Cross-cultural adjustment of skilled migrants in a multicultural and multilingual environment: an explorative study of foreign employees and their spouses in the Swiss context

References

• AdlerN. (1986). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Boston, MA: Kent.
   Google Scholar
• Al ArissA. (2010). Modes of engagement: Migration, self-initiated expatriation, and career development. Career Development International, 15, 338–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al ArissA., KoallI., ÖzbilginM., & SuutariV. (2012). Careers of skilled migrants: Towards a theoretical and methodological expansion. Journal of Management Development, 31, 92–101.
   Google Scholar
• Al ArissA., & ÖzbilginM. (2010). Understanding self-initiated expatriates: Career experiences of Lebanese self-initiated expatriates. Thunderbird International Business Review, 54, 275–285.
   Google Scholar
• AndreasonA. W. (2003). Expatriate adjustment to foreign assignments. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 13, 42–60.
   Google Scholar
• AndresenM., Al ArissA., & WaltherM. (2012). Self-initiated expatriation: Individual, organizational and national perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• AndresenM., BergdoltF., MargenfeldJ., & DickmannM. (2014). Addressing international mobility confusion – Developing definitions and differentiations for self-initiated and assigned expatriates as well as migrants. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 2295–2318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AratnamG. J. (2012). Hochqualifizierte mit Migrationshintergrund: Ressourcen und Hürden. Tangram – Bulletin de la CFR, 29, 93–96.
   Google Scholar
• AycanZ. (1997). Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: Individual and organizational level predictors. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8, 434–456.
   Google Scholar
• BerryD. P., & BellM. P. (2012). “Expatriates”: Gender, race and class distinctions in international management. Gender, Work & Organization, 19, 10–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskar-ShrinivasP, HarrisonD. A., LukD. M., & ShafferM. A. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 257–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BjörkmannI., TienariJ., & VaaraE. (2005). A learning perspective on sociocultural integration in cross-national mergers. In G. K.Stahl & M. E.Mendenhall (Eds.), Mergers and acquisitions: Managing culture and human resources (pp. 155–175). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• BlackJ. S. (1988). Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19, 274–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlackJ. S. (1990). The relationship of personal characteristics with the adjustment of Japanese expatriate managers. MIR: Management International Review, 2, 119–134.
   Google Scholar
• BlackJ. S., & GregersenH. B. (1991). The other half of the picture: Antecedents of spouse cross-cultural adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 461–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlackJ. S., GregersenH. B., & MendenhallM. (1990). Global assignments: Successfully expatriating and repatriating international managers. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• BlackJ. S., & MendenhallM. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 15, 113–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlackJ. S., MendenhallM., & OddouG. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16, 291–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlackJ. S., & StephensG. K. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15, 529–544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BonacheJ., BrewsterC., SuutariV., & De SaáP. (2010). Expatriation: Traditional criticisms and international careers: Introducing the special issue. Thunderbird International Business Review, 52, 263–274.
   Google Scholar
• CaligiuriP., & LazarovaM. (2002). A model for the influence of social interaction and social support on female expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 761–772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CerdinJ.-L. (1999). La mobilité internationale: réussir l'expatriation. Paris: Editions d'Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• CerdinJ.-L., Abdeljalil DineM, & BrewsterC. (2014). Qualified immigrants' success: Exploring the motivation to migrate and to integrate. Journal of International Business Studies, 45, 151–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CerdinJ.-L., & Le PargneuxM. (2010). Career anchors: A comparison between organization-assigned and self-initiated expatriates. Thunderbird International Business Review, 52, 287–299.
   Google Scholar
• CerdinJ.-L., & SelmerJ. (2014). Who is a self-initiated expatriate? Towards conceptual clarity of a common notion. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 1281–1301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChevrierS. (2009). Is national culture still relevant to management in a global context? The case of Switzerland. International journal of cross cultural management, 9, 169–183.
   Google Scholar
• ColeN. D. (2011). Managing global talent: Solving the spousal adjustment problem. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 1504–1530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CookeT. J. (2008). Migration in a family way. Population, Space and Place, 14, 255–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DabicM., González-LoureiroM., & HarveyM. (2013). Evolving research on expatriates: What is ‘known’ after four decades (1970–2012). International Journal of Human Resource Management. 10.1080/09585192.2013.845238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavoineE., & RavasiC. (2013). The relative stability of national career patterns in European top management careers in the age of globalisation: A comparative study in France/Germany/Great Britain and Switzerland. European Management Journal, 31, 152–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavoineE., RavasiC., SalaminX., & Cudré-MaurouxC. (2013). A dramaturgical analysis of spouse role enactment in expatriation: An exploratory gender comparative study in the diplomatic and consular field. Journal of Global Mobility, 1, 92–112.
