The performance effects of coaching: a multilevel analysis using hierarchical linear modeling

References

• Abrahamson , E. 1996 . Management Fashion, Academic Fashion, and Enduring Truths . Academy of Management Review , 21 ( 3 ) : 254 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Ahuja , M.K. and Thatcher , J.B. 2005 . Moving Beyond Intentions and Toward the Theory of Trying: Effects of Work Environment and Gender on Post-adoption Information Technology Use . MIS Quarterly , 29 ( 3 ) : 427 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright , M.D. and Levy , P.E. 1995 . The Effects of Source Credibility and Performance Rating: Discrepancy on Reactions to Multiple Raters . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 25 : 557 – 600 .
   Google Scholar
• Appelbaum , E. , Bailey , T. , Berg , P. and Kalleberg , A.L. 2000 . Manufacturing Advantage, Why High-performance Work Systems Pay Off , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bain , V. 2001 . Individual Performance Isn't a Solo Activity . Journal for Quality and Participation , 24 ( 3 ) : 32 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977 . Social Learning Theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett , C.A. and Ghoshal , S. 1997 . The Myth of the Generic Managers: New Personal Competencies for New Management Roles . California Management Review , 40 ( 1 ) : 92 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett , C.A. and Ghoshal , S. 2002 . Building Competitive Advantage through People . Sloan Management Review , 43 ( 2 ) : 34 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Chan , D. 1998 . Functional Relationships among Constructs in the Same Content Domain at Different Levels of Analysis: A Typology of Composition Models . Journal of Applied Psychology , 83 ( 2 ) : 234 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao , G.T. , Walz , P.M. and Gardner , P.D. 1992 . Formal and Informal Mentorships: A Comparison on Mentoring Functions and Contrast with Nonmentored Counterparts . Personnel Psychology , 45 : 619 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran , K.J. , Peterson , L.K. , Baitch , D.B. and Barrett , M.F. 1995 . High Performance Sales Organizations, Creating Competitive Advantage in the Global Marketplace , Chicago, IL : Irwin Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Cullen , J.B. , Parboteeah , K.P. and Hoegl , M. 2004 . Cross-national Differences in Managers' Willingness to Justify Ethically Suspect Behaviors: A Test of Institutional Anomie Theory . Academy of Management Journal , 47 ( 3 ) : 411 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danford , A. 2001 . Teamworking and Labour Regulation in the Autocomponents Industry . Work, Employment and Society , 12 ( 3 ) : 409 – 431 .
   Google Scholar
• Dansereau , F. and Yammarino , F.J. 1998 . “ Introduction and Overview ” . In Leadership, The Multiple-level Approaches , Edited by: Dansereau , F. and Yammarino , F.J. Greenwich, CT : JAI Press . pp. xxv–xliii
   Google Scholar
• Dunphy , D. , Turner , D. and Crawford , M. 1997 . Organizational Learning as the Creation of Corporate Competencies . Journal of Management Development , 16 ( 4 ) : 232 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Eagly , A.H. , Makhijani , M. and Klonsky , B. 1992 . Gender and the Evaluation of Leaders: A Meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 111 : 3 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmondson , A.C. 1999 . Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams . Administrative Science Quarterly , 44 : 350 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellinger , A.D. and Bostrom , R.P. 1999 . Managerial Coaching Behaviors in Learning Organizations . The Journal of Management Development , 18 ( 9 ) : 752 – 771 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellinger , A.D. , Ellinger , A.E. and Keller , S.B. 2003 . Supervisory Coaching Behavior, Employee Satisfaction, and Warehouse Employee Performance: A Dyadic Perspective in the Distribution Industry . Human Resource Development Quarterly , 14 ( 4 ) : 435 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Erez , A. and Judge , T.A. 2001 . Relationship of Core Self-evaluations to Goal Setting, Motivation, and Performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 1270 – 1279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evered , R.D. and Selman , J.C. 1989 . Coaching and the Art of Management . Organizational Dynamics , 18 : 16 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiol , C.M. 1994 . Consensus, Diversity, and Learning in Organizations . Organization Science , 5 ( 3 ) : 403 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1975 . Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Fraser , J.A. 2001 . White-collar Sweatshop: The Deterioration of Work and Its Rewards in Corporate America , New York : W.W. Norton and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Gavin , M.B. and Hofmann , D.A. 2002 . Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling to Investigate the Moderating Influence of Leadership Climate . Leadership Quarterly , 13 ( 1 ) : 15 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , J. and Wood , R.E. 2004 . Feedback Specificity, Learning Opportunities, and Learning . Journal of Applied Psychology , 89 ( 3 ) : 809 – 821 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosselin , A. , Werner , J.M. and Halle , N. 1997 . Ratee Preferences Concerning Performance Management and Appraisal . Human Resource Development Quarterly , 8 : 315 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• Graen , G.B. , Cashman , J.F. , Ginsburgh , S. and Schiemann , W. 1978 . Effect of Linking-pin Quality upon the Quality of Working Life of Lower Participants: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Managerial Under-structure . Administrative Science Quarterly , 22 : 491 – 504 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , F. 2001 . Its Been a Hard Days Night, The Concentration and Intensification of Work in Late Twentieth-century Britain . British Journal of Industrial Relations , 39 ( 1 ) : 53 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , F. 2006 . Demanding Work, the Paradox of Job Quality in the Affluent Economy , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Griffeth , R.W. , Hom , P.W. and Gaertner , S. 2000 . A Meta-analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium . Journal of Management , 26 ( 3 ) : 463 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman , J.R. 2003 . Learning More by Crossing Levels: Evidence from Airplanes, Hospitals, and Orchestras . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 24 ( 8 ) : 905 – 922 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , D.T. , Otazo , K.L. and Hollenbeck , G.P. 1999 . Behind Closed Doors: What Really Happens in Executive Coaching . Organizational Dynamics , 27 ( 3 ) : 39 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamlin , R.G. 2005 . Towards Universalistic Models of Managerial Leader Effectiveness: A Comparative Study of Recent British and American Derived Models of Leadership . Human Resource Development International , 8 ( 1 ) : 5 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Heslin , P.A. and Latham , G.P. 2004 . The Effect of Upward Feedback on Managerial Behavior . Applied Psychology, An International Review , 53 ( 1 ) : 23 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heslin , P.A. , Vandewalle , D.O.N. and Latham , G.P. 2006 . Keen to Help? Managers’ Implicit Person Theories and their Subsequent Employee Coaching . Personnel Psychology , 59 ( 4 ) : 871 – 902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoegl , M. , Parboteeah , K.P. and Munson , C.L. 2003 . Team-level Antecedents of Individuals’ Knowledge Networks . Decision Science , 34 ( 4 ) : 741 – 770 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoegl , M. and Proserpio , L. 2004 . Team Member Proximity and Teamwork in Innovative Projects . Research Policy , 33 : 1153 – 1165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann , D.A. 1997 . An Overview of the Logic and Rationale of Hierarchical Linear Models . Journal of Management , 23 ( 6 ) : 723 – 744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann , D.A. , Griffin , M.A. and Gavin , M.B. 2000 . “ The Application of Hierarchical Linear Modeling to Organizational Research ” . In Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations, Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions , Edited by: Klein , K.J. and Kozlowski , S.W.J. 467 – 511 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , J. and Weintraub , J. 2002 . The Coaching Manager, Developing Top Talent in Business , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Huy , Q.N. 2001 . In Praise of Middle Managers . Harvard Business Review , 79 ( 8 ) : 72 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen , D.R. , Fisher , C.D. and Taylor , M.S. 1979 . Consequences of Individual Feedback on Behavior in Organizations . Journal of Applied Psychology , 64 : 349 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilies , R. and Judge , T.A. 2005 . Goal Regulation across Time: The Effect of Feedback and Affect . Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 : 453 – 467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johlke , M.C. and Duhan , D.F. 2001 . Supervisor Communication Practices and Boundary Spanner Role Ambiguity . Journal of Managerial Issues , 13 ( 1 ) : 87 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Judge , T.A. , Bono , J.E. , Thoresen , C.J. and Patton , G.K. 2001 . The Job Satisfaction–Job Performance Relationship, A Qualitative and Quantitative Review . Psychological Bulletin , 127 : 376 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacmar , K.M. , Witt , L.A. , Zivnuska , S. and Gully , S.M. 2003 . The Interactive Effect of Leader-member Exchange and Communication Frequency on Performance Ratings . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 ( 4 ) : 764 – 773 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keaveney , S.M. and Nelson , J.E. 1993 . Coping With Organizational Role Stress, Intrinsic Motivational Orientation, Perceived Role Benefits, and Psychological Withdrawal . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , 21 ( 2 ) : 113 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Khilji , S.E. and Wang , X. 2006 . “Intended” and “Implemented” HRM: The Missing Linchpin in Strategic Human Resource Management Research . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 17 ( 7 ) : 1171 – 1189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinicki , A.J. , Prussia , G.E. , Wu , J. and Mckee-Ryan , F.M. 2004 . Employee Response to Performance Feedback, A Covariance Structure Analysis Using Ilgen, Fisher, and Taylor's, 1979 Model . Journal of Applied Psychology , 89 : 1057 – 1069 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , K.J. , Buhl Conn , A. , Smith , D.B. and Sorra , J.S. 2001 . Is Everyone in Agreement? An Exploration of Within-group Agreement in Employee Perceptions of the Work Environment . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 ( 1 ) : 3 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , K.J. and Kozlowski , S.W.J. 2000 . Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations, Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Kluger , A.N. and DeNisi , A. 1996 . The Effects of Feedback Interventions on Performance: A Historical Review: A Meta-analysis, and Preliminary Feedback Theory . Psychological Bulletin , 119 : 254 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopelman , R.E. 1986 . “ Objective Feedback ” . In Generalizing from Laboratory to Field Settings , Edited by: Locke , E.A. 119 – 145 . Boston, MA : D.C. Health .
