The family and HRM in North America: how demographic and social changes are shifting the way work–family issues are managed by organizations and employees

References

• Adler , N.J. 2002 . International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior , 4th ed. , Cincinnati, OH : Southwestern College Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Aryee , S. , Luk , V. and Stone , R. 1998 . Family-responsive Variables and Retention-Relevant Outcomes Among Employed Parents . Human Relations , 51 : 73 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babcock , R.D. and Du-Babcock , B. 2001 . Language Based Communication Zones in International Business Communication . The Journal of Business Communication , 38 : 372 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Baltes , B.B. , Briggs , T.E. , Huff , J.W. , Wright , J.A. and Neuman , G.A. 1999 . Flexible and Compressed Workweek Schedules: A Meta-analysis of their Effects on Work-related Criteria . Journal of Applied Psychology , 84 : 496 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , R.C. , Raudenbush , S.W. , Brennan , R.T. , Pleck , J.H. and Marshall , N.L. 1995 . Change in Job and Marital Experiences and Change in Psychological Distress: A Longitudinal Study of Dual-earner Couples . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 839 – 850 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , J.N. , Mittman , B.S. and Newman , A.E. 1991 . Targets of Opportunity: Organizational and Environmental Determinants of Gender Integration within the California Civil Service, 1979–1985 . The American Journal of Sociology , 96 : 1362 – 1401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batt , R. and Valcour , P.M. 2003 . Human Resources Practices as Predictors of Work–family Outcomes and Employee Turnover . Industrial Relations , 42 : 189 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum , T.C. , Fields , D.L. and Goodman , J.S. 1994 . Organization-level Determinants of Women in Management . Academy of Management Journal , 37 : 241 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen , G.L. 1998 . Effects of Leader Support in the Work Unit on the Relationship Between Work Spillover and Family Adaptation . Journal of Family and Economic Issues , 19 : 25 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Burke, M.E. (2004), 2004 Benefits Survey Report, http://www.shrm.org
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , D.S. and Perrewé , P.L. 1999 . The Role of Social Support in the Stressor-strain Relationship: An Examination of Work–family Conflict . Journal of Management , 25 : 513 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnoy , M. 1999 . The Family, Flexible Work and Social Cohesion at Risk . International Labour Review , 138 : 411 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascio , W.F. 2000 . Managing a Virtual Workplace . Academy of Management Executive , 14 : 81
   Google Scholar
• Catalyst . 2004 . The Bottom Line: Connecting Corporate Performance and Diversity , New York : Catalyst . http://www.catalyst.org/files/full/financialperformancereport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlin , J. 2005 . Adopting a New American Family . Monitor on Psychology , 36 : 54 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Chiu , W.C.K. , Chan , A.W. , Snape , E. and Redman , T. 2001 . Age Stereotypes and Discriminatory Attitudes Towards Older Workers: An East-west Comparison . Human Relations , 54 : 629 – 661 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu , W.C.K. and Ng , C.W. 1999 . Women-friendly HRM and Organizational Commitment: A Study Among Women and Men of Organizations in Hong Kong . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 72 : 485 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , E. 2003 . Gender Matters . International Sociology , 18 : 443 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , K.E. and Staines , G.L. 1990 . Flextime: A Viable Solution to Work/family Conflict? . Journal of Family Issues , 11 : 455 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clay , R.A. 2005 . Making Working Families Work . Monitor on Psychology , 36 : 54 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , S.M. 1997 . Black Mobility in White Corporations: Up the Corporate Ladder but out on a Limb . Social Problems , 44 : 55 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crampton , S.M. and Hodge , J.W. 2007 . Age Discrimination and Downsizing . The Business Review , 7 : 341 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Crosby , F.J. , Iyer , A. , Clayton , S. and Downing , R.A. 2003 . Affirmative Action: Psychological Data and the Policy Debates . American Psychologist , 58 : 93 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , E. 1985 . Have Modem Won't Travel . Management Review , 84 ( 7 )