   Google Scholar
• Demont-HeinrichC. (2005). Language and national identity in the era of globalization: The case of English in Switzerland. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 29, 66–84.
   Google Scholar
• Département fédéral de l'économie. (2011). Du personnel qualifié pour la Suisse: Une initiative du Département fédéral de l'économie. Bern: Author.
   Google Scholar
• DeWaardJ., KimK., & RaymerJ. (2012). Migration systems in Europe: Evidence from harmonized flow data. Demography, 49, 1307–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DohertyN. (2013). Understanding the self-initiated expatriate: A review and directions for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15, 447–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DohertyN., DickmannM., & MillsT. (2011). Exploring the motives of company-backed and self-initiated expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 595–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EbyL. T. (2001). The boundaryless career experiences of mobile spouses in dual-earner marriages. Group & Organization Management, 26, 343–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2013). PIB par habitant en SPA. European Commission, Eurostat. Retrieved August 27, 2013, from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab = table&plugin = 1&language = fr&pcode = tec00114.
   Google Scholar
• FibbiR. (2013). La Suisse et ses migrations: entre optique nationale et système migratoire mondial. Migration et intégration: focus sur la Suisse Romande, 8, 19–29.
   Google Scholar
• FlückigerY. (2013). Intégration de la population étrangère sur le marché du travail. Migration et intégration: focus sur la Suisse Romande, 8, 43–62.
   Google Scholar
• ForsterN. (2000). Expatriates and the impact of cross-cultural training. Human Resource Management Journal, 10, 63–78.
   Google Scholar
• ForsterN., & JohnsenM. (1996). Expatriate management policies in UK companies new to the international scene. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7, 177–205.
   Google Scholar
• FroeseF. J., & PeltokorpiV. (2013). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: Differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(10), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• FroeseF. J., PeltokorpiV., & KoK. A. (2012). The influence of intercultural communication on cross-cultural adjustment and work attitudes: Foreign workers in South Korea. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 331–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FroidevauxD. (1997). Construction de la nation et pluralisme suisses: idéologie et pratiques. Swiss Political Science Review, 3(4), 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• GabelR. S., DolanS. L., & CerdinJ. L. (2005). Emotional intelligence as predictor of cultural adjustment for success in global assignments. Career Development International, 10, 375–395.
   Google Scholar
• GrinF., & SchwobI. (2002). Bilingual education and linguistic governance: The Swiss experience. Intercultural Education, 13, 409–426.
   Google Scholar
• GrinF., SfreddoC., & VaillancourtF. (2009). Langues étrangères dans l'activité professionnelle. Berne/Genève: Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique.
   Google Scholar
• GullahornJ. E., & GullahornJ. R. (1963). An extension of the U-Curve Hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19, 33–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuzzoR. A., NoonanK. A., & ElronE. (1994). Expatriate managers and the psychological contract. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 617–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaileS., JonesM. D., & EmmanuelT. (2007). Challenges facing expatriate performance abroad. International Journal of Business Research, 7, 100–105.
   Google Scholar
• HarveyM. G. (1985). The executive family: An overlooked variable in international assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 20, 84–92.
   Google Scholar
• HarveyM. G. (1995). The impact of dual-career families on international relocations. Human Resource Management Review, 5, 223–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarveyM., & MoellerM. (2009). Expatriate managers: A historical review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 11, 275–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarzingA.-W., & MaznevskiM. (2002). The interaction between language and culture: A test of the cultural accommodation hypothesis in seven countries. Language and Intercultural Communication, 2, 120–139.
   Google Scholar
• HaslbergerA., BrewsterC., & HipplerT. (2013). The dimensions of expatriate adjustment. Human Resource Management, 52, 333–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaugW. (2005). First and second generation migrants in the labour market. In W.Haug & P.Wanner (Eds.), Migrants et marché du travail: compétences et insertion professionnelle des personnes d'origine étrangère en Suisse (pp. 5–16). Neuchâtel: Office fédéral de la statistique.
   Google Scholar
• HechanovaR., BeehrT. A., & ChristiansenN. D. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of employees' adjustment to overseas assignment: A meta-analytic review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52, 213–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HelblingM. (2011). Why Swiss-Germans dislike Germans. European Societies, 13, 5–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HendersonJ. K. (2005). Language diversity in international management teams. International Studies of Management and Organization, 35, 66–82.
   Google Scholar
• HerlemanH. A., BrittT. W., & HashimaP. Y. (2008). Ibasho and the adjustment, satisfaction, and well-being of expatriate spouses. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 282–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HipplerT. (2006). Another scandal in Bohemia? A look back on how we measure expatriate adjustment. In M. J.Morley, N.Heraty, & D. J.Collings (Eds.), New directions in expatriate research (pp. 64–93). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• HipplerT., CaligiuriP. M., JohnsonJ. E., & BaytalskayaN. (2014). The development and validation of a theory-based expatriate adjustment scale. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 1938–1959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HöfertA., & KaltD. (2012). Prix et salaires: Une comparaison du pouvoir d'achat dans le monde. Zurich: UBS CIO Wealth Management Research.
   Google Scholar
• HubacherS. (2013). Mieux se comprendre au-delà des frontières régionales et linguistiques. La Poste, 3, 8.
   Google Scholar
• InksonK., & MyersB. A. (2003). ‘The big OE’: Self-directed travel and career development. Career Development International, 8, 170–181.
   Google Scholar
• International Dual Career Network. (2013). Home page. Retrieved August 25, 2013, from http://idcn.ch/web/idcn/home.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organisation. (2013). Global Wage Report 2012/2013: Wages and equitable growth. Genève: International Labour Office.
   Google Scholar
• International Link. (2013). About us. Retrieved September 20, 2013, from http://www.internationallink.ch/home/about-us.html.
   Google Scholar
• JunodF., & NeffM. (2010). Groupes cibles (secteurs) pour la promotion de la place économique suisse. In D.Küng (Ed.), Place économique suisse. Enjeux et défis – nouvelle orientation (pp. 31–56). Zurich: OSEC.
   Google Scholar
• KeeleyB. (2009). Les migrations internationales le visage humain de la mondialisation. Paris: Editions OCDE.
   Google Scholar
• KlausK. J. (1995). How to establish an effective expatriate program – Best practices in international assignment administration. Employment Relations Today, 22, 59–70.
   Google Scholar
• KPMG International. (2012). Retrieved August 20, 2013, from http://www.kpmg.com/CN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Individual-Income-Tax-Social-Security-Rate-O-201210.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• KraimerM. L., WayneS. J., & JaworskiR. A. (2001). Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 54, 71–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumarN., StemL. W., & AndersonJ. C. (1993). Conducting interorganizational research using key informants. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1633–1651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KupkaB., & CathroV. (2007). Desperate housewives – Social and professional isolation of German expatriated spouses. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 951–968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LauringJ., & SelmerJ. (2012). Positive dissimilarity attitudes in multicultural organizations: The role of language diversity and communication frequency. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 17, 156–172.
   Google Scholar
• Le Temps. (2013). Le Conseil fédéral affirme une volonté de garder le contrôle de l'immigration. Retrieved Avril 25, 2013, from http://www.letemps.ch/Page/Uuid/6e9b4d88-ace9-11e2-9a4e-7b0694cba34a/Le_Conseil_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral_affirme_une_volont%C3%A9_de_garder_le_contr%C3%B4le_de_limmigration.
   Google Scholar
• LhabitantF.-S. (2003). Doing business in Switzerland. Thunderbird International Business Review, 45, 757–778.
   Google Scholar
• LüdiG., & WerlenI. (2005). Le paysage linguistique en Suisse. Neuchâtel: Office fédéral de la statistique.
   Google Scholar
• MacdonaldS., & ArthurN. (2005). Connecting career management to repatriation adjustment. Career Development International, 10, 145–159.
   Google Scholar
• MäkeläL., KänsäläM., & SuutariV. (2011). The roles of expatriates' spouses among dual career couples. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 18, 185–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manpower. (2008). La mondialisation de la main d'œuvre. Milwaukee, WI: Author.
   Google Scholar
• McNultyY. (2012). ‘Being dumped in to sink or swim’: An empirical study of organizational support for the trailing spouse. Human Resource Development International, 15, 417–434.
   Google Scholar
• MohrA., & KleinS. (2004). Exploring the adjustment of American expatriate spouses in Germany. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15, 1189–1206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorrisM. A., & RobieC. (2001). A meta-analysis of the effects of cross-cultural training on expatriate performance and adjustment. International Journal of Training and Development, 5, 112–125.
   Google Scholar
• NavilleM., & WaltiA. (2006). Foreign companies in Switzerland: The forgotten sector. Zurich: Swiss-American Chamber of Commerce and The Boston Consulting Group.
   Google Scholar
• NavilleM., WaltiA., & TischhauserP. (2007). Multinational companies on the move: How Switzerland will win the battle!Zurich: Swiss-American Chamber of Commerce and The Boston Consulting Group.
   Google Scholar
• NunnallyJ. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Office Fédéral de la Statistique. (2013a). Immigration et émigration de la population résidante permanente selon la nationalité, de 2002 à 2011. Neuchâtel: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Office Fédéral de la Statistique. (2013b). Migration et intégration – Indicateurs: Population étrangère: autorisation de résidence. Retrieved August 28, 2013, from http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/01/07/blank/key/01/02.html.
   Google Scholar
• Office Fédéral de la Statistique. (2014). Langues, religions – Données, indicateurs. Retrieved March 15, 2014, from http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html.
   Google Scholar
• Office Fédéral des Migrations. (2013). Livret C UE/AELE (autorisation d'établissement). Retrieved August 28, 2013, from https://www.bfm.admin.ch//content/bfm/fr/home/themen/aufenthalt/eu_efta/ausweis_c_eu_efta.html.
   Google Scholar
• PecoraroM. (2005). Les migrants hautement qualifiés. In W.Haug & P.Wanner (Eds.), Migrants et marché du travail: compétences et insertion professionnelle des personnes d'origine étrangère en Suisse (pp. 71–110). Neuchâtel: Office fédéral de la statistique.
   Google Scholar
• PecoraroM. (2007). Highly skilled migrants in the Swiss labour market with a special focus on migrants from developing countries. Neuchâtel: Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies.
   Google Scholar
• PeiperlM., & JonsenK. (2007). Global careers. In H.Gunz & M.Peiperl (Eds.), Handbook of career studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• PellicoM. T., & StrohL. K. (1997). Spousal assistance programs: An integral component of the international assignment. In Z.Aycan (Ed.), New approaches to employee management (pp. 227–243). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• PeltokorpiV. (2007). Intercultural communication patterns and tactics: Nordic expatriates in Japan. International Business Review, 16, 68–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PeltokorpiV. (2008). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 1588–1606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PeltokorpiV., & FroeseF. J. (2009). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: Who adjusts better to work and life in Japan?International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20, 1096–1112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PiekkariR., VaaraE., TienariJ., & SänttiR. (2005). Integration or disintegration? Human resource implications of a common corporate language decision in a cross-border merger. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 330–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PodsakoffP., MacKenzieS., LeeJ., & PodsakoffN. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PuckJ. F., KittlerM. G., & WrightC. (2008). Does it really work? Re-assessing the impact of pre-departure cross-cultural training on expatriate adjustment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 2182–2197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RalstonD. A., CunniffM. K., & GustafsonD. J. (1995). Cultural accommodation: The effect of language on the responses of bilingual Hong Kong Chinese managers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 714–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RausaF., & ReistS. (2008). La population étrangère en Suisse. Neuchâtel: Office Fédérale de la Statistique.
   Google Scholar
• Reiser-Bello ZagoE. (2013). «Migrants hautement qualifiés» et leurs comportements sociolinguistiques en entreprise internationale… ou la chronique d'un non-apprentissage annoncé. Synergies Italie, 9, 115–127.
   Google Scholar
• RuedinD., & PecoraroM. (2013). Attitudes toward foreigners in Switzerland: Of education and values. Migration et intégration: focus sur la Suisse Romande, 8, 112–113.
   Google Scholar
• SalaminA. (2012). La rémunération des expatriés: le point de vue d'un consultant suisse. Revue internationale de gestion, 37, 34–37.
   Google Scholar
• SchweizerM. T. (2010). La Suisse vue par les managers internationaux. In D.Küng (Ed.), Place économique suisse. Enjeux et défis – nouvelle orientation (pp. 95–118). Zurich: OSEC.
   Google Scholar
• SelmerJ. (2001). Adjustment of Western European vs North American expatriate managers in China. Personnel Review, 30, 6–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SelmerJ. (2006). Language ability and adjustment: Western expatriates in China. Thunderbird International Business Review, 48, 347–368.
   Google Scholar
• SelmerJ., & LauringJ. (2011). Host country language ability and expatriate adjustment: The moderating effect of language difficulty. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(1), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShafferM. A., & HarrisonD. A. (2001). Forgotten partners of international assignments: Development and test of a model of spouse adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 238–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShafferM. A., HarrisonD. A., & GilleyK. M. (1999). Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 557–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShayJ., & BaackS. (2006). An empirical investigation of the relationships between modes and degree of expatriate adjustment and multiple measures of performance. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 6, 275–294.
   Google Scholar
• StalderP. (2010). Pratiques imaginées et images des pratiques plurilingues: stratégies de communication dans les réunions en milieu professionnel international (Vol. 27). Bern: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• SteinerI., & WannerP. (2011). Dimensions démographiques des flux migratoires récents en direction de la Suisse‘. La Vie économique: Revue de politique économique, 12, 8–11.
   Google Scholar
• StotzD. (2006). Breaching the peace: Struggles around multilingualism in Switzerland. Language Policy, 5, 247–265.
   Google Scholar
• SuutariV. (1998). Problems faced by Western expatriate managers in Eastern Europe: Evidence provided by Finnish expatriates in Russia and Estonia. Journal for East European Management Studies, 3, 249–267.
   Google Scholar
• SuutariV., & BrewsterC. (1998). The adaptation of expatriates in Europe: Evidence from Finnish companies. Personnel Review, 27, 89–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SuutariV., & BrewsterC. (2000). Making their own way: International experience through self-initiated foreign assignments. Journal of World Business, 35, 417–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SuutariV., & BrewsterC. (2001). Expatriate management practices and perceived relevance: Evidence from Finnish expatriates. Personnel Review, 30, 554–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SuutariV., & TornikoskiC. (2001). The challenge of expatriate compensation: The sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction among expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 389–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakeuchiR. (2010). A critical review of expatriate adjustment research through a multiple stakeholder view: Progress. Emerging Trends, and Prospects, Journal of Management, 36, 1040–1064.
   Google Scholar
• TakeuchiR., YunS., & RussellJ. E. A. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of the perceived adjustment of Japanese expatriates in the USA. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 1224–1244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakeuchiR., WangM., MarinovaS. V., & YaoX. (2009). Role of domain-specific facets of perceived organizational support during expatriation and implications for performance. Organization Science, 20, 621–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TemplerK. J., TayC., & ChandrasekarN. A. (2006). Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group & Organization Management, 31, 154–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TungR. (1981). Selecting and training of personnel for overseas assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 16, 68–78.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2011). Investment country profiles: Switzerland. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, October 2011.
   Google Scholar
• VanceC. M. (2005). The personal quest for building global competence: A taxonomy of self-initiating career path strategies for gaining business experience abroad. Journal of World Business, 40, 374–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van VianenA. E., De PaterI. E., Kristof-BrownA. L., & JohnsonE. C. (2004). Fitting in: Surface-and deep-level cultural differences and expatriates’ adjustment. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 697–709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangY. L., & TranE. (2012). Effects of cross-cultural and language training on expatriates' adjustment and job performance in Vietnam. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 50, 327–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WannerP., & FibbiR. (2002). Familles et migration. Etudes sur la situation des familles migrantes et recommandations de la Commission fédérale de coordination pour les questions familiales. Neuchâtel: Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies.
   Google Scholar
• WardC., OkuraY., KennedyA., & KojimaT. (1998). The U-Curve on trial: A longitudinal study of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transition. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 277–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WaxinM. F., & PanaccioA. (2005). Cross-cultural training to facilitate expatriate adjustment: It works!Personnel Review, 34, 51–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WichmannN. (2013). Existe-t-il une approche romande à l'intégration des étrangers?Migration et intégration: focus sur la Suisse Romande, 8, 63–73.
   Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. (2012). The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• YanaprasartP. (2006). L'expatrié: un acteur social de la mobilité internationale: Cadres entre la Suisse et la France. Bern: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• ZimmermannA., & SparrowP. (2007). Mutual adjustment processes in international teams: Lessons for the study of expatriation. International Studies in Management, 37, 65–88.
   Google Scholar