   Google Scholar
• Kram , K.E. 1988 . Mentoring at Work, Developmental Relationships in Organizational Life , Lanham, MD : University Press of America, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kraut , A.I. , Pedigo , P.R. , McKenna , D.D. and Dunette , M.D. 2005 . The Role of the Manager: What's Really Important in Different Management Jobs . Academy of Management Executive , 19 ( 4 ) : 122 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Latham , G.P. , Almost , J. , Mann , S. and Moore , C. 2005 . New Developments in Performance Management . Organizational Dynamics , 34 ( 1 ) : 77 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham , G.P. and Saari , L.M. 1979 . Importance of Supportive Relationships in Goal Setting . Journal of Applied Psychology , 64 : 151 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J.S.Y. and Akhtar , S. 1996 . Determinants of Employee Willingness to Use Feedback for Performance Improvement: Cultural and Organizational Interpretations . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 7 ( 4 ) : 878 – 890 .
   Google Scholar
• Liao , H. and Chuang , A. 2004 . A Multilevel Investigation of Factors Influencing Employee Performance and Customer Outcomes . Academy of Management Journal , 47 ( 1 ) : 41 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindbom , D. 2007 . A Culture of Coaching, The Challenge of Managing Performance for Long-term Results . Organization Development Journal , 25 ( 2 ) : 101 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• London , M. 2003 . Job Feedback, Giving, Seeking, and Using Feedback for Performance Improvement , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• London , M. , Larsen , H.H. and Thisted , L.N. 1999 . Relationships between Feedback and Self-development . Group and Organization Management , 24 ( 1 ) : 5 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London , M. , Smither , J. and Adsit , D. 1997 . Accountability: The Achilles' Heel of Multisource Feedback . Group and Organization Management , 22 ( 2 ) : 162 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans , F. , McCaul , H.S. and Dodd , N.G. 1985 . Organizational Commitment: A Comparison of American, Japanese, and Korean Employees . Academy of Management Journal , 28 : 213 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macky , K. and Boxall , P. 2007 . The Relationship between ‘High-performance Work Practices and Employee Attitudes: An Investigation of Additive and Interaction Effects . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 18 ( 4 ) : 537 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manz , C.C. and Sims , H.P. 1980 . Self-management as a Substitute for Leadership, A Social Learning Theory Perspective . Academy of Management Review , 5 : 361 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Michael , J. and Yukl , G. 1993 . Managerial Level and Subunit Function as Determinants of Networking Behavior in Organizations . Group and Organization Management , 18 : 328 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy , M.S. 2002 . Using a Single-item Approach to Measure Facet Job Satisfaction . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 75 : 77 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noer , D.M. , Leupold , C.R. and Valle , M. 2007 . An Analysis of Saudi Arabian and US Managerial Coaching Behaviors . Journal of Managerial Issues , 19 ( 2 ) : 271 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J.C. 1978 . Psychometric Theory , 2nd ed. , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Oldham , G.R. and Cummings , A. 1996 . Employee Creativity, Personal and Contextual Factors at Work . The Academy of Management Journal , 39 ( 3 ) : 607 – 634 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivero , G. , Bane , K.D. and Kopelman , R.E. 1997 . Executive Coaching as a Transfer of Training Tool, Effects on Productivity in a Public Agency . Public Personnel Management , 26 ( 4 ) : 461 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff , P.M. , MacKenzie , S.B. , Moorman , R.H. and Fetter , R. 1990 . Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers' Trust in Leader, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors . The Leadership Quarterly , 1 : 107 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Ragins , B.R. and McFarlan , D.B. 1990 . Perceptions of Mentor Roles in Cross-gender Mentoring Relationships . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 37 : 321 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , A.S. 2007 . Effectiveness of Performance Management Systems: An Empirical Study in Indian Companies . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 18 ( 10 ) : 1812 – 1840 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S.W. and Bryk , A.S. 2002 . Hierarchical Linear Models, Applications and Data Analysis Methods , London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Redshaw , B. 2000 . Do We Really Understand Coaching? How Can We make it Work Better? . Industrial and Commercial Training , 32 ( 3 ) : 106 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Renn , R.W. and Fedor , D.D. 2001 . Development and Field Test of a Feedback Seeking, Self-efficacy, and Goal Setting Model of Work Performance . Journal of Management , 27 : 563 – 583 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogelberg , S.G. , Barnes-Farrell , J.L. and Creamer , V. 1999 . Customer Service Behavior: The Interaction of Service Predisposition and Job Characteristics . Journal of Business and Psychology , 13 : 421 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , M.K. and Haslam , S.A. 2007 . The Glass Cliff: Exploring the Dynamics Surrounding Women's Appointment to Precarious Leadership Positions . Academy of Management Review , 32 ( 2 ) : 549 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett , P.R. and Larson , J.R. 1990 . “ Research Strategies and Tactics in Industrial and Organizational Psychology ” . In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , Vol. 2, 2nd ed. , Edited by: Dunnette , M.D. and Hough , L.M. 419 – 490 . Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , B. , White , S.S. and Paul , M.C. 1998 . Linking Service Climate and Customer Perceptions of Service Quality: A Test of a Causal Model . Journal of Applied Psychology , 83 : 150 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibert , S.E. , Silver , S.R. and Randolph , W.A. 2004 . Taking Empowerment to the Next Level: A Multiple-level Model of Empowerment, Performance and Satisfaction . Academy of Management Journal , 47 ( 3 ) : 332 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senge , P.M. 1990 . The Leader's New Work: Building Learning Organizations . Sloan Management Review , 32 ( 1 ) : 7 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Shore , L.M. and Martin , H.J. 1989 . Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Relation to Work Performance and Turnover Intentions . Human Relations , 42 ( 7 ) : 625 – 638 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smither , J.W. , London , M. , Flautt , R. , Vargas , Y. and Kucine , I.V.Y. 2003 . Can Working with an Executive Coach Improve Multisource Feedback Ratings Over Time? A Quasi-experimental Field Study . Personnel Psychology , 56 ( 1 ) : 23 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrow , P. , Schuler , R.S. and Jackson , S.E. 1994 . Convergence or Divergence: Human Resource Practices and Policies for Competitive Advantage Worldwide . International Journal of Human Resource Management , 5 ( 2 ) : 267 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , R.J. 2002 . Human Resource Management , 4th ed. , Milton, Australia : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Sully de Luque , M. and Sommer , S.M. 2000 . The Impact of Culture on Feedback Seeking Behavior: An Integrated Model and Propositions . Academy of Management Review , 25 : 829 – 849 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejeda , M.J. , Scandurab , T.A. and Pillaic , R. 2001 . The MLQ Revisited: Psychometric Properties and Recommendations . The Leadership Quarterly , 12 ( 1 ) : 31 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper , B.J. 1995 . Upward Maintenance: Tactics in Supervisory Mentoring and Nonmentoring Relationships . Academy of Management Journal , 38 ( 4 ) : 1191 – 1205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Velsor , E. and Hughes , M.W. 1990 . Gender Differences in the Development of Managers, How Women Managers Learn from Experience , Greensboro, NC : Center for Creative Leadership .
   Google Scholar
• Wanous , J.P. , Reichers , A.E. and Hudy , M.J. 1997 . Overall Job Satisfaction: How Good are Single-item Measures? . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 ( 2 ) : 247 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , M. , Hill , S. , McGovern , P. , Mills , C. and Smeaton , D. 2003 . “High-performance” Management Practices, Working Hours and Work-life Balance . British Journal of Industrial Relations , 41 ( 2 ) : 175 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmore , J. 2003 . Coaching for Performance, Growing People, Performance and Purpose , Boston, MA : Nicholas Brealey Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Wood Daudelin , M. 1996 . Learning from Experience through Reflection . Organizational Dynamics , 24 ( 3 ) : 36 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , R.E. and Bandura , A. 1989 . Impact of Conceptions of Ability on Self-regulatory Mechanisms and Complex Decision-making . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 407 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worrall , L. , Cooper , C.L. and Campbell , F.K. 2000 . Perpetual Change and Employment Instability: The New Reality for UK Managers . Work, Employment and Society , 14 ( 4 ) : 647 – 668 .
   Google Scholar
• Yukl , G.A. 2002 . Leadership in Organizations , 5th ed. , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar