Motive for Reporting on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment . Sex Roles , 48 : 337 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman , M.E. , Langhout , R.D. , Palmieri , P.A. , Cortina , L.M. and Fitzgerald , L.F. 2002 . The (Un)reasonableness of Reporting: Antecedents and Consequences of Reporting Sexual Harassment . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 230 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakely , G.L. , Blakely , E.H. and Moorman , R.H. 1998 . The Effects of Training on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Allegations . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 28 : 71 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal , J.A. 1998 . The Reasonable Woman Standard: A Meta-analytic Review of Gender Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment . Law and Human Behavior , 22 : 33 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgida , E. , Rudman , L.A. and Manteufel , L.L. 1995 . On the Courtroom Use and Misuse of Gender Stereotyping Research . Journal of Social Issues , 51 : 181 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois , M.J. and Perkins , J. 2003 . A Test of Evolutionary and Sociocultural Explanations of Reactions to Sexual Harassment . Sex Roles , 49 ( 7/8 ) : 343 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowes-Sperry , L. and O'Leary-Kelly , A.M. 2005 . To Act or Not to Act: The Dilemma Faced by Sexual Harassment Observers . Academy of Management Review , 30 : 288 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowling , N.A. and Beehr , T.A. 2006 . Workplace Harassment from the Victim's Perspective: A Theoretical Model and Meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 : 998 – 1012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , L. and Perot , A.R. 1991 . Reporting Sexual Harassment: Exploring a Predictive Model . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 15 : 31 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , T.J. and Sumner , K.E. 2006 . Perceptions and Punishments of Workplace Aggression: The Role of Aggression Content, Context, and Perceiver Variables . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 36 : 2509 – 2531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 118 S.Ct. 2257 (1998)
   Google Scholar
• Cortina , L.M. and Wasti , S.A. 2005 . Profiles in Coping: Responses to Sexual Harassment Across Persons, Organizations, and Cultures . Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 : 182 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day , J. 2000 . The Problem of Perceptions: Reasons for Outsourcing the Sexual Harassment Investigation . Employment Relations Today , 27 : 101 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• De Judicibus , M. and McCabe , M.P. 2001 . Blaming the Target of Sexual Harassment: Impact of Gender Role, Sexist Attitudes, and Work Role . Sex Roles , 44 : 401 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSouza , E.R. , Pryor , J.B. and Hutz , C.S. 1998 . Reactions to Sexual Harassment Charges between North Americans and Brazilians . Sex Roles , 39 : 913 – 928 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois , C.L.Z. , Faley , R.H. , Kustis , G.A. and Knapp , D.E. 1999 . Perceptions of Organizational Responses to Formal Sexual Harassment Complaints . Journal of Managerial Issues , 11 : 198
   Google Scholar
• DuBois , C.L.Z. , Knapp , D.E. , Faley , R.H. and Kustis , G.A. 1998 . An Empirical Examination of Same- and Other-gender Sexual Harassment in the Workplace . Sex Roles , 39 : 731 – 749 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning , D. and Sherman , D.A. 1997 . Stereotypes and Tacit Inference . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 459 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEOC (1990), ‘Policy Guidance on Current Issues of Sexual Harassment,’ http://eeoc.gov/policy/docs/currentissues.html
   Google Scholar
• EEOC (1999), ‘Enforcement Guidance: Vicarious Employer Liability for Unlawful Harassment by Supervisors,’ http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/harassment.html
   Google Scholar
• EEOC (2007), ‘Sexual Harassment Charges, EEOC and FEPAs Combined: FY 1997–FY 2006,’ http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/harass.html
   Google Scholar
• Elkins , T.J. 2007 . “ New HR Challenges in the Dynamic Environment of Legal Compliance ” . In Managing Human Resources in North America , Edited by: Werner , S. 44 – 58 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Elkins , T.J. and Phillips , J.S. 1999 . Evaluating Sex Discrimination Claims: The Mediating Role of Attributions . Journal of Applied Psychology , 84 : 186 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins , T.J. , Phillips , J.S. and Ward , S.G. 2008 . Organizational Sexual Harassment Investigations: Observers' Perceptions of Fairness . Journal of Managerial Issues , 20 : 88 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellison v. Brady, 924 F.2d 872, (9th Cir.1991)
   Google Scholar
• Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 118 S.Ct. 2275 (1998)
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , S.T. and Taylor , S.E. 1991 . Social Cognition , 2nd ed. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , L.F. , Drasgow , F. , Hulin , C.L. , Gelfand , M.J. and Magley , V.J. 1997 . Antecedents and Consequences of Sexual Harassment in Organizations: A Test of an Integrated Model . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 : 578 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman , S. and Lazarus , R.S. 1988 . Coping as a Mediator of Emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 466 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , P.A. , Cochran , C.C. and Olson , A.M. 1995 . Social Science Research on Lay Definitions of Sexual Harassment . Journal of Social Issues , 51 : 21 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , J.A. 2005 . Sexual Harassment and Demographic Diversity: Implications for Organizational Punishment . Public Personnel Management , 34 : 161 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilson , L.L. , Fedor , D.B. and Roth , J.L. 2005 . What is Fair and to Whom? Fairness Evaluations of Socio-sexual Behaviour . Journal of Managerial Issues , 17 : 293 – 309 .
   Google Scholar
• Glomb , T.M. , Munson , L.J. , Hulin , C.L. , Bergman , M.E. and Drasgow , F. 1999 . Structural Equation Models of Sexual Harassment: Longitudinal Explorations and Cross–Sectional Generalizations . Journal of Applied Psychology , 84 ( 1 ) : 14 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , L.H. 2004 . Sexual Harassment: Psychiatric Assessment in Employment Litigation , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , C.B. 2001 . The Impact of the Proportion of Women in One's Workgroup, Profession, and Friendship Circle On Males' And Females' Responses to Sexual Harassment . Sex Roles , 45 : 359 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , C. and Zhang , L. 2004 . Simple and Joint Effects of Gender and Self-esteem on Responses to Same-sex sexual Harassment . Sex Roles , 50 : 823 – 834 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden , J.H. , Johnson , C.A. and Lopez , R.A. 2001 . Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Exploring the Effects of Attractiveness on Perception of Harassment . Sex Roles , 45 : 767 – 784 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman , B. 2001 . Toward an Understanding of Employment Discrimination Claiming: An Integration of Organizational Justice and Social Information Processing Theories . Personnel Psychology , 54 : 361 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowan , M.A. and Zimmermann , R.A. 1996 . Impact of Ethnicity, Gender, and Previous Experience on Juror Judgments in Sexual Harassment Cases . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 26 : 596 – 617 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groth , M. , Goldman , B.M. , Gilliland , S.W. and Bies , R.J. 2002 . Commitment to Legal Claiming: Influences of Attributions, Social Guidance, and Organizational Tenure . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 781 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber , J.E. 1997 . “ An Epidemiology of Sexual Harassment: Evidence from North America and Europe ” . In Sexual Harassment: Theory, Research, & Treatment , Edited by: O'Donohue , W. 84 – 98 . Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Gruber , J.E. and Smith , M.D. 1995 . Women's Responses to Sexual Harassment: A Multivariate Analysis . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 17 : 543 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutek , B.A. 1995 . How Subjective is Sexual Harassment? An Examination of Rater Effects . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 17 : 447 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutek , B.A. and O'Connor , M. 1995 . The Empirical Basis for the Reasonable Woman Standard . Journal of Social Issues , 51 : 151 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris v. Forklift Systems, 510 US 17 (1993)
   Google Scholar
• Henry , J. and Meltzoff , J. 1998 . Perceptions of Sexual Harassment as a Function of Target's Response Type and Observer's Sex . Sex Roles , 39 : 253 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson v. City of Dundee, 682 F.2d 897 (CA11 1982)
   Google Scholar
• Hitlan , R.T. , Schneider , K.T. and Walsh , B.M. 2006 . Upsetting Behavior: Reactions to Personal and Bystander Sexual Harassment Experiences . Sex Roles , 55 : 187 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogler , R.L. , Frame , J.H. and Thornton , G. 2002 . Workplace Sexual Harassment Law: An Empirical Analysis of Organizational Justice and Legal Policy . Journal of Managerial Issues , 14 : 234
   Google Scholar
• Hulin , C.L. , Fitzgerald , L.F. and Drasgow , F. 1996 . “ Organizational Influences on Sexual Harassment ” . In Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Perspectives, Frontiers, and Response Strategies , Edited by: Stockdale , M.S. 127 – 150 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hurt , J.L. , Maver , J.A. and Hofmann , D. 1999 . Situational and Individual Influences on Judgments of Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 29 : 1395 – 1415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen , D. and Klein , H. 1988 . Organizational Behaviour . Annual Review of Psychology , 40 : 327 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Ilies , R. , Hauserman , N. , Schwochau , S. and Stibal , J. 2003 . Reported Incidence Rates of Work-related Sexual Harassment in the United States: Using Meta-analysis to Explain Reported Rate Disparities . Personnel Psychology , 56 : 607 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbell , L.M. , Swedish , K. and Gazan , D.B. 2005 . Who Says it's Sexual Harassment? The Effects of Gender and Likelihood to Sexually Harass on Legal Judgments of Sexual Harassment . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 35 : 745 – 772 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , E.H. and Wooten , L.P. 2006 . Diversity Crises: How Firms Manage Discrimination Lawsuits . Academy of Management Journal , 49 : 1103 – 1118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , I.W. and Gutek , B.A. 1982 . Attributions and Assignment of Responsibility in Sexual Harassment . Journal of Social Issues , 38 : 121 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J.D. , Benson , C. , Teasdale , A. , Simmons , S. and Reed , W. 1997 . Perceptual Ambiguity, Gender, and Target Intoxication: Assessing the Effects of Factors that Moderate Perceptions of Sexual Harassment . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 27 : 1209 – 1221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , T.S. and Remland , M.S. 1992 . Sources of Variability in Perceptions and Responses to Sexual Harassment . Sex Roles , 27 : 121 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , T.S. , Remland , M.S. and Bruner , C.C. 1987 . Effects of Employment Relationship, Response of Recipient and Sex of Rater on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 65 : 55 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , R.C. , Hannon , R. and Whitten , L. 1996 . Effects of Gender and Situation on the Perception of Sexual Harassment . Sex Roles , 34 : 35 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenig , S. and Ryan , J. 1986 . Sex Differences in Levels of Tolerance and Attribution of Blame for Sexual Harassment on a University Campus . Sex Roles , 15 : 535 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp , D.E. , Faley , R.H. , Ekeberg , S.E. and Dubois , C.L.Z. 1997 . Determinants of Target Responses to Sexual Harassment: A Conceptual Framework . Academy of Management Review , 22 : 687 – 729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp , D.E. and Heshizer , B.P. 2001 . Outcomes of Requests for Summary Judgments in Federal Sexual Harassment Cases: Policy Capturing Revisited . Sex Roles , 44 : 109 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konrad , A.M. and Gutek , B.A. 1986 . Impact of Work Experiences on Attitudes Towards Sexual Harassment . Administrative Science Quarterly , 31 : 422 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRocca , M.A. and Kromrey , J.D. 1999 . The Perception of Sexual Harassment in Higher Education: Impact of Gender and Attractiveness . Sex Roles , 40 : 921 – 940 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langhout , R.D. , Bergman , M.E. , Cortina , L.M. , Fitzgerald , L.F. , Drasgow , F. and Williams , J.H. 2005 . Sexual Harassment Severity: Assessing Situational and Personal Determinants and Outcomes . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 35 : 975 – 1007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCoun , R.J. 1990 . The Emergence of Extra-legal Bias During Jury Deliberation . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 17 : 303 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madera , J.M. , Podratz , K.E. , King , E.B. and Hebl , M.R. 2007 . Schematic Responses to Sexual Harassment Complainants: The Influence of Gender and Physical Attractiveness . Sex Roles , 56 : 223 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magley , V. and Shupe , E. 2005 . Self-labeling Sexual Harassment . Sex Roles , 53 : 173 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malamut , A.B. and Offermann , L.R. 2001 . Coping with Sexual Harassment: Personal, Environment, and Cognitive Determinants . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 1152 – 1166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe , M.P. and Hardman , L. 2005 . Attitudes and Perceptions of Workers to Sexual Harassment . Journal of Social Psychology , 145 : 719 – 740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney , K. 1992 . Contrapower Sexual Harassment: The Effects of Student Sex and Type of Behavior on Faculty Perceptions . Sex Roles , 27 : 627 – 643 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of Law, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reasonable person
   Google Scholar
• Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 US 57 (1986)
   Google Scholar