   Google Scholar
• DeAngelis , T. 2005 . Stepfamily Success Depends on Ingredients . Monitor on Psychology , 36 : 58 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• DeCieri , H. , Fenwick , M. and Hutchings , K. 2005 . The Challenge of International Human Resource Management: Balancing the Duality of Strategy and Practice . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 16 : 584 – 598 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitch , C.H. and Huffman , M.L. 2001 . “ Family-responsive Benefits and the Two-tiered Labor Market ” . In Working Families: The Transformation of the American Home , Edited by: Hertz , R. and Marshall , N.L. 103 – 130 . Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dingfelder , S.F. 2005 . The Kids are all Right . Monitor on Psychology , 36 : 66 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Duxbury, L.E., and Higgins, C.A. (2001), The 2001 National Work–life Conflict Study: Report One, Ottawa: Health Canada
   Google Scholar
• Eaton , S. 2003 . If You Can Use Them: Flexibility Policies, Organizational Commitment, and Perceived Performance . Industrial Relations , 42 : 145 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , J.R. and Rothbard , N.P. 2000 . Mechanisms Linking Work and Family: Clarifying the Relationship Between Work and Family Constructs . Academy of Management Review , 25 : 178 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , R. , Huntington , R. , Hutchison , S. and Sowa , D. 1986 . Perceived Organizational Support . Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 : 500 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Families and Work Institute . 1998 . The 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce, Executive Summary , New York : Families and Work Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Families and Work Institute (2002), ‘Highlights of the National Study of the Changing Workforce: Executive Summary’, http://www.familiesandwork.org
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein , S. 1990 . Health Promotion Brings Dollar-and-Cents Return, A Study Shows . The Wall Street Journal , September 18 : 81
   Google Scholar
• Ferner , A. 1997 . Country of Origin Effects and HRM in Multinational Companies . Human Resource Management Journal , 7 : 19 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferris , G.R. , Hochwarter , W.A. , Buckley , M.R. , Harrell-Cook , G. and Frink , D.D. 1999 . Human Resources Management: Some New Directions . Journal of Management , 25 : 385 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , B.A. 2007 . Globalization Implications for Human Resource Management Roles . Employees Responsibilities and Rights Journal , 19 : 157 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Fritz , M.B.W. , Narashim , S. and Rhee , H.-S. 1998 . Communication and Coordination in the Virtual Office . Journal of Management Information Systems , 14 : 7 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Frone , M.R. and Yardley , J.K. 1996 . Workplace Family-supportive Programmes: Predictors of Employed Parents' Importance Ratings . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 69 : 351 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye , N.K. and Breaugh , J.A. 2004 . Family-friendly Policies, Supervisor Support, Work–Family Conflict, Family-work Conflict, and Satisfaction: A Test of a Conceptual Model . Journal of Business and Psychology , 19 : 197 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galinsky , E. 1999 . Ask the Children: What Americas Children Really Think about Working Parents , New York : William Morrow .
   Google Scholar
• Galinsky , E. and Bond , J.T. 1998 . The 1998 Business Work-life Study: A Sourcebook , New York : Families and Work Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Galinsky , E. and Stein , P.J. 1990 . The Impact of Human Resource Policies on Employees: Balancing Work/family Life . Journal of Family Issues , 11 : 368 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisel , J. 1993 . Drug Benefit Tab Up Sharply, Survey Shows . Business Insurance , 27 : 16, 3
   Google Scholar