• Moyer , R.S. and Nath , A. 1998 . Some Effects of Brief Training Interventions on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 28 : 333 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuser , D.J. 2005 . How to Conduct Effective Internal Investigations of Workplace Matters . Employee Relations Law Journal , 31 : 67 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Niehoff , B.P. , Paul , R.J. and Bunch , J.F.S. 1998 . The Social Effects of Punishment Events: The Influence of Violator Past Performance Record and Severity of the Punishment on Observers' Justice Perceptions and Attitudes . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 19 : 589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offermann , L.R. and Malamut , A.B. 2002 . When Leaders Harass: The Impact of Target Perceptions of Organizational Leadership and Climate on Harassment Reporting and Outcomes . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 885 – 893 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , E.L. , Kulik , C.T. and Schmidtke , J.M. 1997 . Blowing the Whistle: Determinants of Responses to Sexual Harassment . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 19 : 457 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , E.L. , Kulik , C.T. and Schmidtke , J.M. 1998 . Individual Differences in the Effectiveness of Sexual Harassment Awareness Training . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 28 : 698 – 723 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce , C.A. , Aguinis , H. and Adams , S.K.R. 2000 . Effects of a Dissolved Workplace Romance and Rater Characteristics on Responses to a Sexual Harassment Accusation . Academy of Management Journal , 43 : 869 – 880 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce , C.A. , Broberg , B.J. , McClure , J.R. and Aguinis , H. 2004 . Responding to Sexual Harassment Complaints: Effects of a Dissolved Workplace Romance on Decision-making Standards . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 95 : 66 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plater , M.A. and Thomas , R.E. 1998 . The Impact of Job Performance, Gender, and Ethnicity on the Managerial Review of Sexual Harassment . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 28 : 52 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovich , P.M. , Gehlauf , D.N. , Deenan , N. , Jolton , J.A. , Everton , W. , Godinho , R.M. , Mastrangelo , P.M. and Somers , J. 1996 . Physical Attractiveness and Sexual Harassment: Does Every Picture Tell a Story or Every Story Draw a Picture? . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 26 : 520 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor , J.B. 1985 . The Lay Person's Understanding of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace . Sex Roles , 13 : 273 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabidue v. Osceola Refining Company, 805 F.2d 611 (6th Cir. 1986)
   Google Scholar
• Reilly , T. , Carpenter , S. , Dull , V. and Bartlett , K. 1982 . The Factorial Survey: An Approach to Defining Sexual Harassment on Campus . Journal of Social Issues , 38 : 99 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotundo , M. , Nguyen , D.-H. and Sackett , P.R. 2001 . A Meta-analytic Review of Gender Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 914 – 922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , B.L. and Trigg , K.Y. 2004 . Tolerance of Sexual Harassment: An Examination of Gender Differences, Ambivalent Sexism, Social Dominance, and Gender Roles . Sex Roles , 50 ( 7/8 ) : 565 – 573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , K.T. , Swan , S. and Fitzgerald , L.F. 1997 . Job-related and Psychological Effects of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Empirical Evidence from Two Organizations . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 : 401 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey , C.M. 2006 . Dissecting Damages: An Empirical Exploration of Sexual Harassment Awards . Journal of Empirical Legal Studies , 3 : 1 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Sigal , J. , Gibbs , M.S. , Goodrich , C. , Rashid , T. , Anjum , A. , Hsu , D. , Perrino , C. , Boratav , H. , Carson-Arenas , A. , van Baarsen , B. , van der Pligt , J. and Pan , W.-K. 2005 . Cross-cultural Reactions to Academic Sexual Harassment: Effects of Individualist vs. Collectivist Culture and Gender of Participants . Sex Roles , 52 : 201 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirles , K.E. 2004 . Attributions of Responsibility in Cases of Sexual Harassment: The Person and the Situation . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 34 : 342 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Society for Human Resource Management (2006), ‘2006 Workplace Romance Poll Findings,’ http://www.shrm.org/hrresources/surveys%5Fpublished/2006%20Workplace%20Romance%20Poll%20Findings.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Summers , R.J. and Myklebust , K. 1992 . The Influence of a History of Romance on Judgments and Responses to a Complaint of Sexual Harassment . Sex Roles , 27 : 345 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpstra , D.E. and Baker , D.D. 1988 . Outcomes of Sexual Harassment Charges . Academy of Management Journal , 31 : 185 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thacker , R.A. 1996 . A Descriptive Study of Situational and Individual Influences upon Individuals' Responses to Sexual Harassment . Human Relations , 49 : 1105 – 1122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomann , D.A. and Wiener , R.L. 1987 . Physical and Psychological Causality as Determinants of Culpability in Sexual Harassment Cases . Sex Roles , 17 : 573 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevino , L.K. 1992 . The Social Effects of Punishment in Organizations: A Justice Perspective . Academy of Management Review , 17 : 647 – 676 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine-French , S. and Radtke , H.L. 1989 . Attributions of Responsibility for an Incident of Sexual Harassment in a University Setting . Sex Roles , 21 : 545 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasti , S.A. , Bergman , M.E. , Glomb , T.M. and Drasgow , F. 2000 . Test of the Cross-cultural Generalizability of a Model of Sexual Harassment . Journal of Applied Psychology , 85 : 766 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasti , S.A. and Cortina , L.M. 2002 . Coping in Context: Sociocultural Determinants of Responses to Sexual Harassment . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 394 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne , J.H. , Riordan , C.M. and Thomas , K.M. 2001 . Is all Sexual Harassment Viewed the Same? Mock Juror Decisions in Same- and Cross-gender Cases . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 179 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener , R.L. , Hackney , A. , Kadela , K. , Rauch , S. , Seib , H. , Warren , L. and Hurt , L.E. 2002 . The Fit and Implementation of Sexual Harassment Law to Workplace Evaluations . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 ( 4 ) : 747 – 764 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener , R.L. and Hurt , L.E. 2000 . How do People Evaluate Social Sexual Conduct at Work? A Psycholegal Model . Journal of Applied Psychology , 85 : 75 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener , R.L. , Hurt , L. , Russell , B. , Mannen , K. and Gasper , C. 1997 . Perceptions of Sexual Harassment: The Effects of Gender, Legal Standard, and Ambivalent Sexism . Law and Human Behavior , 21 : 71 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener , R.L. , Voss , A.M. , Winter , R.J. and Arnot , L. 2005 . The More You See It, The More You Know It: Memory Accessibility and Sexual Harassment Judgments . Sex Roles , 53 : 807 – 820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener , R.L. , Watts , B.A. , Goldkamp , K.H. and Gasper , C. 1995 . Social Analytic Investigation of Hostile Work Environments: A Test of the Reasonable Woman Standard . Law and Human Behavior , 19 : 263 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkerson , J.M. 1999 . The Impact of Job Level and Prior Training on Sexual Harassment Labeling and Remedy Choice . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 29 : 1605 – 1623 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , C.W. , Brown , R.S. , Lees-Haley , P.R. and Price , J.R. 1995 . An Attributional (causal dimensional) Analysis of Perceptions of Sexual Harassment . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 25 : 1169 – 1183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willness , C.R. , Steel , P. and Lee , K. 2007 . A Meta-analysis of the Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Sexual Harassment . Personnel Psychology , 60 : 127 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuensch , K.L. , Campbell , M.W. , Kesler , F.C. and Moore , C.H. 2002 . Racial Bias in Decisions Made by Mock Jurors Evaluating a Case of Sexual Harassment . Journal of Social Psychology , 142 : 587 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuensch , K.L. and Moore , C.H. 2004 . Effects of Physical Attractiveness on Evaluations of a Male Employee's Allegation of Sexual Harassment by His Female Employer . Journal of Social Psychology , 144 : 207 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagil , D. , Karnieli-Miller , O. , Eisikovits , Z. and Enosh , G. 2006 . Is that a ‘No’? The Interpretation of Responses to Unwanted Sexual Attention . Sex Roles , 54 : 251 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• York , K.M. 1989 . Defining Sexual Harassment in Workplaces: A Policy-capturing Approach . Academy of Management Journal , 32 : 830 – 850 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zugelder , M. , Champagne , P. and Maurer , S. 2006 . An Affirmative Defense to Sexual Harassment by Managers and Supervisors: Analyzing Employer Liability and Protecting Employee Rights in the United States . Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal , 18 : 111 – 122 .
   Google Scholar