• Gerson , K. and Jacobs , J.A. 2001 . “ Changing the Structure and Culture of Work: Work and Family Conflict, Work Flexibility, and Gender Equity in the Modern Workplace ” . In Working Families: The Transformation of the American Home , Edited by: Hertz , R. and Marshall , N.L. 207 – 226 . Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gest , R. and Maranto , R. 2000 . Gaining Practical Insights from Experience: Reflections on Cases of Racial Discrimination in Federal Service . Review of Public Personnel Administration , 20 : 55 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Ginsberg , S. 1998 . Employee-friendly Policies Boost Morale, Productivity, Survey Finds . Los Angeles Times , 5 3 May
   Google Scholar
• Glenn , E.N. 2001 . “ Gender, Race, and Organization of Reproductive Labor ” . In The Critical Study of Work , Edited by: Baldoz , R. , Koerber , C. and Kraft , P. 71 – 82 . Philadelphia, PA : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goff , S.J. , Mount , M.K. and Jamison , R.L. 1990 . Employer Supported Childcare, Work/family Conflict and Absenteeism: A Field Study . Personnel Psychology , 43 : 793 – 809 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden , A.G. and Geisler , C. 2007 . Work-Life Boundary Management and the Personal Digital Assistant . Human Relations , 60 : 519 – 551 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , J. , Fields , D. and Blum , T. 2003 . Cracks in the Glass Ceiling: In What Kind of Organizations do Women Make It to the Top? . Group and Organization Management , 28 : 475 – 501 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodstein , J.D. 1994 . Institutional Pressures and Strategic Responsiveness: Employer Involvement in Work–family Issues . The Academy of Management Journal , 37 : 350 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberger , E. , Goldberg , W.A. , Hamill , S. , O'Neil , R. and Payne , C.K. 1989 . Contributions of a Supportive Work Environment to Parents' Well-being and Orientation to Work . American Journal of Community Psychology , 17 : 755 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover , S.L. and Crooker , K.J. 1995 . Who Appreciates Family-responsive Human-Resource Policies: The Impact of Family-friendly Policies on the Organizational Attachment of Parents and Non-parents . Personnel Psychology , 48 : 271 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillory , W.A. 2001 . The Business of Diversity: The Case for Action , Salt Lake City, UT : Innovations Publishing Division .
   Google Scholar
• Guillory , W.A. 2007 . The Future-perfect Organization: Leadership for the Twenty-first Century: Part 2 . Industrial and Commercial Training , 39 : 52 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Haddock , S.A. , Zimmerman , T.S. , Lyness , K.P. and Ziemba , S.J. 2006 . Practices Of Dual Earner Couples Successfully Balancing Work and Family . Journal of Family and Economic Issues , 27 : 207 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Halbesleben , J.R.B. and Wheeler , A.R. 2007 . “ The Costs and Benefits of Working with Those You Love: A Demand/resource Perspective on Working with Family ” . In Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being: Exploring the Work and Non-work Interface , Edited by: Perrewé , P.L. and Ganster , D.C. Vol. 6 , 115 – 163 . Oxford : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Halpern , D.F. 2005 . How Time-flexible Work Policies Can Reduce Stress, Improve Health, and Save Money . Stress and Health , 21 : 157 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, S., and Moen, P. (1998), ‘Clocking Out: Multiplex time in Retirement,’ Cornell Employment and Family Careers Institute. BLCC Working Paper #98—03, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
   Google Scholar
• Hanrehan , B. and Bentivoglio , D.R. 2002 . Safe Haven: Accommodating the Needs of Employees and Families in Hostile Environments Can Increase Expenses and Alter Tax Liability . HR Magazine , 47 : 2
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , M. and Novicevic , M.N. 2001 . Selecting Expatriates' Experiences for increasingly Complex Global Assignments . Career Development International , 6 : 69 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Henkens , K. 2005 . Stereotyping Older Workers and Retirement: The Managers' Point of View . Canadian Journal on Aging , 24 : 353 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram , P. and Simons , T. 1995 . Institutional and Resource Dependence Determinants of Responsiveness to Work–family Issues . Academy of Management Journal , 38 : 1466 – 1482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce, E. (1999), ‘Age Bias May Thwart Boomers’, http://www.ncoa.org/news/archives/abe_bias.htm
   Google Scholar
• Judge , T.A. and Colquitt , J.A. 2004 . Organizational Justice and Stress: The Mediating Role of Work–family Conflict . Journal of Applied Psychology , 89 : 395 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koestenbaum , P. 1991 . The Heart of Business , Dallas, TX : Saybrook Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Kossek , E.E. , Barber , A.E. and Winters , D. 1999 . Using Flexible Schedules in the Managerial World: The Power of Peers . Human Resource Management , 38 : 33 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kossek , E. , Lobel , S.A. and Brown , J. 2006 . “ Human Resource Strategies to Manage Work Force Diversity: Examining “the business case” . In Handbook of Workplace Diversity , Edited by: Konrad , A.M. , Prasad , P. and Pringle , J.K. 53 – 74 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kossek , E. , Markel , K. and McHugh , P. 2003 . Increasing Diversity as an HRM change Strategy . Journal of Organizational Change Management , 16 : 328 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kossek , E.E. and Nichol , V. 1992 . The Effects of an On-site Childcare on Employee Attitudes and Performance . Personnel Psychology , 45 : 485 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kossek , E.E. and Ozeki , C. 1998 . Work–family Conflict, Policies, and the Job-life Satisfaction Relationship: A Review and Directions for Organizational Behavior – Human Resources Research . Journal of Applied Psychology , 83 : 139 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostova , T. and Roth , K. 2002 . Adoption of an Organizational Practice by Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations: Institutional and Relational Effects . Academy of Management Journal , 45 : 215 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraut , R.E. 1987 . “ Predicting the Use of Technology: The Case of Telework ” . In Technology and the Transformation of White-collar Work , Edited by: Kraut , R.E. 113 – 134 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Laird , K. and Williams , N. 1996 . Employment Growth in the Temporary Help Supply Industry . Journal of Labor Research , 17 : 663 – 681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , S.J. 2000 . Added Benefits: The Link Between Work-life Benefits and Organizational Citizenship Behavior . Academy of Management Journal , 43 : 801 – 815 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M.D. , MacDermid , S.M. and Buck , M.L. 2000 . Organizational Paradigms of Reduced–Load Work: Accommodation, Elaboration, and Transformation . The Academy of Management Journal , 43 : 1211 – 1226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leck , J. and Saunders , D. 1992 . Hiring Women: The Effect of Canada's Employment Equity Act . Canadian Public Policy , 18 : 203 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , S. and Lewis , J. 1996 . “ Rethinking Employment: A Partnership Approach ” . In The Work–family Challenge: Rethinking Employment , Edited by: Lewis , S. and Lewis , J. 159 – 168 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Liebowitz , J. 2004 . Addressing the Human Capital Crisis in the Federal Government: A Knowledge Management Perspective , Burlington, MA : Elsevier/Butterworth–Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Lipsett, B., and Reesor, M. (1997), ‘Flexible Work Arrangements: Evidence from the 1991 and 1995 Survey of Work Arrangements,’ Ottawa, Human Resources Development Canada, Applied Research Branch, R–97–10E (June)
   Google Scholar
• Lofgren , E. 1999 . Workforce Management is New Discipline for the Future . Compensation and Benefits Management , 15 : 13 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald , H. 1993 . The Diversity Industry . The New Republic , 2 : 22 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Marsden , P.V. , Kalleberg , A.L. and Cook , C.R. 1993 . Gender Differences in Organizational Commitment: Influences of Work Positions and Family Roles . Work and Occupations , 20 : 368 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , N.L. 2001 . Health and Illness Issues Facing an Aging Workforce in the New Millennium . Sociological Spectrum , 21 : 431 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , N.L. and Barnett , R.C. 1992 . Work-related Support Among Women in Caregiving Occupations . Journal of Community Psychology , 20 : 36 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , N.L. and Barnett , R.C. 1994 . “ Family-friendly Workplaces, Work–family Interface, and Worker Health ” . In Job Stress in a Changing Workforce: Investigating Gender, Diversity, and Family Issues , Edited by: Keeta , G.P. and Hurrell , J.J. 253 – 264 . Washington, DC : APA .
   Google Scholar
• McCann , R. and Giles , H. 2003 . “ Ageism in the Workplace: A Communication Perspective ” . In Ageism, Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons , Edited by: Nelson , T.D. 163 – 199 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• McMahan , S. and Phillips , K. 1999 . America's Aging Workforce: Ergonomic Solutions for Reducing the Risk of CTDs . American Journal of Health Studies , 15 : 199 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , T.I. 1984 . The Effects of Employer-supported Childcare on Employee Absenteeism, Turnover, Productivity, Recruitment and Job Satisfaction: What is Claimed and What is Known . Personnel Psychology , 37 : 212 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millikin , F.J. , Martins , L.L. and Morgan , H. 1998 . Explaining Organizational Responsiveness to Work–family Issues: The Role of Human Resource Executives as Issue Interpreters . Academy of Management Journal , 41 : 580 – 592 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirchandani , K. 1999 . Legitimizing Work: Telework and the Gendered Reification of the Work-nonwork Dichotomy . The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology , 36 : 87 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Mische , M.A. 2000 . Strategic Renewal: Becoming a High-performance Organization , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , H. and Millikin , F.J. 1992 . Keys to Action: Understanding Differences in Organizations' Responsiveness to Work–and-family Issues . Human Resource Management , 31 : 227 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskos , C.C. and Butler , J.S. 1996 . All We Can Be: Black Leadership in the US Army , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Paetsch , L. 2002 . Wellness Program Saves Johnson and Johnson $8.5 Million in Health Care Costs . Employee Benefit Plan Review , 5 : 31 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearlson , K.E. and Saunders , C.S. 2001 . There's No Place Like Home: Managing Telecommuting Paradoxes . Academy of Management Executive , 15 : 117 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Perrewé , P.L. , Treadway , D.C. and Hall , A.T. 2003 . “ The Work and Family Interface: Conflict, Family-friendly Policies, and Employee Well-being ” . In Health and Safety in Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective , Edited by: Hoffman , D.A. and Tetrick , L.E. 285 – 315 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Perry-Jenkins , M. , Repetti , R.L. and Crouter , A.C. 2000 . Work and Family in the 1990s . Journal of Marriage and Family , 62 : 981 – 998 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman , J.E. 1994 . Work/family Fit as a Mediator of Work Factors on Marital Tension. Evidence from the Interface of Greedy Institutions . Human Relations , 47 : 183 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitts , D.W. 2006 . Modeling the Impact of Diversity Management . Review of Public Personnel Administration , 26 : 245 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Pleck , J.H. 1993 . “ Are ‘Family-supportive’ Employer Policies Relevant to Men? ” . In Men, Work, and Family: Research on Men and Masculinities , Edited by: Hood , J.C. 217 – 237 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Poster , W.R. 2005 . “ A Transnational Approach to Work–life Policy ” . In Work and Life Integration: Organizational, Cultural, and Individual Perspectivees , Edited by: Kossek , E.E. and Lambert , S.J. 375 – 400 . London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Poutsma , E. , Ligthart , P.E.M. and Veersma , U. 2006 . The Diffusion of Calculative and Collaborative HRM Practices in European Firms . Industrial Relations , 45 : 513 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , G.N. and Mainiero , L.A. 1999 . Managerial Decision Making Regarding Alternative Work Arrangements . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 72 : 41 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preece , D.C. and Filbeck , G. 1999 . Family Friendly Firms: Does it Pay to Care? . Financial Service Review , 8 : 47 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Ragins , B. 2002 . “ Understanding Diversified Mentoring Relationships: Definitions, Strategies, and Challenges ” . In Mentoring and Diversity: An International Perspective , Edited by: Clutterbuck , D. and Ragins , B. 23 – 31 . Oxford : Butterworth–Heinneman .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsower , R. 1985 . Telecommuting: The Organizational and Behavioral Effects of Working at Home , Ann Arbor, MI : UMI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reskin , B. and McBrier , D. 2000 . Why not Ascription? Organizations' Employment of Male and Female Managers . American Sociological Review , 65 : 210 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , S. , Ridley , N. and Van Horn , C.E. 2005 . A Work-filled Retirement: Workers, Changing Views on Employment and Leisure , Rutgers University : Center for Survey Research and Analysis, University of Connecticut and the J.J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development .
   Google Scholar
• Richard , O. and Johnson , N. 2001 . Understanding the Impact Of Human Resource Diversity Practices on Firm Performance . Journal of Managerial Issues , 13 : 177 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Richard , O. and Kirby , S. 1999 . Organizational Justice and the Justification of Work Force Diversity Programs . Journal of Business and Psychology , 14 : 109 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberson , L. , Kulik , C. and Pepper , M. 2003 . Using Needs Assessment to Resolve Controversies in Diversity Training Design . Group and Organization Management , 28 : 148 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C.E. and Mirowsky , J. 1995 . Does Employment Affect Health? . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 36 : 230 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salaff , J. 2002 . “ Where Home is the Office: The New Form of Flexible Work ” . In The Internet in Everyday Life , Edited by: Wellman , B. and Haythornthwaite , C. 464 – 495 . Malden, MA : Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood , S. 2006 . Global Diversity Management: Cultures in Dialogue . Diversity Inc, January/February , : 24 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Stalnaker , C.K. 1998 . Safety of Older Workers in the 21st Century . Professional Safety , 43 : 6, 28
   Google Scholar
• Szczypkowski , R. 2007 . Summertime Can Be Season of Stress for Working Parents . Employee Benefit Plan Review , 61 : 10, 5
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , P. and Urwin , P. 2001 . Age and Participation in Vocational Education and Training . Work, Employment and Society , 15 : 763 – 779 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , D. and Gabarro , J. 1999 . Breaking Through: The Making of Minority Executives in Corporate America , Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , L.T. and Ganster , D.C. 1995 . Impact of Family-supportive Work Variables on Work–family Conflict and Strain: A Control Perspective . Journal of Applied Psychology , 80 : 6 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , C.A. , Jahn , E.W. , Kopelman , R.E. and Prottas , D.J. 2004 . Perceived Organizational Family Support: A Longitudinal and Multilevel Analysis . Journal of Managerial Issues , 16 : 545 – 565 .
   Google Scholar
• Towers , I. , Duxbury , L. , Higgins , C. and Thomas , J. 2006 . Time Thieves and Space Invaders: Technology, Work, and the Organization . Journal of Organizational Change Management , 19 : 593 – 618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2004), The Ten Fastest Growing Occupations 2004–2014, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.t05.htm
   Google Scholar
• US Government Accountability Office (2004), ‘Succession Planning: Selected Practices Used by Agencies in Other Countries’, GAO–04–127T, Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Valcour , P.M. and Hunter , L.W. 2005 . “ Technology, Organizations, and Work-life Integration ” . In Work and Life Integration: Organizational, Cultural, and Individual Perspectives , Edited by: Kossik , E.E. and Lambert , S.J. 61 – 84 . London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Van Sell , M. and Jacobs , S.M. 1994 . Telecommuting and Quality of Life: A Review of the Literature and a Model for Research . Telematics and Informatics , 11 : 81 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , B.A. and Hanson , W.C. 1992 . “ Valuing Differences at Digital Equipment Corporation ” . In Diversity in the Workplace: Human Resource Initiatives , Edited by: Jackson , S.E. 119 – 137 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Walsworth , S. and Verma , A. 2007 . Globalization, Human Resource Practices and Innovation: Recent Evidence from the Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey . Industrial Relations , 46 : 222 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , P. and Walumbwa , F.O. 2007 . Family-friendly Programs, Organizational Commitment, and Work Withdrawal: The Moderating Role of Transformational Leadership . Personnel Psychology , 60 : 397 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , J.A. and Johnson , P.J. 1995 . The Impact of Workplace Support on Work–family Role Strain . Family Relations , 44 : 163 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webber , S.S. and Donahue , L.M. 2001 . Impact of Highly and Less Job-related Diversity on Work Group Cohesion and Performance: A Meta-analysis . Journal of Management , 27 : 141 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , M.L. and MacDermid , S.M. 1994 . Linkages Between Employee Benefits and Attitudinal and Behavioral Outcomes: A Research Agenda . Human Resources Management Review , 4 : 131 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise , L.R. and Tschirhart , M. 2000 . Examining Empirical Evidence on Diversity Effects: How Useful is Diversity Research for Public Sector Managers? . Public Administration Review , 60 : 333 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojcik , J. 1998 . Self-insurance Sees Gains in Health Plan Financing: More Employers Assume Risk in HMOs, POS Plans . Business Insurance , 32 ( 3 )
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. 2003 . Transferring Human Resource Management Across National Boundaries: The Case of Chinese Multinational Companies in the UK . Employee Relations , 25 : 613 – 627 .
   Google Scholar